dent of the Royal Irish Society, b. 1763 ---d. 1835. BRINSTAN, bp. of Winchester, 931-d. 933. BRINVILLIERS, Madame de, notorious for poisoning at Paris; convicted and executed, 1676. BRISACH, taken by Bernhard of Weimar, 1638-by the French, 1703-lost by them, after the battle of Blenheim, 1704. BRISSOT, member of the Executive Committee, 1792-with the Girondists, endeavours to moderate the violence of the republicans in France; guillotined, Oct. 31, 1793. BRISTOL, K. Stephen carried there a prisoner from Lincoln, 1114-Eleanor, the . damsel of Britanny, daughter of Geoffrey, son of Henry II., and rightful heiress of the English crown, dies in the castle there, after an imprisonment of 39 years, 1241-bishopric of, founded, 1542--taken by prince Rupert, July 26, 1643-by Fairfax and Cromwell, Sept. 10, 1645riot caused by the high price of bread, 1753-petition from, in favour of terminating the contest with the American colonies, Oct. 11, 1775-riots in, suppressed by the military, Oct. 25, 1793; again, on occasion of the entrance of the recorder, Sir Charles Wetherell, to hold the sessions, Oct. 29, 1831-rioters tried, Jan. 2, 1832, and four of them executed; the mayor tried for neglect of duty, and acquitted, Nov. 1-the see united to that of Glocester, 1836-railway from London (Great Western) completed, June 30, 1841-to Exeter, May 1, 1844 — to Gloucester, July, 1844. BRISTOL, earl of; lord Digby receives the title from James I., and is employed to negotiate the marriage between prince Charles and the Infanta of Spain, 1619 -is opposed and hated by the duke of Buckingham, 1623-is impeached by him for high treason, and in return impeaches the duke, 1626. BRISTOL, the earl of, attempts to accuse Clarendon of high treason; fails, July 10-retires from public life, 1663. BRISTOL, John Lord Hervey created earl of, by George I., 1714. BRITAIN, first inhabited by a people of Celtic (Keltic or Gallic) origin, and visited by the Phoenicians for its tin; the Cassiterides, or Tin Islands, mentioned by Herodotus, B.C. 456 explored by the Carthaginian, Himilco, and called by him Oestrymnides, 360-described as Bretannike by Pytheas of Marseilles, about 350-as Albion and Ierne by Aristotle, about 345-Publius Crassus, one of Cæsar's generals, after the conquest of the opposite shores of Gaul, is the first Roman who examines the tin mines of Britain, 56. Cæsar's first invasion, 55-his second, when he crosses the Tamesis, and makes a treaty for an annual tribute to Rome, 54-menaced by Augustus, 27-Cunobelin, k. of the Trinobantes, reigns at Camalodunum, in whose time the tribute is paid by a portorium or harbour due levied on all vessels entering or leaving a port, A.D. 4-pretended expedition of Caligula, 40-Aulus Plautius, sent by the emperor Claudius, reduces part of the island to subjection, 43-appointed first Roman governor, 44-retires, and leaves the command to Vespasian, 47. P. Ostorius defeats the Iceni and Silures, and sends Caractacus prisoner to Rome,50-the Iceni revolt underBoadicea, destroyCamalodunum, London, and Verulam, and are defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, near the present village of Sunbury; he is recalled by Nero, and the command given to the consul, Turpilianus, 61-Julius Frontinus, gov., 73Agricola succeeds, and completes the conquest of the island, 78-the Caledonians rise in arms, and are defeated by him, 80-he subdues Galgacus, builds the wall between the Clyde and Forth, and sends his fleet round the north of Scotland, 84-is recalled by Domitian, and Sallustius appointed gov., 85. Julius Severus, 99-visit of Hadrian; he orders the wall between Newcastle and Carlisle to be raised, 121-Lollins Urbicus gov., repels an invasion of the northern tribes, and builds the wall of Antoninus, parallel to that of Agricola, 140-the Brigantes revolt, 162. See BRIGANTES, and AGRICOLA CALPURNIUS. Christianity introduced, 178-the Caledonians break through the wall of Antoninus, and are driven back by Ulpius Marcellus; 184-Clodius Albinus, gov., 192-proclaimed emperor by his army, 193. See ALBINUS CLODIUS. Irruption of the Caledonians, 207-Severus and his sons proceed against them, 