BEGUM CHARGE.

See OUDE, Begums of;
ADAM, Mr.; HASTINGS, Warren; and
SHERIDAN, R. B.
BEHRING discovers the Straits to which his
name is given, 1728.

BEIRA, taken by the Moors, 1161.
BEJA, (Pax-Julia) besieged by Froila, k. of

the Goths, 761-taken by the Moors, 1161 -by Sancho I. k. of Portugal, 1189. BELA I., kills his brother Andrew in battle and obtains the throne of Hungary, 1060 -d. 1063.

BELA II., k. of Hungary, 1131-1141.
BELA III., k. of Hungary, 1173 - takes

Zara, and recovers all Dalmatia and
Croatia, 1181-d. 1196.

BELA IV., rebels against his father Andrew II., 1220-submits to him, 1222succeeds him as k. of Hungary, 1235defeats the duke of Austria, to whom some nobles had offered the crown, and imprisons his mother-in-law, Beatrice, 1235 permits the Cuman fugitives to settle in Hungary, 1239-the Mongolians of the Golden Horde invade his dominions, and oblige him to retire into Dalmatia, 1241-recovers his kingdom, 1245-defeats the Mongols, 1260 d. 1270. BELCHER, Sir Edward, sails in search of Sir John Franklin, April 21, 1852. BELFAST, Queen's College, endowed by Act of parliament 8 and 9 Victoria, c. 56, 1845-opened 1849.

BELFAST and Dublin junction railway opened, June 1852.

BELGE, the, resist Cæsar, B.C. 57.
BELGIAN RAILWAY, commencement of the,

1834.

BELGIANS, the, revolt against the measures of the emperor Joseph, 1719 - declare themselves independent, 1790-1 their privileges are restored by his successor Leopold, and they submit, Dec. 3, 1790. BELGIUM, Occupied by the Danes, 880. See

BELGIUM-continued.

NETHERLANDS, Spanish and Austrian. Conquered by Dumourier, who enters Brussels, Nov. 13, 1792-abandoned by him after his defeat at Neerwinden, Mar. 18, 1793-invaded by Pichegru, Apr. 26; and conquered by him, Nov. 30, 1794united to France and divided into nine departments, 1795 recovered by the allies, and combined with Holland to form the kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814-scene of Wellington's short campaign and Napoleon's final overthrow at Waterloo, 1815-general revolt of, Sept. 1830-declared independent by the guarantee states, Nov. 2-Leopold of SaxeCoburg chosen king, July 21, 1831-surrender of Antwerp, Dec. 23, 1832-preliminaries of peace with Holland, June 5, 1833-fresh discussions arise respecting Luxemburg and Maestricht; visit of Queen Victoria, 1843--treaty of commerce with England, Sept. 2, 1844-irruption of French revolutionists into, repulsed, Mar. 29, 1848-death of Louisa, queen of Belgium, Sept. 11, 1850-visit of Queen Victoria, Aug. 1852. BELGRADE, (see SINGIDUNUM,) taken by the Huns, 441-by Solomon, k. of Hungary, from the Greeks, 1064-by Stephen Dushan, k. of Servia, 1345-given up to Sigismund k. of Hungary, by the Servians, 1433-Amurath II. attempts to take it but fails, 1439-besieged by Mahomet II., who is repulsed by John Huniades, 1456 -taken by Soliman II, 1521 - by the elector of Bavaria (Maximilian Emanuel),1688-by the Turks, 1690-by Prince Eugene, Aug. 22, 1717--treaty of peace between Turkey, Austria, and Russia is concluded at, Sept. 22, 1739-taken by Laudohn, Oct. 6, 1789.

