Foix, 1512-recovered by the Venetians, 1515. BERGEN built by Olaf III., k. of Norway, 1070-the first Norwegian parliament or Storthing held there, by Haco V. 1223. BERGEN, near Alkmaar, battle of; the duke of York defeated by gen. Brune, Sept. 19, 1799. BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, saved by prince Maurice from the attack of Spinola, 1622-one of the barrier fortresses constructed by Holland under the treaty of 1715-surrenders to the French, Sept. 16, 1747-attacked unsuccessfully by Sir Thos. Graham, Mar. 8, 1814. BERGERAC, in Guyenne, battle of, the count de Lisle defeated by the earl of Derby, 1344-treaty signed at, between Henry III. of France and the Huguenots, 1577. BERGETIO, or Virgetio, the place where Valentinian dies, Nov. 17, 375. BERKELEY CASTLE built, 1108-Edward II. murdered in, Sep. 21, 1327. BERKELEY, lord, bombards St. Malo, July 5, 1695. BERKELEY PEERAGE CAUSE decided by the House of Lords; the claim of William Fitzharding Berkeley disallowed; Thomas Morton Fitzharding Berkeley succeeds to the title, 1811. BERKELEY, Sir Robert, one of the judges of the King's Bench impeached and arrested in his court in Westminster hall, Feb. 14, 1641-released, Sep. 12, 1643. BERKELEY, George, b. 1684-publishes his "Principles of Human Knowledge," 1710 -dean of Derry, fails in an attempt to found a college in the Bermudas, 1728on his return is made bishop of Cloyne, 1733-d. 1753. BERKSHIRE, elects the earl of Pembroke knight of the shire, after the abolition of the House of Lords, 1649. BERKHAMSTEAD, Richard, earl of Cornwall, and k. of the Romans, dies at, Dec. 12. 1271. BERLIN, built by Albert the Bear, margrave of Brandenburg, 1163-enlarged and improved by the elector Frederic William, chiefly through the settlement of French protestant refugees in 1685-Academy of Sciences founded by the new k. Frederic I., under the superintendence of Leibnitz, 1702 visited by the duke of Marlborough, 1704, 1705-the Austrians advance to, and are repulsed by the prince of Anhalt Dessau, Oct. 17, 1757-taken by the Austrians and Russians, Oct. 9, 1760 -entered by Napoleon, Oct. 28, 1806return of the wreck of the French army from Russia, Feb. 21, 1813-deputies from the provincial states summoned to Berliu by the king; the first approach tc wards a parliament, June 21, 1842-exhibition of German art and industry at, 1844-conflict between the military and the people at, Mar. 18, 1848-insurrection, June 15, 1848-the Burgher guard disarmed, Nov. 14-trial by jury introduced, 1849 visit of the emperor of Austria to, Dec. 17, 1852. BERLIN decree for the blockade of England, issued by Napoleon, Nov. 21, 1806. BERLIN to Magdeburg railway opened, Sept. 10, 1841. BERMONDSEY Convent appointed by the duke of Gloucester for the retirement of Katharine, widow of Henry V., on her separation from Owen Tudor, 1436-she dies there, 1437-Elizabeth, widow of Edward IV. resides there, 1490-dies there, 1492. BERMUDAS. See BERKELEY, GEORGE. BERMUDEZ, a Portuguese physician detained in Abyssinia with Rodrigo de Lima, 1520. BERMUDO, or VEREMUNDUS, K. of the Goths in Spain, 788-said to have gained a victory near Burgos, 791-resigns his throne to Alfonso II. 791. BERMUDO II. or VEREMUND, k. of Leon, 982 -concludes a treaty of peace with Almansor, 995-d. 999. BERMUDO III. or VEREMUND, k. of Leon, 1028 unites his family by a treaty of marriage with Sancho III., k. of Navarre, 1033-falls in battle against Ferdinand I., who conquers Leon and annexes it to Castile, 1037. BERNADONI, Francis John, founds the Franciscan order of Mendicant Friars, 1207 d. 1226. BERNADOTTE, John