208 they are pursued into their own country; Caracalla supposed to be the Caracul of Ossian, 209-the fortified line between Dumbarton and Edinburgh strengthened, 210-Severus a. at York, 211-the Saxons infest the coast, about 250-Carausius, intrusted by Diocletian with a fleet to repel them, establishes an independent sovereignty for himself, 287-Maximian prepares another fleet against him, 288-is defeated, and loses Gessoriacum, 289-peace is concluded, and Carausius is acknowledged ruler of Britain, 290-is assassinated by Allec BRITAIN-continued. tus, who assumes the government, 293 -Allectus is defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, lieutenant of Constantius, who regains the province for Rome, 296 -martyrdom of St. Alban, 303. Constantine arrives, aud joins his father, Constantius, who dies at York, where the son is proclaimed emperor by the army, 306-three British bishops attend the Council of Arles, Eborius of York, Restitutus of London, and Adelphius of Lincoln, 314-expedition of Constans, 343-three British bishops are present at the synod of Ariminum; their expenses are paid by the State, 359-Lupicinus sent by Julian to expel the Picts and Scots, 360-they and the Saxons continue their incursions, 365. Britain, at this period in a flourishing state, supplies the neighbouring provinces with corn, and is of such importance that Theodosius is sent with an army to provide for its safety, 367-waits at Rutupise (Richborough) for reinforcements, and on their arrival advances to London, 368-having put down the revolt of Valentinus, and deterred invasion, he returns to Gaul, 369-rebellion of Maximus, 383. See MAXIMUS.-Stilicho sends additional forces, and fortifies the coast against the Saxons, 399. See The legions choose Marcus, and then Gratian, for emperor; they are both killed, and Constantine appointed, 407. CONSTANTINE, the rebel emperor.-He takes the last remaining Roman forces with him to Gaul; Britain being left defenceless, it was probably at this time that the Saxons obtained permanent possession of Ruithinis (the Isle of Thanet); Rutupiæ receives from them the name of Richborough (Ricesbyrig, the Empire's fortress), 408-Honorius, being unable to protect Britain, acknowledges its independence, 409-Pelagianism preached there, by Agricola, son of Severian, 429. Fruitless application to Aetius for assistance against the Picts and Scots, 446Vortigern invites the aid of the Saxons, who drive back the invaders, and begin to establish themselves more widely, 449the kingdom of Kent founded, by Hengist, 454. See KENT, kingdom of Sussex, by Ella, 490. See SUSSEX, kingdom of. -Wessex, by Cerdic, 519. See WESSEX, kingdom of.-Essex, by Erchenwin, 530. See ESSEX, kingdom of.-Northumberland, by Ida, 547. See NORTHUMBERLAND, kingdom of. - East Anglia, by Uffa, 571 or 575. See EAST ANGLIA, kingdom of. Mercia, by Cridda, 586. See MERCIA, kingdom of. The name of England adopted in Germany for the Saxon portion of Britain before 550, is brought into the island by the three last bodies of colonists. See ENGLAND. The British warriors gradually retire before them, to the western side of the island, from Cornwall to the Clyde, and unite in a general league, called Cymri; the Saxons term them Gauls, or Welsh, 586. See WALES.-(The battles, succession of kings, and other events, are given under the heads of the respective kingdoms of the Heptarchy.) Pope Gregory I. sends Augustin and a train of monks to preach Christianity to the English, 596. See KENT.-Augustin ordained bp. of the English, at Arles, 597 the British church agitated by disputes respecting the time of celebrating Easter; synod of Whitby, 664in the same year, a violent pestilence rages in the island; synod of Heathfield (Bishop's Hatfield), 680-of Cloveshoo, 742-first aggression of the Danes, or Northmen, 787- Egbert, k. of Wessex, 800-he unites all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy under his sway, leaving tributary kings, or administrators, in Northumberland and Mercia; styles himself king of England, 828. ENGLAND. See BRITANNIA BRIDGE. See BRIDGE. BRITANNICUS, son of Claudius, excluded from the throne by Nero, 