BELIBUS, k. of Babylon, B.C. 702. BELISARIUS first employed, 524-conducts the war in Armenia, 526-ordered to construct a strong fortress at Mindona, 528-defeats the Persians at Dara, 530 -is defeated by the Saracens and Persians, but maintains his ground; takes the command of the expedition preparing against Gelimer, 531-quells the violent Nike contest of the circus-factions, 532lands in Africa and achieves his first victories, 533-returns to Constantinople and triumphs, 534-occupies Sicily, 535 quells a mutiny in Africa, returns to Sicily, takes Naples, and enters Rome, 536-is besieged in Rome by Vitiges, 537-forces him to retire, and takes Clusium and Urbino, 538-Fæsulæ and Auximum surrender to him; he prepares to besiege Ravenna, 539-takes Ravenna and is recalled from Italy, 540-com

BELISARIUS-continued.

mands against the Persians, 541-compels them to abandon their conquests and recross the Euphrates, 542-recalled from the East, 543-sent again to Italy, but without supplies and with very inadequate forces, 544-while he is waiting for reinforcements, Totila lays siege to Rome, 545-joined by fresh troops, but too late to save Rome, 546 retakes the city and repairs its walls, 547 -takes Crotona and Tarentum, after which he is recalled to Constantinople, 548 drives the Bulgarians out of Thrace; his last achievement, 559falsely accused of having been concerned in the conspiracy against Justinian, 562 -acquitted of the charge and restored to his honours, 563-d. Mar. 13, 565. BELL, Andrew, b. 1752 introduces his system of education, 1798-d. 1832. BELL, Sir Charles, b. 1778-d. 1842. BELL, T. S., Mr. Layard's coadjutor at Nineveh, d. 1851.

BELL ROCK, at the mouth of the river Tay, in Scotland; a light-house erected on it, 1806.

BELLARMINE, Cardinal, b. 1542-writes in defence of the measures of Pope Paul V., against the Venetians, 1606-maintains a controversy on the oath of allegiance with James I., 1607-d. 1621. BELLASIS, the governor of York, taken by lord and Sir Thomas Fairfax, at Selby, April 11, 1644.

BELLEISLE, admiral Hawke defeats the French fleet off, Oct. 14, 1747-taken by commodore Keppel, June 7, 1761. BELLEISLE, afterwards marshal, b. 1683brought a prisoner to Windsor castle, Feb. 19, 1745-exchanged, Aug. 12-d. 1761.

BELLEISLE, chevalier de, defeated and slain at Exilles, July 8, 1747. BELLEMARE, attempts to assassinate the emperor of the French, Sept. 8; confined as a lunatic, 1855.

BELLEPARES, king of Assyria, B.C. 1410 (1380 Cl.).

BELLES LETTRES, professorship of, at Edinburgh, founded, and given to Dr. Hugh Blair, 1762.

BELLINGHAM, assassinates Mr. Perceval, May 11, 1812 - is tried, May 15-executed, May 18.

BELLINI, Vincente, b. 1802-d. 1835. BELLONA, the planet discovered, by Luther, March 1, 1854.

BELLOT, Lieut., b. 1826-d. 1853. BELLS, introduced in churches by Paulinus, bp. of Nola in Campania, 402-in Crowland Abbey by Thurcytel, 945carried away from Santiago by Alman

sor as trophies, 993-from Damietta by the men of Haerlem, 1218. BELLUNO, conquered by Eccelius da Romano, 1249-taken by the Venetians,

1419.

BELLUNO, duke of. See VICTOR, marshal. BELOCHUS, K. of Assyria, B.C. 1789 (1912 C.). BELOCHUS II., k. of Assyria, B.C. 1435 (1405 C.).

BELSHAM, Thomas, b. 1749-d. 1829. BELSHAM, William, b. 1752-d. 1827. BELSHAZZAR, or NABONADIUS, k. of Babylon B.C. 555-conquered by Cyrus, 538. BELTS, at the entrance of the Baltic, crossed by Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, on the ice, 1658.

BELUS, or Nimrod, k. of Assyria, B.C. 2245 (2554, H.; 2235, C.)