Baptiste Julius, b. Jan. 26, 1764 defeated by the archduke Charles, at Neumarck, Aug. 23, 1796leads the French army over the Rhine, March 4, 1799-made prince of Ponte Corvo, 1806-chosen heir to the Swedish crown, and takes the name of Charles John, Aug. 21, 1810-lands with an army of Swedes in Pomerania; defeats Oudinot at Grossbeeren, Aug 23; and joins the allies in the battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 1813-besieges Davoust in Hamburg and occupies Holstein, Nov.; becomes k. of Sweden, Feb. 5, 1818. See CHARLES XIV., k. of Sweden. BERNAL, Ralph, d. 1854. BERNARD, duke of Languedoc, the guardian of Charles, son of Louis I., 829-retires into Spain, 830-becomes independent in Catalonia, with the title of count or marquis of Barcelona, 834-d. 839. BERNARD, b. 1090 becomes a monk in the convent of Citeaux, 1113 abbot of Clairvaux, 1115—holds a con BERNARD-continued. troversy with Abelard, 1125-endeavours to mediate between Roger, k. of Sicily and Ranulph, count of Apulia, 1137-employed by pope Eugenius III. to preach the second crusade, 1146-reproached for the failure of the crusade preached by him; is defended by Otho of Frisingen, 1149-dedicates to pope Eugenius bis five books "De Consideratione," in support of the papal authority, and against Arnold of Brescia, 1150d. 1153. BERNARD, abbot of St. Anastasius at Rome. See EUGENIUS III., pope. BERNARD, St., the Great and the Less; two mountains of the Alps; the first is supposed to have been the scene of Hannibal's passage, B.C. 218-Bonaparte conducts his army over it, May 23, 1800. BERNE, in Switzerland, built, 1191-the canton of, joins the Swiss league, 1353the people of, assist the Genevese against the duke of Savoy, 1531-and acquire the Pays de Vaud, 1536-capitulates to Brune, April 12, 1798-extraordinary Diet convoked at, Dec. 25, 1830. BERNERS, Sir James, unjustly executed for treason by Richard II., 1388. BERNERS, Lady Juliana, one of the earliest English authoresses, writes on Hawking, Hunting, and Heraldry, 1481. BERNHARD, an illegitimate son of Charlemagne's second son Pepin, b. 798-made titular k. of Italy, 812-is deprived by his uncle Louis I. of his ministers and advisers, 814-plots against his uncle, and is imprisoned, 817-put to death, 818. BERNHARD, of Saxe Weimar, completes the victory of Lützen after the death of Gustavus Adolphus, Nov. 16, 1632-maintains the ascendancy of the Protestants in Germany, 1633-defeats the imperialists at Rheinfeld, and takes Brisach, 1638, d. 1639. BERNICIA, in Northumberland founded by Ida, 547-separated from the other conquests of that chief by Ella, 560-on his death united to Deira, to form the kingdom of Northumberland, 588. BERNINI, G. L. the sculptor, b. 1598, d. 1680. BERNOUILLI, Daniel, b. 1700, d. 1782. BERNOUILLI, John, b. 1744, d. 1807. BERNRED, kills Ethelbald of Mercia, usurps the throne, and is slain by Offa, 755. BERNSTORF, count J. Hartwich Ernest, prime minister in Denmark, 1751-supplanted by Struensee, 1770-reinstated, and dies of an apoplectic fit soon after, 1772. BERNSTORF, Count Andrew Peter, appointed chief minister in Denmark, 1772. BERNULPH, K. of Mercia, 821-defeated and slain, 823. BEREA, gives the emperor Julian a cold reception, 362. See ALEPPO. BEROSUS, the Babylonian, dedicates his history of Chaldea to Antiochus Soter, k. of Syria, B.C. 276. BERRY, Charles, duke of, grandson of Louis XIV., d. 1714. BERRY, Charles Ferdinand, duke of, son of Charles X. of France, b. 1778, marries Maria Carolina, grandaughter of the king of Naples, June, 17, 1816-assassinated, Feb. 14, 1820. BERRY, duchess