50-poisoned by him, Oct. 14, 55. BRITANNY. See BRETAGNE. BRITISH ASSOCIATION, the : Meets at York, Sept., 1831 at Oxford, June, 1832-at Cambridge, June, 1833 at Edinburgh, Sept. 8, 1834at Dublin, Aug. 6, 1835-at Bristol, Aug 22, 1836 at Liverpool, Sept., 1837-at Newcastle, Aug. 18, 1838-at Birming ham, 1839--at Glasgow, 1840-at Plymouth, July 28, 1841-at Manchester, June, 1842 at Cork, Aug., 1843at York, Sept., 1844 at Cambridge, June, 1845 at Southampton, Sept., 1846 at Oxford, June, 1847 at Swansea, Aug., 1848-at Birmingham, Sept., 1849 at Edinburgh, July and Aug., 1850-at Ipswich, July, 1851-at Belfast, Sept., 1852 at Hull, Sept., 1853-at Liverpool, Sept., 1854-at Glasgow, Sept. 12, 1855 at Cheltenham, Aug., 1856. BRITISH AUXILIARY LEGION raised, to serve against the Carlists, June 9, 1835-defeats them near Hernani, May 5, 1836and at St. Sebastian's, Oct. 1. BRITISH INSTITUTION founded, 1805. BRITISH MANUFACTURES: the Romans es tablish some, but not of a permanent BRITISH MANUFACTURES-continued. character; they have a gynecæum, or female factory, at Venta Belgarum (Winchester), about 880; those of the present day derived from the Flemings, who after long buying and carrying away for their own use the wool of East Anglia (to save the expense of two voyages), introduce the art of spinning it at Worstead in Norfolk, and of weaving in the city of Norwich, 1132; queen Philippa brings over John Kempe and his workmen from Flanders to extend these operations; she often visits and encourages them, 1331. Manufactures commence at Manchester,1352-the persecuted Protestants of the Netherlands take refuge, mostly, in the eastern counties, and promote the growth of their trade, 1568-William Lee invents the stocking frame, 1589-the silk manufacture introduced, 1620-Louis XIV., by his invasion of the Netherlands, drives many more industrious Flemings into England; one of them, Brewer, improves the art of dyeing, 1668-that of making plate glass brought from Venice, 1673-the revocation of the Edict of Nantes causes many French artizans to arrive, and many silk-weavers settle in Spital Fields, London, 1685. the value of them from the hundred, 1826. High duties imposed in America on British manufactures, 1828-distress of the Spitalfields weavers, 1829 destruction of machinery in many counties, 1830 -act passed to regulate the employment of children in factories, 1833-riots at Oldham-strike of the Leeds Unionists, and of the Glasgow calico-printers, 1834 -the operative engineers of Manchester, after nearly four months' resistance, submit to their employers' terms, April 26, 1852. See COTTON, LINEN, SILK, WOOLLEN, EARTHENWARE, and HARDWARE manufactures. BRITISH MUSEUM, established, 1753; first meeting of the trustees, Dec. 4; George II. presents to it the Royal Library, founded by Henry, son of James I., 1757 -the Townley marbles purchased, 1812 -the Elgin marbles, 1816-the statue of Memnon brought by Belzoni, and Dr. Burney's library purchased, 1818-the library of Buckingham house, 120.000 volumes, presented by George IV., 1823statue of James Watt erected, 1832. BRITISH SUBJECTS, resident or travelling in France, detained by Bonaparte, May 22, 1803-forbidden by proclamation to serve in the contest between Spain and the South American States, Nov. 28, 1817. SirThomas Lombe erects his silk-throwing machine at Derby, 1719-flourishing state of the linen manufacture in the North of Ireland, of steel-ware at Bir-BRIXEN, the Council of, votes the deposimingham, and cutlery at Sheffield, 1740 -Wedgwood ware introduced, 1762-improved steam engine of James Watt, 1764-the spinning frame invented by James Hargrave, 1767-the jenny by Richard Arkwright, 1769; first patents to him and James Watt, given this year-the mule added by Samuel Crompton, 1775-the manufacture of muslins at Manchester, 1780-the jacquard loom in public use, 1806. BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY, founded by Lord Teignmouth, 1803. Napoleon's continental system, for the destruction and exclusion of British manufactures, 1807-1810-the powerloom invented, 1807--riots of weavers in Manchester and Yorkshire, 1808; renewed; machinery