BOHEMIA-Continued.

the Catholic party supports Matthias; Podjebrad preserves his throne by the election of Ladislas, son of Casimir IV., k. of Poland, to succeed him, 1469-d. 1471.

Ladislas IV. becomes king; elected k. of Hungary, 1490. See HUNGARY. The double betrothment, with the object of uniting Bohemia and Hungary to Austria, 1506-Ladislas d. 1516-accession of his son, Louis I.; d. 1526-his sister's husband, archduke Ferdinand, succeeds, and the Bohemians consent to the union with Austria; the emperor Rudolf II. revokes the concessions made to the Protestants, 1578 persecutes them, 1604-gives up Bohemia to his brother Matthias, who is crowned at Prague, 1611-resigned by him to his cousin Ferdinand, 1617-the oppressed Protestants take up arms under count Von Thurn, and make themselves masters of Bohemia; this commences the Thirty Years' War, 1618. See GER

MANY.

They elect Frederic V. elector Palatine for king, and lay siege to Vienna, 1619 - Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, overthrows them at the battle of Prague, and restores the kingdom to Austria, 1620-it is invaded by the elector of Saxony, John George, 1631-recovered by Wallenstein, 1632-peace of Prague, 1635- the Swedish general, Banner, penetrates through Bohemia, 1639-his successor, Torstenson, occupies it,1644-Königsmark takes Prague,1646. Bohemia obtains a vote in the Diet, 1708-invaded by the French, Bavarians, and Saxons; Prague stormed and Charles Albert crowned there, Dec. 9, 1741-the French and Bavarians are expelled by the Austrians, 1742-invaded by Frederic the Great of Prussia; after taking Prague, he withdraws into Silesia, 1744 -again invaded by him, 1756-he obtains a great victory at Prague, May 6, 1757 retires there from Moravia, 1758-Austria retains Bohemia by the peace of Hubertsburg, 1763-the nobles resist the attempt of the emperor Joseph II. to abolish the corvée, 1775congress of Prague; the Austrian army assembles in Bohemia, under Schwartzenberg, preparatory to the campaign against Napoleon, 1813-insurrection at Prague, June 12, 1848.

BOHEMIAN Brethren, descendants of the Hussites, protected by Matthias Corvinus, in Moravia, 1478.

BOHEMOND, son of Robert Guiscard and Alberada, who is divorced, 1058-goes with

his father to attack the eastern empire in Albania, 1081-is left there by him to carry on the war, 1082-he twice defeats Alexius Comnenus; besieges Larissa, and is forced to retire, 1083-the enterprise abandoned, his father dies, leaving him only Tarentum, and giving the rest of Apulia to his younger son, Roger; jealousy and discord between the brothers, 1085; appeased by their uncle, Roger, count of Sicily, 1088-joins the first crusade, 1096-made prince of Antioch, 1098-taken prisoner by the Turks, 1105-released; retires to Europe, and marries Constance, daughter of Philip I., k. of France, 1106-lands in Epirus, and besieges Durazzo, 1107abandons the siege, and concludes a treaty of peace with the emperor Alexius; and returns to Otranto, 1108-while preparing to return to Antioch, he dies, and is buried at Canosa, 1111. BOHEMOND II., count of Edessa, d. 1131. BEHмISH-BROD, battle of. See BOHEMIA. BOHUN, Humphrey, earl of Hereford, constable of England, refuses, with Bigod of Norfolk, to join the army of Edward I., 1297-the office of constable hereditary in the family, forfeited, 1521. BOTANS, a Celtic tribe in the north of Italy, invade the Roman territories; are defeated, B.C. 238-submit to the Romans, 224-subdued by Scipio Nasica,

mences hostilities against Poland; Ladislas II. deposes him, 1432. BOLESLAS I., II., III, and IV., kings of Poland. See POLAND.

BOLEYN, Anne, an attendant on Mary, sister of Henry VIII., when she marries Louis XII. of France, 1514-retained in the service of queen Claude, 1515-recalled from France, and appointed one of queen Katharine's maids of honour, 1522-admired by Henry, 1525-married to him, Nov. 14, 1532-crowned, June 1, 1533-the succession to the crown settled on her issue, 1534-accused of infidelity