BELVOIR CASTLE, nearly destroyed by fire, 1816 visit of queen Victoria to the duke of Rutland at, 1843.

BELZONI, commences his travels in Egypt, 1815-conveys the statue of Memnon from Egypt to London, 1818-d. 1823. BELZUNCE, bp. of Marseilles, benevolence of, during the plague, 1720. BEM, a Hungarian insurgent, b. 1795-defeats the Austrians at Hermannstadt, Jan. 21, 1849-is defeated by the Russians, Feb. 4; flies into Turkey, Aug. 12; his surrender demanded, but refused, Aug. 23-d. 1850.

BEMBO, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 16151618.

BEMBO, Peter, b. 1770-appointed secretary to Leo X., 1513--created cardinal, 1538 -d. 1546.

BEMFLEET, battle of; Alfred defeats the Danes, 894.

BENACUS, lake (now Lago di Garda), battle of; the Allemanni defeated by Claudius II., 268-meeting of Attila and Leo I., bp. of Rome, on its banks, 452. BEN AMRU. See SAMAIL. BENARES, ceded to the English by the

nabob of Oude, 1775-the British envoys at, assassinated by Vizir Ali, Jan, 14, 1799.

BENARES CHARGE. See HASTINGS, WAR-
REN, FOX, C. J., and GREY.
BENBOW, commodore, bombards St. Malo,
Sep. 19,1693-unsuccessful, and mortally
wounded, in the West Indies, Oct. 8,1702.
BENDER, Charles XII. escapes to, 1709-
besieged by the Russians, 1769-taken,
1770-taken by Potemkin, 1789.
BENEDICT I, bp. of Rome, 574–578.
BENEDICT II., pope, 684.
BENEDICT III., (cardinal di San Calisto)
pope, 855-858.

BENEDICT IV., pope, 900-903.
BENEDICT V., chosen pope to set aside
Leo VIII., 964-they both die, 965.

BENEDICT VI., pope, 972-imprisoned and strangled, 974.

BENEDICT VII., pope, 975-983. BENEDICT VIII., pope (John, bp. of Porto), driven from Rome by Gregory, the antipope, takes refuge in Germany, 1012conducted back by Henry II., 1014-expels the Saracens from Luni in Tuscany, 1016-visits the emperor; takes Rudolf and a band of Normans into his service, 1020 d. 1024. BENEDICT IX., pope, (Terfilacto, son of Alberico, count of Tusculum), the papal dignity purchased for him, æt. 10, by his father, 1033-expelled by the people and restored by the emperor Conrad II., 1038-again expelled for his vices, 1044 -maintains his pontifical title as an antipope, till the election of Damasus II., 1048.

BENEDICT X., pope (John, bp. of Velletri),

irregularly elected, 1058-deposed, degraded, and shut up in a monastery, 1059. BENEDICT XI., pope (Nicholas Boccasi, bp. of Ostia), 1303-reverses many of the acts of Boniface VIII.; and endeavours to restore peace; d. after a reign of nine months; the see remains vacant, 1304. BENEDICT XII., pope (James Fournier, cardinal Blanc), 1334-receives overtures from the emperor Louis IV., which he wishes to accept, but is over-ruled by the kings of France and Naples, 1335at the instigation of Philip VI., he renews the excommunication of Louis, 1338 -d. 1341.

BENEDICT XIII., the name assumed by Peter de Luna, antipope, when elected during the great schism of the West, on the death of Clement VII., 1394-Charles VI. of France ceases to recognize him, 1398-besieged by a French army in Avignon, he makes a conditional offer of abdication, 1399-refuses to abdicate, and prolongs the schism, 1404-agrees to a conference at Savona, which Gregory XII. evades, 1407-renounced by France, he takes flight to Perpignan, 1408-deposed by the council of Pisa, he is still upheld by Martin I. of Arragon, and holds a council at Perpignan, 1409 - fulminates new excommunications against his opponents, 1410-in a conference with the emperor Sigismund and Ferdinand of Arragon, he refuses to resign, 1415-resists the council of Constance and opposes Martin V., 1417 -d. 1424.