of, his widow, fails in an attempt to excite an insurrection in La Vendée, is arrested at Nantes, and sent prisoner to the castle of Blaye, Nov. 7, 1832-gives birth to a daughter there, May 10, 1833-is liberated, and returns to Sicily, June. BERTARIDUS, son of Aribert, k. of Lombardy, inherits the kingdom jointly with his brother Gondibert, 661-quarrels with him, and seeks the protection of the Avars in Pannonia, 662-surrenders himself to Grimoald, and is well received by him; but fearing for his life, he withdraws to France, 664-his attempted restoration by Chlotair is defeated by Grimoald, 665-leaves France, to seek protection in Britain, 670-recalled and set on the throne of Lombardy, 671makes his son Cunibert joint king with himself, 678-d. 688. BERTARIO, abbot of Monte Casino, poet and grammarian, fl. 865-murdered by the Saracens, 883. BERTGILS, or Boniface, bp. of the East Angles, 653 BERTHA, daughter of Charibert, k. of Paris, and queen of Ethelbert of Kent, favours the preaching of Christianity by Augustine and his companions, 596. BERTHA, or Bertrada, widow of Pepin the Short, reconciles her two sons Charlemagne and Carloman; visits Bavaria and Lombardy, for the maintenance of peace, and proposes to Desiderius treaties of marriage, none of which take place but that of Charlemagne, to his daughter Desiderata, 770-d. 783. BERTHA, widow of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, marries Hugh, king of Italy, 938. BERTHA, natural daughter of Hugh, k. of Italy, married to Romanus, son of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 943. BERTHA, a distant relation of Hugh Capet, married to his son and successor, Robert II., k. of France, 996-pope Gregory V. annuls the marriage, and by excommunication compels her husband to resign her, 998. BERTHA, daughter of Otho, marquis of Susa, married to Henry IV., emperor of Germany, 1067-d. 1088. BERTHA of Holland, queen of Philip I. of France, deserted by him, 1094. See PHILIP I. BERTHIER, gen., takes possession of Rome, Feb. 15, 1798-made prince of Neufchatel, 1806-commits suicide by throwing himself from a window at Bamberg, 1815. BERTHOLD, marquis of Homburg, guardian of Conradin, young k. of Sicily, resigns the trust to Manfred, 1254. BERTHOLD founds the Carmelite order, 1156. BERTHOLLET, the French chemist, b. 1758 -d. 1822. BERTHUN, the general of Ethelwalch, expels Cadwalla, and with Andhun rules Sussex, 686. BERTHWALD, first Saxon abp. of Canterbury, 690-d. 731. BERTIN, M., editor of the "Journal des Debats," b. 1761-d. 1841. BERTIN, Armand, d. 1854. BERTON, gen., executed for an attempted revolt at Saumur, 1822. BERTRADE, Countess of Anjou, taken from her husband, married by Philip I., k. of France, 1094. See PHILIP I. BERTRAM or Ratramn, writes against Transubstantiation, 845-d. 868. BERTRIC, K. of Wessex, 784-marries Offa's daughter Eadburga, 787-poisoned, 800. BERVILLE, founds the order of the Fathers of the Oratory at Paris, 1611. BERVILLE, M., alleges in the French Chamber of Deputies, that the Orleans dynasty had not performed its promise to the nation, Jan. 22, 1848. BERWICK-ON-TWEED, Scotch parliament held there, does homage to Edward I., 1296-taken by Robert Bruce, 1315-besieged by Edward III.; surrenders and is annexed to England, 1333-surprised by Robert Stuart, regent of Scotland, 1354-recovered by Edward III., 1355— given up by Henry VI. to obtain succours from Scotland, 1461-recovered by the English, 1482-occupied by Charles I. against the Covenanters, who agree to the pacification of Dunse, 1639-passage of the Scotch army under the earl of