tion of the kingdoms of Oviedo and Leon, Ferdinand I., 1035–1065. Sancho II., 1065-1072. Urraca and Alfonso, of Aragon, as Alfonso, of Gallicia, as Isabella and Ferdinand, 1474. Spain-is defeated by the Vandals, 422supports John Primicerius, 423-consul of Rome, 424. CASTLEBAR, battle of; a small British force driven back by gen. Humbert, after his landing at Killala, Aug. 28, 1798. CASTLE RISING, in Norfolk; queen Isabella is shut up in, 1330. CASTLEMAINE, lord, accused by Titus Oates and Dangerfield acquitted, June 23, 1680-sent by James II. ambassador to Rome, 1686. CASTLEREAGH, Robert Stewart, viscount, b. 1769-secretary for Ireland; active in promoting the Union, 1800-secretary for the colonies, 1807-plan for recruiting the army and raising a local militia adopted. April 23, 1808-accused of having trafficked in parliamentary seats, defended by the Commons, April 25, 1809 -duel with Mr. Canning, Sept. 21, 1809 -foreign secretary, 1812-proceeds to join the allied sovereigns, Dec. 27, 1813 -attends the congress of Vienna as the representative of Great Britain, 1814. See LONDONDERRY, marquis. CASTOR, the chronologist, fl. B.C. 61-his Chronology ends, 56. "CASTRAMETATIONE, DE." See HYGINUS. CASTRIOT, George. See SCANDERBEG. CASTRIOT, John de, establishes alum works CASTRO, Inez, or Agnes de, Peter, prince of Portugal, marries, retires with her to the banks of the Mondego, 1345--she is murdered by order of her husband's father, Alfonso IV., 1354. See COIMBRA.-Peter having succeeded to the throne punishes her murderers and transfers her remains to the royal sepulchre of Alcobaça with funeral honours, 1357-and is interred in her tomb, 1367. CASTRUCCIO of Lucca. See CAPPIANO. CATAGNA, Dominico, and a Genoese colony manufacture alum at Phocæa, 1330. CATALAN grand company formed by Roger di Flor, out of the mercenaries who had served with him in Sicily; are employed by the Greek emperor, Andronicus II., against the Turks; establish themselves at Cyzicus, 1303-defeat the Mongols, enter Philadelphia, and station themselves at Ephesus, 1304-besiege Magnesia, and occupy the Thracian Chersonesus, 1305-fortify Gallipoli, where other adventurers join them,1306-Roger di Flor assassinated at Adrianople, and many of them massacred; they make Rocafert their captain; begin hostilities against the Greek empire, defeat Andronicus at Aspros, overrun Thrace, 1307-repulsed in their attack on Thessalonica; Rocafert seized and starved to death at Naples, 1309-they enter into the service of Walter de Brienne, duke of Athens, 1310-quarrel with and slay him in battle, conquer the duchy of Athens, appoint Roger Deslau duke, 1311-on his death they invite Manfred of Sicily to take his place, 1326. ATHENS. See CATALANI, Madame, the singer, d. 1849. CATALONIA, a joint settlement of Goths and Alani in Spain, called first Gudalaunia, 409-415; conquered with the rest of Spain by the Saracens, 712-recovered in part by Pepin, 752-included by Charlemagne in his "Spanish March," 778-the Saraceus recover a great part of it, 828-long the theatre of war between the Christians and Saracens. See ARAGON and BARCELONA. Ferdinand I. of Castile defeats the Moors, 1064-its people are the most expert and daring mariners of the age, and man the Aragonese fleet, which, under Roger de Loria, conquers Sicily, 1282-invaded by Philip III., king of France, 1285-Louis, count of Clermont, fits out a fleet in its ports for an intended expedition to the Canary Islands, 1348-the Genoese infest its coast, 1412 -insurrection of its nobles, 1464. See ARAGON.