and committed to the Tower, May 2, 1536; beheaded, 19. BOLEYN, Sir Thomas, (father of Anne), created viscount Rochford, 1525-created earl of Wiltshire, and sent with Cranmer on a mission to the pope, 1530. BOLINGBROKE, Henry, earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, b. 1367-assists the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1391-created duke of Hereford, 1397 - quarrels with the duke of Norfolk, and is banished, 1398-returns to claim the lands of his deceased father; dethrones Richard II., and becomes king, 1399. See HENRY IV., k. of England. BOLINGBROKE, Viscount-See ST. JOHN, HENRY-negotiates the conditions of the peace of Utrecht, 1712-is the rival of the earl of Oxford, and encourages queen Anne's displeasure against the elector of Hanover, 1713-causes the dismissal of Oxford, and is himself removed by George I., 1714-withdraws to France, March 25, 1715-is impeached by the Commons, July 9-attainted, Aug. 20becomes secretary of state to the Pretender; is displaced by him, and retires to Blois, Feb. 25, 1716-restored to his honours and estate but not to his seat in the House of Lords, 1723-in league with Frederic, prince of Wales, directs the opposition to the treaty of Aix-laChapelle, 1748-d. 1751.

BOLINGBROKE, Viscount, b. 1786-d. 1851. BOLINGBROKE, the confessor of the duchess

of Gloucester, executed for alleged participation in her witchcraft, 1442. BOLIVAR, Simon, b. 1783-leader of the war of independence in Venezuela, 1816 -organizes its government, 1817-defeats Morillo at Sombrero, 1818 - victorious at Boyaca; he forms the republic of Colombia by uniting New Granada with Venezuela, and is elected president, 1819-assists in the liberation of Peru, 1820-receives from the Peruvians the title of "El Liberador," 1823—war with Francia, 1824-elected president of Peru for life; Pacz rebels against him, 1826the congress of Colombia refuses to accept his resignation, 1827--chosen dictator of Colombia, 1828-resigns all his offices, Jan. 20, 1830-the president's chair again offered to him, and declined, April 27; he withdraws in triumph, May 9-d. Dec. 17.

BOLIVIA, or Upper Peru, a separate State, founded, 1825.

BOLOGNA University founded by Charlemagne, 801-receives a charter of municipal independence from the emperor Henry V., 1112-school of jurisprudence, in which Guarnarius or Werner teaches

the civil law, 1140-joins the Lombard League, 1164-Frederic II orders the students to remove to his new university of Naples, 1225-the decree is revoked, 1226-alliance with Venice against him, 1238-capture of Ravenna, 1239-Enzio, his natural son, defeated at Fossalta, is kept in captivity at Bologna, 1249-the order or guild of the Virgin Mary founded, 1261-the Bolognese merchants refuse to pay a toll levied on them by Venice; war ensues between the two republics, 1270-Enzio dies in his prison, 1272acquisition of Faenza, 1280-pope Boniface VIII, forbids the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy in the schools, 1297 the troubles of Italy enable Beltrando dal Poggetto, legate of pope John XXII., to gain possession of Bologna, 1332-he is expelled, 1334John Visconte, after threats of excommunication, purchases the investiture from Clement VI., 1351-besieged by Bernabo Visconte, 1359-given up to the papal legate Cardinal Albornoz, Bernabo still persists in the siege, till he is driven away by a body of Hungarians, 1360-renews the siege, and is again repulsed, 1361 - the Florentines obtain possession, for which they are excommunicated by pope Gregory XI., 1376John Galeazzo Visconte attacks it, 1390 -takes it, 1402-recovered by pope Boniface IX., 1403-pope John XXIII. driven from Rome by Ladislas, king of Naples, retires there, 1413 - Ladislas threatens to besiege him, 1414 covered for pope Martin V. by Braccio, 1420-pope Eugenius IV. fixes his residence at, 1436-pope Julius II. quells the revolt of Giovanni Bentivoglio, and makes a triumphal entry, Nov. 11, 1506 -the French general Trivulce, assisted by the Bentivoglio party, takes the city, May 21, 1511-besieged by Raymond de Cardona, viceroy of Naples; it is relieved by Gaston de Foix, Feb. 7, 1512Francis I. and Leo X. hold a conference there, and conclude a treaty of peace, 1515-Bologna remains from this time a part of the papal dominions; the emperor Charles V. and pope Clement VII. meet there, Nov. 5, 1529-Charles crowned there as king of Italy, Feb. 22, and as emperor (the last crowned out of Germany) Feb. 24, 1530-another conference there between him and the pope, Dec. 8, 1532-occupied by the French general Massena, June 19, 1796-retaken by the Austrians and Russians, 1799annexed to the Italian republic, 1802restored to the pope, 1814-attempted revolution repressed by Austrian troops,

re

1831-university closed, 1833- placed under ecclesiastical magistrates, 1836— their abuse of power causes a revolt, 1843.