Leven, Jan. 19, 1644-of the English under Cromwell, 1648--secured by Monk, 1659-railway from Edinburgh opened, June 18, 1846-from Newcastle, 1847. BERWICK, duke of, James Fitzjames, natural son of the duke of York (James II.) and Mrs. Churchill (sister of the duke of Marlborough), b. 1670-receives his title from his father, Mar. 11, 1687-accompanies him on his expedition into Ire land, 1689-assists in the defence of Limerick, 1690-serves in the French army, and is made prisoner by his uncle Marlborough at Landen, 1693- repairs to England to concert another attempt for his father's restoration, 1695-commands the French and Spanish forces in Spain, against the English, Dutch, and Portuguese, 1704- they take Alcantara from him, 1706-he defeats them at Almanza, 1707-guards France on the side of the Alps, 1710-takes Barcelona, Sept. 12, 1714-Fontarabia, St. Sebastian, and the province of Guipuscoa, 1719-leads the French army over the Rhine and takes Kehl, 1733-lays siege to Philipsburg, where he is killed by a cannon ball, June 12, 1734. BERYLLUS, bp. of Bostra, 227. BERYTUS, now Beyrout, the most celebrated law-school of the East, founded about the time of Alex. Severus, 222-Constantine issues an edict there to suppress the combats of gladiators, Oct. 21, 325-destroyed by an earthquake and its school broken up, 551. See BEYROUT. BERZELIUS, Jacob, the Swedish chemist, b. 1779 d. 1848. BESIKA BAY, the English and French fleets arrive in, June 13, 1853. BESSARION, Mark, cardinal, promotes the study of Plato's philosophy, 1446-gives his large collection of MSS. to found the library of Venice, 1468-d. 1472. BESSAS. See BESSUS. BESSBOROUGH, John William, earl of, b. 1781 -appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, July 9, 1846-orders the execution of public works, to relieve distressed districts, Sept. 4, Oct. 2-d. May 16, 1847. BESSEL, the astronomer, d. 1846. BESSIERES, the French marshal and duke of Istria, defeats the Spanish patriots at Medina del Rio Secco, July 14, 1808. BESSUS, the Persian, murders Darius Codomanus, and is punished with death, B.C. 330. BESSUS, or Bessas, a Goth, serves in Italy under Belisarius, 540 commands in Colchis, and besieges Petra, 550-takes it, 551-is recalled, 554. BEST, Sir William Draper, chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1824, decides that a court of law can give no compensation for labour employed on the "Memoirs of Harriette Wilson," 1825. See WYNFORD, lord. BEST, Capt., kills lord Camelford in a duel, 1804. BESTIA, L. Calpurnius, consul of Rome, B.C. 111. BETHAM, Sir W., Ulster-king-at-arms, b. 1779-d. 1852. BETHLEHEM, Jerome, retires to, 385-invites the crusaders, 1099. BETHLEHEM, & suppressed convent in Moorfields, London, appropriated by Henry VIII., as a hospital for lunatics, 1546rebuilt, 1675- first stone of the new hospital in St. George's Fields, laid Apr. 20, 1812. BETHLEM GABOR, obtains the sovereignty of Transylvania, 1613-invades Hungary, 1619-elected king of that country by the protestant nobles, 1620-renounces the title, and makes peace with the emperor Ferdinand II., who gives up to him Ratibor and Oppeln, 1624-d. 1630. BETHLEM, Stephen, his cousin, succeeds him; is dispossessed by George Racoczy and the Turks, 1631. BETHUNE, taken by the duke of Marlborough, Aug. 30, 1710. BETHUNE, Maximilian de, marquis de Rosny, afterwards duke of Sully, b. 1560-becomes the prime minister and adviser of Henry IV., 1596-restores order in the finances of France, 1599-interview with queen Elizabeth at Dover, 1601-embassy to James I., 1603-is treated with coldness and neglect