BENEDICT XIII. (Vicenzo Marco Orsino, abp. of Benevento), pope, 1724-1730. BENEDICT XIV. (Prospero Lambertini, abp. of Bologna), pope, 1740 -- receives Charles Edward Stuart and creates his

brother Henry Benedict cardinal of York, July 3, 1747-he d. 1758. BENEDICT, b. at Nursia in Umbria, 480founds his new monastic order, the principal seat of which is Monte Casino in Campania, 529-d. 556.

BENEDICT, abbot of Peterborough, writes his Chronicle, 1192.

BENEDICT, or Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, founded, 1351. BENEDICT, of Aniane, introduces stricter rules of monastic discipline, 817. BENEDICT. See BISCOP. BENEDICTINE abbey of Clugny founded, 910-congregation of St. Maur, receive their statutes from the pope and begin their literary labours, 1621-monasteries placed under sequestration by Edwy, 957-priories, regulated by the council of Aix-la-Chapelle, 816-rule promoted in England by Ethelwolf, bp. of Winchester, 963-they are supported by Dunstan in their contest with the secular clergy, 977-Rome contains 40 monasteries and 20 nunneries of this rule, 988.

BENEVENTE, president of Chili, 1827-1831. BENEVENTO, the ancient BENEVENTUM,

battle of; the consul M. Curius Dentatus defeats Pyrrhus, B.C. 275-made a Roman colony, 268-the road from, to Brundusium constructed by Trajan, A.D. 109-erected into a duchy by Alboin, k. of Lombardy, 572-its duke, Ajo, slain in battle by the Sclavonians, is succeeded by Radoaldo, who repels them, 642- its duke, Grimoald, murders Gondibert and is made k. of Lombardy, 662-repels the invasion of the duchy by Constans II., 663-his son Romoald acquires Tarentum and Brundusium, 668-Grimoald brings a colony of Bulgarians, 670.

Remains independent of Charlemagne under Arigisus, 774-Paul Warnefrid resides at his court and writes his history of the Lombards, 782-Arigisus repulsed at Amalfi, 786-does homage to Charlemagne, gives his son Grimoald as a hostage, and d. soon after, 787-Grimoald released and made duke, repeats the homage,788-an attack of Charlemagne's sons Louis and Pepin repulsed, 793Grimoald asserts his independence, 802

d. 806-his treasurer, Grimoald Storesaiz, is elected duke; treaty between him and Charlemagne, 812.

Siconolfo and Radelgiso rival claimants to the duchy, 841-Radelgiso invites the support of the Saracens, 842-besieged by Siconolfo, 843-the Saracens expelled and the duchy divided between the rivals by Louis, k. of Italy, 848-they fail in an attempt to recover Bari from

BERAR, the rajah of, defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, at Argaum, Nov. 1803and at Gawulghur, Dec. 13-a treaty of peace follows, Dec. 30. BERBERS, HYKSOS, or SHEPHERD KINGS, establish themselves in Egypt, B.C. 2080 (2159 H., 2100 L.)-finally expelled by Tuthmosis II. about 1500 L.-wild shepherds of Mount Atlas resist successfully the progress of the Mohammedans, A.D. 699-are overcome by them, 707. BERENGARIA, daughter of Sancho, k. of Navarre, married to Richard I. of England, in Cyprus, 1191-on his death retires into a monastery, 1199. BERENGARIA, sister of Henry I., late k. of Castile, married to John de Brienne, 1224.