BOLTON, in Lancashire, the first place at which Mary, queen of Scots, is detained, under the care of lord and lady Scrope, 1568.

BOMARSUND bombarded by the combined fleet, June 21, 1854-capture and destruction of its fortifications, Aug. 16. BOMBAY ceded to England by Portugal, 1662-presidency established, 1687. BOMBS, first used by the Turks at Rhodes, 1522.

BONA, in Africa, taken by the Pisans, 1035-by Roger, k. of Sicily, 1152-by Charles V. and Andrew Doria, 1535. BONA, daughter of Louis, duke of Savoy, proposed marriage of, with Edward IV. of England, 1464- marries Galeazzo Maria, duke of Milan, 1468-becomes regent, 1476-withdraws from Milan,1480. BONAPARTE, Caroline, Napoleon's youngest sister, marries Joachim Murat, Jan. 20, 1800.

BONAPARTE, Charles, father of the family, d. 1785.

BONAPARTE, Jerome, b. Nov. 15, 1784, marries Miss Paterson, an American lady, who is not allowed by Napoleon to enter France, 1805-a kingdom of Westphalia constituted for him, 1807 - flees from Cassel, Oct. 26, 1813- proposed to be excluded from the succession; resigns his post of president of the senate, Nov. 8, 1852-is included in the Act of succession, Dec. 24.

BONAPARTE, Joseph, b. Jan. 7, 1767-ambassador at Rome; restores order there, Dec. 26, 1797-seated on the throne of Naples, Feb. 15, 1806-leaves it for that of Spain, 1808-enters Spain with a French army, July 9; abandons Madrid, and takes the crown jewels with him to Burgos, Aug. 1; returns to Madrid, Jan. 22, 1809-driven out by Wellington, Aug. 12, 1812-defeated at Vittoria, June 21, 1813 and retreats to the Pyrenees -d. 1844.

BONAPARTE, Louis, b. Sept. 2, 1778-marries Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of Josephine, Jan. 9, 1802-made king of Holland, June 5, 1806-obliged to interdict all communication between his subjects and Great Britain, March 16, 1810abdicates, July 2-d. at Florence, July 25, 1846.

mouth, Dec. 18, 1810-settles at Ludlow, in Shropshire, Jan. 3, 1811-d. 1849. BONAPARTE, Pauline, second sister of Napoleon, marries General Leclerc, who dies 1802-marries prince Borghese, and is made princess of Guastalla, 1806-d. 1825. See BORGHESE. BONAPARTE, Marie Lætitia, née Ramolini, mother of Napoleon, d. 1822. BONAPARTE, Napoleon, b. Aug. 15, 1769distinguishes himself at Toulon, and is appointed gen. of brigade, Dec. 19, 1793 -puts down the rising of some of the sections of Paris with his artillery, Oct. 4, 5, 1795-appointed general-in-chief of the army of Italy, Feb. 23, 1796-marries Josephine Tascher, widow of Viscount Beauharnais, March 8-gains victories at Montenotte, April 11; at Millessimo, 14; at Mondovi, 22; and at Lodi, May 11-concludes peace with Sardinia, June 3 gains victories at Castiglione, Aug. 5, and at Roveredo, Sept. 4-defeats Alvinzi at Arcola, Nov. 15, 16, 17-defeats the archduke Charles on the Tagliamento, March 16, 1797concludes the treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 17-returns to Paris, Dec. 5.

Sails from Toulon on his Egyptian expedition, May 19, 1798-takes Malta, June 12-Alexandria, July 2-gains the battle of the Pyramids, 21-enters Cairo, 22 commences his march towards Syria, Feb. 4, 1799-gains the battle of ElArisch, 8-having captured Gaza and Jaffa, lays siege to Acre, March 18being repulsed by Sir Sydney Smith, he raises the siege May 20, and returns into Egypt-defeats the Turks at Aboukir, July 24-gives up the command to Kleber, and embarks for France, Aug. 24 lands at Fréjus, Oct. 8-concerts with Sièyes and Fouché a change of government, which is effected by military force, Nov. 9-is appointed first consul, Dec. 13.

BONAPARTE-continued.

the kingdom of Etruria, 21-concludes a Concordat with pope Pius VII., and restores the Catholic church in France, July 15-compels the regent of Portugal to shut his ports against the English, Sept. 29 makes a treaty with Russia, Oct. 4-with Turkey, 9-ratifies the preliminaries of peace with England, 10gives new constitutions to the Batavian and Helvetian republics.