after Henry's death, 1610-retires into private life and writes his Memoirs, 1611-d. 1641. BETTERTON, Thomas, the actor, b. 1635 d. 1710. BETTY, the young Roscius, makes his first appearance on the stage, 1804. BEVERIDGE, bp. b. 1637, d. 1708. BEVERN, the prince of, a Prussian general, defeated by the Austrians under prince Charles of Lorraine, and marshal Daun, at Breslau, Nov. 22, 1757-and soon after taken prisoner. BEWICK, Thomas, wood-engraver, b. 1753, d. 1828. BEXFIELD, W. R., Mus. D., b. 1823, d. 1853. BEXLEY, Lord-See VANSITTART, NICHOLAS becomes chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 1823-d. 1851. BEYROUT, taken by the crusaders, 1111-by Chalil, 1291-attacked by the allied fleet, Oct. 10, 1840. See BERYTUS. BEZA, Theodore, b. 1519, d. 1605. BEZABDE, battle of; Sapor II., k. of Persia, repulses Constantius II., 360. BHURTPORE, battle of; lord Lake defeats Holkar, Apr. 2, 1805-revolts, 1825stormed by lord Combermere, Jan. 18, 1826. BIANCA, daughter of Philip Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, married to Francesco Sforza, 1441-disgusted by the misgovernment of her son Galeazzo Maria, retires into a convent and d. 1468. BIANCA. See CAPELLO. BIANCHI, (Whites), a faction of Florence, headed by Vieri de' Cerchi, opposed to the Neri (Blacks) headed by Corso de' Donati, the former have the ascendancy, and reject the offered mediation of pope Boniface VIII., 1300-expelled by the Neri, 1301. See FLORENCE. BIANCHI, or White Penitents, produce a great impression in Northern Italy; the hymn "Stabat mater dolorosa," is first composed and sung by them in their processions, 1399-pope Boniface IX. forbids them to enter Rome, and suppresses their processions, 1400. BIANCO, Ugo, cardinal, maintains the cause of the anti-pope Cadalo, 1061. BIBARS, or Bondocdar, sultan of the Mamelukes in Egypt drives the Mongols out of Syria, and takes Damascus and Jerusalem, 1260-Antioch and Joppa, 1268-Edward of England drives him from the siege of Acre, 1271-d. 1277. BIBERACH, battle of; victory of Moreau over marshal Kray and the Austrians, May 9, 1800 BIBILIS, or Bilbilis, now Baubola, near Calatayud, in Spain; Martial born at, March 1, 43-he retires there, from Rome, 100. BIBLE; the Hebrew Scriptures collected by Ezra, and some books added by him, B.C. 458-450-translated into Greek (Septuagint version) under the direction of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 283-the original gospel of Matthew composed in Hebrew, A.D. 38; rendered into Greek by an unknown translator, 62-those of Mark and Luke, written in Greek, 63— that of John in the same language, 98those of Matthew and Mark, first mentioned by Papias, bp. of Hierapolis, 118Quadratus and others travel among the churches to deliver to them copies of the Gospels, 123-Melito, bp. of Sardis, travels to Judæa to obtain a correct list of the books of the Old Testament, 177-the whole Bible translated into Latin about this time; the precise date not known; ordered by Diocletian to be burnt, 303translated into Gothic by Ulphilas, 373 -into Latin (the Vulgate) with many commentaries and homilies, by Jerome, 405-into Sclavonian, 864-the translation made by the Waldenses suppressed by pope Alexander III., 1179-translated into English by Wickliffe, 1380-the printing of the first edition commenced by Guttenberg,1444-finished, 1460-first attempt made to translate the Vulgate into German, 1477-a more perfect German version published, 1490-the Complutensian Polyglot Bible printed by cardinal Ximenes, 1517-Luther revises. his German version, 1521-which is not BIBLE-continued. BIBLE