broken and factories attacked, 1812-the Russian tariff excludes nearly all British manufactures, 1816-turn-out of the Manchester cotton spinners, 1818-agitation and violence in all the manufacturing districts--the working classes petition for Reform, 1819-Mr. Huskisson's measures extend the silk manufacture, 1824-powerlooms destroyed by the hand-weavers in Lancashire; the owners recover tion of Gregory VII., and elects the Antipope, Clement III. Jan. 25, 1080. BROAD BOTTOM (or Coalition) Ministry formed by Henry Pelham, Premier, 1744. BROCK, Gen., surprises and captures an American army under Gen. Hull at Fort Detroit, in Canada, Aug. 16, 1812. BROCQUIERE, Bertrandon de la, a Burgundian knight, visits the East, and on his return writes an account of his travels. 1432. BROCLIE, duke de, one of the first to emi- BROGLIO, Marshal, commanding the land, 1757-takes Bremen, 1758-repulses prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at Bergen, April 17, 1759-is defeated at Minden, Aug. 1-brings large reinforcements and takes the chief command; is defeated at Warburg July 31, 1760 superseded by Marshal de Soubise, 1761. BROMSEBRO, treaty of, between Sweden and BRONTE, an estate and title bestowed by 1628. BROOKE, Sir James, founds the settlement of Labuan, Dec. 2, 1846-suppresses the Borneo pirates, July 31, 1849-inquiry into his conduct moved by Mr. Hume, refused by the Commons, July 10, 1851. BROOKES, Joshua, an eminent surgeon, b. 1761 d. 1833. BROOME, William, the poet, b. 1689-d. 1745. BROSSE, DE LA, under the patronage of Richelieu, forms the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, 1635. BROTHERS, the pretended prophet, sent to a lunatic asylum. 1795. BROUGHAM, Henry, (afterwards Lord,) b. 1778-publishes his Colonial Policy, 1803 -supports Sir Robert Heron's motion for a repeal of the Septennial Act, May 19, 1818-appointed attorney-general to queen Caroline, April 29, 1820-conducts her defence before the House of Lords, Oct. 3-denounces the principles of the "Holy Alliance," 1823-brings before the parliament the proceedings against missionary Smith at Demerara, June 1, 1824-chosen lord rector of the University of Glasgow, April 4, 1825-on his motion two committees are appointed to inquire into the state of the law, Feb. 7, 1828-elected for Yorkshire, Aug. 5, 1830-created a peer and appointed lord chancellor, Nov. 22-resigns, May 9, 1832-resumes office, May 18-presented with a gold cup by the lord Mayor for his furtherance of the Reform Bill, Nov. 6-introduces a Bill for establishing a Central Criminal Court in London, March 26, 1834-quits office, Nov. 15-omitted in the second Melbourne ministry, April 8, 1835-lays the first stone of the City of his death, Oct. 22, 1839-complains of the increase of bribery at elections, Sept. 30, 1841-introduces his Local Courts bill, Feb. 28, 1842-addresses the Society of Sciences at Paris, Jan. 20, 1850. BROUGHTON, Dr., b. 1782—bishop of Sydney, d. 1853. BROWN, Count, Austrian Field Marshal, commands against Frederic of Prussia at Lowositz, 1756-is defeated by him at Prague, and dies of his wounds, May 6, 1757. BROWN, Wm., M.P. for South Lancashire, gives £6,000 to found a Public Library at Liverpool, Sept. 21, 1853. BBOWNE, Sir Thomas, b. 1605-d. 1682. BRUAT, admiral of the French fleet in the BRUCE, Robert, a descendant of the earl of Lion, claims the crown of Scotland, 1290. BRUCE, Edward, lands in Ireland with an BRUCHION, the, a part of Alexandria, de- BRUCK, in Hungary, taken by Matthias BRUCKER, John Jonas, b. 1691-d. 1770. BRUGES, the ancient capital of Flanders, of London School, Oct. 31-false report | BRUN, LE, b. 1619—his paintings are dis tinguished in the exhibition at Paris, 1673-d. 1690. BRUNANBURH. See BAMBOROUGH. BRUNDUSIUM, conquered by Rome, B.C. 267 --Sylla lands there on his return from the east, 83-Octavius reconciled there to Antony, 40-pacifies his discontented troops there, 31-the road from, to Beneventum constructed by Trajan, A.D. 109-added to the duchy of Beneventum by Romoald, 668. See BRINDISI. BRUNE, General, b. 1763-obtains possession of Berne by capitulation, April 12, 1798-defeated by sir Ralph