Remodels the Cisalpine into the Italian republic, and is made president, Jan. 26, 1802-confirms the definitive treaty of Amiens, Feb. 27-inaugurates the Concordat in the church of Notre Dame, April 18-organizes a system of public instruction in France, May 1-institutes the Legion of Honour, 19-elected con sul for ten years, May 6-for life, Aug. 2 -makes other changes in the constitution tending to monarchy, 4-prohibits English newspapers in France, receives Mr. Fox at the Tuileries, Sept. 3-annexes Piedmont to France, 11-occupies Switzerland with a French army, Oct. 21.

Gives it another new constitution by his Act of Mediation, Feb. 19, 1803-tells lord Whitworth that England cannot, single-handed, resist him, March 13-war between the two countries renewed, May 16-he detains, as prisoners of war, all British residents and travellers in France, 22-sends General Mortier to take possession of Hanover, June 3threatens to invade England, 18-establishes a censorship of the press in France, Sept, 27-sells Louisiana to the United States; accuses Pichegru and Moreau of a conspiracy, Feb. 15, 1804seizes the duke d'Enghien at Ettenheim, March 15-murders him by a mock-trial at Vincennes, 20; Pichegru found strangled in his prison, April 5-Moreau allowed to emigrate to America; the Code Napoleon adopted; Bonaparte proclaimed emperor, May 18. See NAPOLEON I., emperor of the French.

BONAPARTE, Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I. and Maria Louisa, archduchess of Austria, b. March 20, 1811-and created king of Rome; conveyed by his mother to Blois, March 29, 1814 his father proposes to abdicate in his favour, which the allies reject, April 3 he is taken to Vienna, where he is afterwards (July 22, 1818) created duke of Reichstadt-d. at Schönbrunn, July 22, 1832. He is now styled in France Napoleon II.

BONAPARTE, Charles Louis Napoleon, son of Louis, k. of Holland, and Hortense Beauharnais, b. April 20, 1808-attempts a re

volt at Strasburg, is captured and sent to America, Nov. 13, 1836--goes to Switzerland, is ordered to leave, and repairs to London, Oct. 14, 1838-lands at Boulogne, Ang. 6, 1840-condemned to imprisonment for life, Oct. 6; escapes from Ham, May 25, 1846-arrives at Boulogne and offers his services to the republican government, March 2, 1848elected a deputy, June 8; admitted by a vote of the assembly, 13; takes his seat, Aug. 27; elected president of the republic, Dec. 20; liberates Bou Maza, July 22, 1849-remonstrates against the proceedings of the papal authorities at Rome, Aug. 21; visits the departments, Aug. 12, Sept. 13, 1850-appoints Drouyn de l'Huys minister, displaces Changarnier, and gives the command of the army of Paris to Baraguay d'Hilliers, Jan. 9, 1851-the assembly refuses to revise the constitution, July 19; numerous arrests on a charge of conspiracy, Sept, 3; Coup d'Etat, Dec. 2; the president dissolves the national assembly; restores universal suffrage; appeals to the nation, and is re elected by a majority of nearly seven millions, 24; his effigy stamped on the French coin, Jan. 4, 1852-banishes Thiers and other leading republicans, 10; re-organizes the national guard, 12; president for ten years, 15; revives titles of nobility, 25; restores the Code Napoleon, March, 28; delivers eagles to the army, May 10; detects a conspiracy to assassinate him, July 1; allows the exiles to return to France, Aug. 8; is called upon by the prefect of the Seine to restore the empire, Oct. 16; the question referred by the senate to the people, Nov. 4; majority of more than seven millions in favour of it, Dec. 2; the president proclaimed emperor, 2. See NAPOLEON III., emperor of the French.

BONAR, Mr. and Mrs., murder of, May 31, 1813.

BONAVENTURA, da Bagnarea, the "Seraphic doctor," general of the Franciscans, 1256-compiles his Biblia Pauperum, and withdraws the cup from the laity, 1260 -made a cardinal and bishop of Albano, d. while attending the council of Lyons, 1274-canonized, 1482.

BoNFINIUS and other learned men invited from Italy to Hungary by Matthias Corvinus, 1465.

BONIFACE I., bp. of Rome, 418-422. BONIFACE 11., bp. of Rome, 530-533. BONIFACE III., pope, 607 - the emperor

Phocas concedes to him the supremacy over all Christian churches: and the bp. of Rome is thenceforth styled pope.

BONIFACE IV., pope, 608-615-consecrates the Pantheon as the church of Sta. Maria ad Martyres, 608. BONIFACE V., pope, 619-625-sends letters to Edwin, king of Northumberland, and his queen, Ethelberga, 625. BONIFACE VI., pope, 18 days, 895. BONIFACE VII., anti-pope for one month, deposed and driven away to Constantinople, 974-d. 985.