BERENGARIUS. See BERENGER OF TOURS. BERENGER I., duke of Friuli, on the death of Charles the Fat, claims the throne of Italy, and is opposed by Guy of Spoleto, 888-defeated by his rival, 889-applies to the emperor Arnulf for assistance, 893 -supported by Adalbert, duke of Tuscany, agrees to divide Lombardy with Guy's son, Lambert, 896-their treaty ratified by the congress of Pavia, 897on the death of Lambert, he conquers Spoleto, becomes sole king of Italy, and restores Tuscany to Adalbert, 898-repulses Louis, k. of Arles, but is defeated by the Hungarians, 899-again attacked by him, retires into Germany, 901-surprises Louis, and allows him to retire to Provence, 902-takes him prisoner, and puts out his eyes, 905-pays the Hungarians to leave Italy, 906-grants licences for fortifying monasteries and baronial castles, 912-declared emperor of the West, 915-crowned, March 24, 916 opposed by Rudolf, k. of Arles, brings in Hungarian auxiliaries, 921defeated by him at Fiorenzuola, 923assassinated at Verona, 924. BERENGER II., marquis of Ivrea, escapes the hostile designs of Hugh, k. of Italy, and takes refuge in Germany, 940-returns and is welcomed by all the nobles of Italy, leaves Hugh and his son Lothaire the title of king, 945-sends Liutprand on an embassy to Constantinople, 948-crowned, with his son Adalbert, k. of Italy, Dec. 15, 950-ill treats and imprisons Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, 951. See ADELAIDE and ALBERT Azzo. Otho restores Italy to him and his son; they do him homage at the diet of Augsburg, and cede the Marches of Verona and Aquileia, 952-Berenger besieges Albert Azzo in Canossa, 953-raises the siege, 956-many of his nobles repair to Otho for protection, 960-who conquers

Italy, except Pavia, 961-Berenger and his queen Willa surrender, and are sent prisoners to Bamberg, 964-he dies there, and she takes the veil, 966. BERENGER'S fraud on the Stock Exchange, Feb. 22, 1814.

BERENGER of Tours, or Berengarius, condemned and imprisoned for denying the doctrine of Transubstantiation, 1050subscribes at Rome a recantation, which he retracts on his return to France; fresh controversy between him and Lanfranc, 1059-compelled by Gregory VII. to recant again, 1079-d. 1088. BERENICE, daughter of Antigonus k. of Asia Minor, second queen of Ptolemy Soter, and mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus, B.C. 311.

BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, married to Antiochus Theus, k. of Syria, B.C. 249-put away by him, and murdered by Laodice, 246.

BERENICE, daughter of Magas, k. of Cyrene, married to Ptolemy Euergetes, k. of Egypt, and mother of Ptolemy Philopater; on her husband's return from a victorious war, dedicates her hair in the temple of Venus, which the flattery of the astronomers makes a constellation, about B.C. 237-murdered by her son under the evil influence of Sosibius, 220.

BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Soter II., (called generally Cleopatra), reigns in Egypt six months after her father's death, B.C. 81-murdered by her cousin Alexander II., 80.

BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, placed with her sister Tryphæna on their father's throne by the Egyptians, B.C. 58-reigns alone, 57-Ptolemy restored by the Roman general Gabinius, and Berenice put to death, 55.

BERENICE, brought to Rome by her brother Agrippa, and admired by Titus, 74. "BERENICE." See RACINE. BERESFORD, general, b. 1770-takes possession of Madeira, Dec. 24, 1807-defeats Soult at Albuera, May 16, 1811-enters Bordeaux, Mar. 12, 1814-created a peer, May 17 d. 1854. BERESINA, a river in Russia, crossed by Napoleon after a destructive battle, during his retreat from Moscow, Nov. 26-29, 1812.

BERG, struggle for the duchy of, 1610assigned to the duke palatine of Neuberg, 1666-Joachim Murat made grandduke of, March 15, 1806-added to the kingdom of Westphalia, 1808. BERGAMO regained by Philip Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, 1419- ceded to Venice, 1428-captured by Gaston de