SOCIETY, founded by Granville BIBRACTE, Cæsar winters at, B.C. 52. BICKERSTETH, Mr., created lord Langdale, and appointed master of the rolls, 1836. See LANGDALE, lord. BICLARENSIS or GERUNDENSIS, Joannes, writes his chronicle, 569-ends it, 590. BICOCCA, LA, battle of; Lautrec, gen. of Francis I., defeated by Prospero Colonna, the Spanish gen., April 22, 1522. BIDASSOA, the river which separates France from Spain, crossed by the English army under Wellington, Oct. 8,1813. BIDDLE, John, the father of English Unitarians, parliamentary inquiry into the opinions of, Nov. 30, 1654. BIEDA, the Saxon, lands with his father Port, and their followers, at Portsmouth, 501. BIELAWESCH, battle of; the Golden Horde crushed by the Nogay Tartars, 1481. "BIEN AIME," Le, surname given to Louis XV., 1744. BIES-BOSCH, a large lake near Dordrecht, formed by the dyke of the Meuse giving way, 1446. BIGOD, Roger, earl of Norfolk, marshal of England, refuses to join the army of, Edward I., 1297. BILBAO, taken by the French, July, 1795surrendered to Wellington after the battle of Vittoria, 1813-besieged by the Carlists and relieved by Espartero with the assistance of the British naval force under lord John Hay, Dec. 24, 1836. BILBILIS. See BIBILIS. BILICHILDA, queen of Childeric II., assassinated with him, 673. BILL, the form in which the Commons require every statute to pass through their house, before it is enacted, 1414, -for the better observance of the Sunday, stolen from the House of Lords loses the royal assent, July 27, 1663another to the same effect brought in by lord R. Grosveuor, Apr. 27, 1855, withdrawn in consequence of the popular excitement against it, July 2-brought in to exclude the duke of York from the throne, Nov. 2-the Lords reject it, Nov. 15, 1680 - for triennial parliaments, passes both houses, but William III. refuses the royal assent, 1692- for excluding placemen from parliament, is denied the royal assent, Jan. 25, 1694-for licensing the press rejected by the Commons, 1696-one introduced giving the care of the king's person (his father Geo. III., to the duke of York, with an allowance of £10,000 a year, Jan. 25, 1819-for the relief of Catholics, is opposed by the speaker (Abbott), in a committee of the whole house, and thrown out, May 24, 1813-to suspend the Habeas Corpus act, brought in, Feb. 21, 1817-the citizens of Westminster petition against it, 24— and the London common-council, 26receives the royal assent, Mar. 4, 1817. BILL of indictment against some of the Manchester yeomanry ignored by the grand jury at Lancaster, Sep. 5, 1819. BILL of Pains and Penalties, against Caroline, queen of George IV., brought in by lord Liverpool, July 5, 1820-abandoned, Nov. 10. BILL of Rights. See WILLIAM III., k. of England. Society of the, see WILKES, John. BILLAUD VARENNES, one of the instigators of the massacres at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792. BILLE, M. De, Danish ambassador, death of, 1853. BILLINGSGATE, destructive fire in, 150 houses burnt down, and fifty lives lost, Jan. 13, 1715. BILLINGTON, Mrs., the vocalist, d. 1818. BILLS to mitigate the criminal laws brought in by Sir James Mackintosh, May 9, 1820. BILLS of exchange in favour of Italian merchants, drawn at Rome, on the English bishops and abbots, which they are compelled to pay, 1255. BILLS of indictment, thirty-five, found at the Old Bailey against utterers of forged notes, April 11, 1821. BILNEY, Thomas, burnt in the Lollard's Pit at Norwich, for heresy, 1535. BIMARANUS, Son of Alfonso I., murdered by his brother Froila, k. of the Asturias,767. |