BONIFACE VIII. (Benedetto Gaetano), pope, 1294-publishes a Bull, which forbids ecclesiastics to pay taxes imposed by temporal princes; it is resisted by the kings of France and England; excommunicates Ferdinand of Sicily and his people, 1296-invests Robert, 'duke of Calabria, with the sovereignty of Sardinia and Corsica, and to command a crusade against the Holy Land; excommunicates Philip IV. for his law against the export of coin; deposes the cardinals Jacopo and Pietro della Colonna, excommunicates the whole family, and confiscates their property; prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at Bologna, 1297-proclaims a crusade against the Colonna family, 1298-the Scotch refer their cause to him, 1299 his crusaders obtain possession of Palestrina, the impregnable fortress of the Colonna family, by a capitulation which he breaks, 1299-he claims Scotland as a fief of his see; proclaims a jubilee, and attracts innumerable pilgrims to Rome by his plenary indulgence, 1300 the English parliament denies his right to interfere in the affairs of Scotland; Philip quarrels with him; Charles Robert is crowned king of Hungary by his influence; he invites Charles of Valois into Italy to assist him, 1301-issues a violent Bull against Philip, who burns it, accuses him of simony and heresy, and refuses to acknowledge him as pope, 1302-excommunicates Philip, who demands a council to hear his charges against him, 1303-Boniface is surprised at Anagni, by William de Nogaret; returns to Rome, d. Oct. 11, 1303. BONIFACE IX. (Pietro Tomacelli) pope, 1389

excommunicates Clement VII.; proclaims a jubilee; and makes great efforts to support Ladislas in defending Naples against Louis of Anjou, 1390mediates a peace in northern Italy,1392holds another jubilee, at which he forbids the Bianchi to enter Rome, and suppresses their processions, 1400-recovers Bologna and Perugia, 1403-d. 1404. BONIFACE. See BERTGILS. BONIFACE, or Winifred, a monk of Wessex,

goes to Germany and preaches Christi anity, 715-in Hesse and Thuringia, 719 -created archbp. by pope Gregory II.,and supported by Charles Martel, 723-again visits Rome, and is entertained by Liutprand at Pavia, 738-holds a council at Leptines, 743-founds the archbishopric of Mentz, 745-crowns Pepin at Soissons, 752-resigns the archbishopric of Mentz, 753-murdered by the pagans, 755. BONIFACE of Montferrat, chosen general of the fourth crusade, 1202- has the kingdom of Thessalonica, 1204-sells Crete to the Venetians, 1205-slain in a skirmish with the Bulgarians, 1207. BONIFACE I., marquis of Tuscany, defends Corsica and invades Africa, 828. BONIFACE II., duke of Tuscany, 1027-marries Beatrice, daughter of Frederic, duke of Upper Lorraine, 1036-birth of his daughter Matilda, 1046-d. 1052. BONIFACIUS, Count, quarrels with Castinus in Spain, passes into Africa, 422-rival of Aetius, recalled from Africa is secretly induced by him to remain and defy the imperial orders; defeats those sent to compel him to obedience, 427-invites Genseric, k. of the Vandals, into Africa, 428-discovers the duplicity of Aetius, returns to his allegiance, and makes unavailing efforts to dislodge the Vandals from Africa, 430-is defeated by them, and leaves Africa, 431-well received at Ravenna; Aetius attacks him; he conquers, but dies of his wounds, 432. BONIFACIUS, bp. of Carthage, 523. BONN, Charles IV., elected k. of Germany, is wounded at, 1346-taken by the statholder, William III., 1672-recovered from the French, 1689-taken by the duke of Marlborough, May, 14, 1703university founded, 1786.

BONNER, Edmund, appointed bp. of Hereford, 1538-of London, 1539-imprisoned by the protector Somerset, 1549-deprived of his see, 1550-released by queen Mary, 1553-inquisitorial powers granted him for punishing heresy, 1557 - his cruelty checked by the death of queen Mary, 1558-queen Elizabeth turns from him when presented to her; degraded, 1559-d. 1569.

BONNEVAL, introduces European discipline into the Turkish army, 1730. BONNIVET, admiral, commands the French army in Italy, 1523-obliged to retreat, 1524-killed at Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525. BONNYMUIR, near Glasgow, a radical meeting at, contrived by spies, and dispersed, April 5, 1820.

BONONIA, in Moesia (now Widdin), the Goths and Sarmatians are defeated at by Constantine, 321.