Abercrombie, Sept. 10, 1799-defeats the duke of York at Bergen, near Alkmaar, Sept. 19 -again, Oct. 6-murdered by a royalist mob at Avignon, Aug. 2, 1815. BRUNEHILD, daughter of Athanagild, k. of the Visigoths, married to Sigebert, k. of Austrasia, 566-on his death governs as regent for their son, Childebert II., 575her daughter, Ingundis, is married to Hermenegild, son of the Visigoth, Leovigild, 579-is regent again for her grandsons, 596-instigates the murder of Theodebert, 612-is put to death by Chlotair II., 613. BRUNEL, M. I., the engineer, b. 1769-pro jects the Thames tunnel, 1823-commences the work, 1825-completes it, 1843-d. 1849. BRUNELLESCHI, the architect, d. 1444. BRUNN, besieged by Torstenson, 1645. BRUNO, a Saxon, chaplain to the emperor Otho III., placed by him in the papal chair, 996. See GREGORY V., pope. BRUNO founds the Carthusian order, at La Chartreuse, 1084. BRUNOW, Count, arrives in Paris, to take part in the peace conferences, Feb. 25, 1856. BRUNSWICK, the founder of the present family, Welf (or Wölpe), son of Isenbard of Altdorf, in Suabia, and Irmentrud, sister of Charlemagne, b. about 780-his daughter, Judith, married to the emperor Louis I., 819-marriage of Cunegonda, the heiress, to Albert Azzo II., marquis of Reggio and Modena, 1047their son, Guelf IV., created duke of Bavaria, Guelf I., 1071. See Bavaria. BRUNSWICK, a lordship separated from the duchy of Saxony and given by the emperor Otho I. to his nephew, Bruno I., second son of Henry, duke of Lorraine, 955-d. 972-Bruno II., d. 1006-Ludolf, d. Feb. 23, 1038-Bruno III., d. 1057-his brother, Egbert I., d. 1068-Egbert II. rebels and defeats the emperor Henry IV., 1088-d. 1090-his sister, Gertrude, inherits her second husband, Henry, count of Northeim, d. 1101-their daugh ter, Richenza, is the third wife of the emperor, Lothaire II.-on the marriage of Gertrude, their daughter, to Henry, the Proud, duke of Bavaria, Brunswick, re-united to Saxony, is given to him, and now becomes part of the Guelf territories, 1126. See BAVARIA. Henry, the Lion, deprived of all his other states, retains Brunswick, 1180-d. 1195-his son, Otho, elected by the Guelf party to be k. of Germany, 1198-is acknowledged as Otho IV., 1208-d. 1215 -his brother, William Longsword, inherits Brunswick, and from him it descends to Otho, the Child, who is created by the emperor Frederic II., first duke of Brunswick Luneburg, 1235-d. 1252--the duchy divided Henry, the Wonderful, takes Grubenhagen, 1286-his daughter, Adelheid, marries the Greck emperor, Andronicus II. Otho goes to Italy and assists John Palæologus, marquis of Montferrat, against the Visconti, 1363-is guardian of his sons, invested with the cities of Alba and Asti, and vicar general in Italy of the emperor Charles IV., 1372-assists Amadeus VI. of Savoy in his war with the Visconti, 1373-receives proposals of marriage from Joanna I., queen of Naples, 1375-they are married, but he is not allowed to assume the title of king, 1376 she is dethroned and he taken prisoner by Charles of Durazzo, 1381-released from the castle of Molfetta, employed by Charles against Louis of Anjou, and made prince of Taranto, 1384 serves Louis of Anjou, the son, against Margaret, mother and regent of Ladislas, the young k. of Naples-takes Naples and inflicts vengeance on the murderers of queen Joanna; then transfers his services to Margaret, 1837-fails in an attempt to relieve the castle of Capuana, 1388-surprised and made prisoner by the San Severini; released for a ransom, and promising to make war no more for ten years, 1392-d. 1399. Frederic, elected k. of Germany, on the deposition of Wenceslas; killed soon afterwards in a fray, 1400-this branch becomes extinct in 1596--Ernest, the Rich, begins the Göttingen branch-from hini descends Magnus Torquatus, d. 1373-Bernard, duke of Brunswick Luneburg, 1409 d. 1434-Otho II. and Frederic I. joint dukes-Otho d. 1445-Frederic d. 1478-Henry I. d. 1531-Ernest I. joins the Protestant league, 1532-d. 1542-division of the duchy. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTEL-Henry II., eldest son of Ernest I., takes this part of his territories, with the title of duke |