-Finally quelled, 1472-revolts against Philip IV., 1640-invites the French, 1641-the revolt suppressed by Don John of Austria, 1652-supports the cause of Charles III., 1705-deprived of its privileges by Philip V., 1714. CATANA, now Catania, a town in Sicily, founded, B.C. 730-taken by the Romans; furnishes the sun-dial which Valerius Messala introduces at Rome, 263-destroyed by an earthquake, A.D. 1169besieged by Niccolo Acciaiuoli, who is recalled to Naples by the rebellion of Louis of Durazzo, 1357-nearly destroyed by an earthquake and eruption of Etna, 1693. CATEAU CAMBRESIS, peace of, concluded between Henry II. of France and Philip II. of Spain, April 2, 1559. CATESBY engages in the gunpowder plot, is slain while attempting to raise an insurrection in Warwickshire, 1605. CATHARI, heretics in the north of Italy, 1176. CATHARINE HALL, Cambridge, founded, 1475, CATHARINE, queen of Navarre, 1483. See ALBRET, John D'. CATHARINE. See KATHARINE. CATHCART, lord, proceeds with an expedition against Spanish America, 1740. CATHCART, lord, commands the land forces against Copenhagen, 1807. CATHCART, Sir George, b. 1794-appointed governor of the Cape colony, Feb. 8; arrives there, March 31, 1852-concludes a treaty with the Caffres, March 9, 1853 -killed at the battle of Inkerman, Nov. 5, 1851. CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION, the Irish, organized, 1824-Act for its suppression, 1825 -it continues its operations till its great power causes uneasiness, 1828-its voluntary dissolution, Feb. 12, 1829. CATHOLIC DEFENCE ASSOCIATION formed at Dublin, Aug. 19, 1851. CATHOLIC LEAGUE in France organized at Peronne, by the duke of Guise; king Henry III. places himself at its head, 1576. CATHOLIC princes of Germany confederate at Würzburg, and place at their head Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, 1609. CATHOLIC "Rent" pays the expenses of D. O'Connell's election for Clare, 1829. CATHOLIC Sect, a new, founded by Ronge 1844. CATHOLIC Swiss Cantons. See CAPPEL.-Form a separate league,1844-the breach between them and the Protestant Cantons grows wider, 1846-obliged to submit, their Sonderbund dissolved, and the Jesuits expelled, 1847. CATHOLICS of Africa are said, by their own writers, to have suffered persecution, because Genseric retaliates upon them the imperial laws against Arians, 437receive the same treatment from Theodoric in Italy, and are suspected by him of holding treasonable correspondence with the Eastern court, 523. CATHOLICS in Great Britain and Ireland, are absolved from their allegiance to Henry VIII. by pope Paul III., 1535-raise insurrections and form conspiracies to stop the reformation, 1536-38-are persecuted alternately with the Protestants by Henry, 1540-regain power under Mary, and reject Cardinal Pole's advice to treat the Protestants mildly, 1555 their bishops refuse to crown Elizabeth, 1559-are commanded by pope Pius V. not to obey her, 1570form conspiracies against her, 1584-86she dictates to parliament arbitrary laws against them, 1593-incited by Philip II. to rebel in Ireland, 1595--1601-form the gunpowder plot, 1605-are forbidden by Pius V. to take the new oath of allegiance, 1606. Their priests ordered by proclamation to leave England, 1663- are accused of having caused the fire of London; parliament addresses the king to enforce the laws against them, 1666Test Act excludes them from civil offices, 1673-the Bill of Rights bars them from the throne; they prevail in the Irish parliament held by James II., aud attaint 3000 Protestants, 1689-relaxation of the laws against them, followed by "No Popery" riots in London, 1780 -George III. refuses to grant them Emancipation," and Wm. Pitt resigns office, 1801-he resumes by sacrificing their cause, 1804-the Grey and Grenville ministry bring in a bill enabling them to hold commissions in the army and navy, and are dismissed, 1807. Mr. Canning's motion on their behalf carried, 1812 Mr. Grattan's, Feb. 25, 1813-bill brought in by him thrown out, May 24; a motion for their relief, supported by the duke of Sussex, is rejected by the Lords, 1816-Mr. Grattan's by the Commons, 1817-the question lost in both houses, 1819-Mr. Plunkett's bill passed by the Commons, thrown out by the Lords, 1821-Mr. Canning's bill passed by the Commons, thrown out by the CATHOLICS in Great Britain-continued. Lords, 1822. See CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION. Resolutions for the relief of the Catholics, moved by Sir F. Burdett, carried, March 1, 1825 - speech of the duke of York against their claims, April 25-the bill rejected by the Lords, May 17-Sir Francis Burdett's motion for a committee on the Catholic claims agreed to, May 8, 1828-the Lords refuse to concur, June 10-Daniel O'Connell elected for Clare, July 5-the Wellington ministry decide to grant Catholic emancipation, 1829-the Catholic relief bill brought in, March 5; the second reading carried, March 18; the third reading, March 30; introduced to the Lords, March 31-the second reading carried, April 5; the third reading, April 10; receives the royal assent, April 13-the duke of Norfolk and other Catholic peers take their seats in parliament, April 28-their prelates for the first time officially designated by their hierarchical titles, as commissioners for charitable trusts in Ireland, Dec. 18, 1844-oppose the new Queen's Colleges at Belfast, Cork and Galway, 1845. See MAYNOOTH COLLEGE.-Pope Pius IX. excites great national indignation by his bull for erecting a new Catholic hierarchy in England, 1850-to nullify this proceeding the "Ecclesiastical Titles Bill" is passed, 1851. CATIBAH establishes the Mohammedans in the valley of the Indus, in Karisme, Bokhara, and Samarcand, 707. CATILINE commences his conspiracy, B.C. 65-detected by Cicero, 63-defeated and slain at Pistoria, in Etruria, 62. CATINAT, the French marshal, defeats Victor Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, at Staffarda, Aug. 18, 1690-is kept in check by Admiral Russell's fleet on the coast of Provence, 1695-defeated by prince Eugene at Carpi, July 9, 1701. CATO, C. Porcius, consul of Rome, defeated by the Scordisci, B.C. 114. CATO, L. Porcius, consul of Rome, defeats the Marsi, but is slain in the battle, B.C. 89. CATO, M. Porcius, consul of Rome, B.C. "Origines," 150-d. 149. See his date for the foundation of Rome, 751. CATO, M. Porcius, b. B.C. 95-tribune of Rome; quarrels with Cæsar, 62-goes to Cyprus, 58 returns from Cyprus to Rome, 56-imprisoned, 55-made prætor, 54-retires to Utica, is pursued by Cæsar, and kills himself. 46. "CATO." See ADDISON, Joseph. CATO-STREET CONSPIRACY, to assassinate the ministers, Jan., 1820-a police officer killed in attempting to seize the parties, Feb. 23--Thistlewood and others convicted, Apr. 16-executed, May 1. CATTARO, in Dalmatia, destroyed by an earthquake, 1667-annexed to the kingdom of Italy, 1807-to Austria, by the treaty of Vienna, 1814. CATTI, CASSI, or CHATTI, a German tribe, ancestors of the modern Hessians, encountered by Drusus, B.C. 11-expedition of Domitian against them, A.D. 83driven from the provinces of the Rhine by Aufidius Victorinus, 162. CATTLE-MARKET in Smithfield closed, June 11-opened in Copenhagen-fields, 13, 1855. CATULLINUS, Aco, consul of Rome, 349. CATULLINUS, Qu. Fabius, consul of Rome, CATULUS, Qu. Lutatius, consul of Rome, B.C. 78-disagrees with his colleague, M. Æmilius Lepidus, who is slain in Sardinia; completes the rebuilding of the Capitol, 69. CATUS, Sex. Elius Pætus, consul of Rome, B.C. 189. CATUS, Sex. Elius, consul of Rome, 4. CAUDEX, Ap. Claudius, consul of Rome, B.C. 264-leads the first Roman army into Sicily, to succour the Mamertines in Messana; this is the commencement of the Punic wars. CAUDINUS, L. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of Rome, B.C. 327. CAUDINUS, P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of Rome, B.C. 326. CAUDIUM, the Roman consuls and army surrounded at by the Samnites, are saved by a treaty, which the senate breaks, B.C. 321. CAULAINCOURT, French gen., b. 1773created duke of Vicenza, 1806-d. 1827 CAULIFLOWERS introduced into England from Cyprus, 1602. CAUSSIDIERE, a leader of the French com- | CECIL, Sir William, b. 1517-secretary of munists, prosecuted, escapes to England, Aug. 25, 1848. CAUSSISOLEUS suppresses the rebellion of Trebellianus in Isauria, 265. CAUTIONARY TOWNS (Flushing, the Briel, and Rammekins) made over to Elizabeth, by her treaty with the United Provinces, 1585-Sir Francis Vere appointed gov. of them by her, 1596-James I. gives them up, 1616. CAVAIGNAC, French gen., b. 1802-puts down the insurrection in Paris, with great slaughter, June 26, 1848-appointed president of the council, June 28resigns his authority, Dec. 20—is confined in the castle of Ham, Dec. 2, 1851. CAVALRY, first introduced among the Franks, 778. CAVE, Edward, b. 1691-taken into custody of the serjeant-at-arms, for having published an account of the proceedings of the House of Commons, 1727-commences the publication of the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731-brought before the House of Commons for publishing their debates, Apr. 30, 1747—d. 1754. CAVENDISH, Thomas, sails on his expedition, 1586-returns with great wealth, plundered from the Spanish settlements during his voyage round the world, 1589. CAVENDISH, lord, appears with others in the court of King's Bench, and presents the duke of York as a popish recusant, and the duchess of Portsmouth as a national nuisance, 1680. CAVENDISH, Henry, b, 1731-d, 1810. CAVENDISH-SQUARE. See BENTINCK, lord George. CAXTON, William, b 1421-sets up his first printing-press in the Almoury of Westminster Abbey, 1471-prints Cicero de Senectute, 1481-the Policronicon, 1482 --translates the Lord's Prayer into English, 1483-d. 1491. CAYENNE, colonized by the French, 1643fresh colonies planted in, 1664-six hundred political prisoners embarked for, Jan. 8, 1852. CAZAN, capture of, by Iwan III., 1487 the Tartars of, unsuccessfully attacked by Vassili IV., 1524. CAZES, DE, minister of the Interior, in France, 1818. CEALCHYTH, Synod of, makes Lichfield an archbishopric, 785. CEAWLIN, gains a victory over the Britons, at Beranbyrig (Banbury), 556-k. of Wessex, 560-the second Bretwalda, 571 --extends the kingdom of Wessex, by taking Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, 577-defeats the Britons at Fethanlea, and conquers Sussex, 584-d. 593. State; attests the signature of Edward VI. to the letters patent, settling the English crown on Lady Jane Grey, 1553 -appointed minister to Elizabeth, 1558 -created lord Burleigh, 1572. See BURLEIGH, lord. CECIL, Sir Robert, second son of lord Burleigh, b. 1563-is appointed secretary of State, 1597 secret negotiation with James VI., 1601-created earl of Salisbury, 1603-d. 1612. CECROPS I. and II. See ATHENS. CECROPS, one of the "Thirty Tyrants," rebels in Egypt, about 260. CECRYPHALE, battle of; the Athenians defeat the Corinthians, B.C. 458. CEDD, bp. of the East Saxons; builds churches at Tilsbury (Tilbury) and Ythanceaster (Witham), 659. CEDRENUS writes his History, 1057. CELADION. See ALEXANDRIA, bishops of. CELER, Qu. Cæcilius Metellus, consul of Rome, B.C. 60. CELER, P., impeached by the province of Asia, for misgovernment; d. of old age,57. CELER, conducts an army against Cabades, and lays siege to Amida, 504-recovers Amida, and concludes peace, 505-consul of Rome, 508. CELESTIN. See CÆLESTIN. CELESTIN III., Hyacint Bubona, cardinal of St. Mary, pope, Mar. 30, 1191-allows the Romans to destroy Tusculum, 1191 -threatens to excommunicate the princes who hold Richard I. of England in eaptivity, 1193-d. Jan. 8, 1198. CELESTIN IV., Geoffrey de Castiglione, cardinal bp. of Sabina, pope, elected Oct. 31, 1241-d. Nov. 18. CELESTIN V., Peter da Morrone, a poor hermit, pope, elected July 5-abdicates, Dec. 13, 1294-d. 1296. CELIBACY of the clergy condemned by Vigilantius, a presbyter of Barcelona, 406 -strictly enjoined by the First Lateran Council, 649. CELLAMARE, the Spanish ambassador, engages in the plots of Alberoni, and is ordered to leave Paris, 1718. CELLINI, Benvenuto, b. 1500-d. 1570. CELSO, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, 1361-65. CELSUS. See ORIGEN. CELSUS, consul of Rome, 164. CELSUS, L. Publilius, consul of Rome, II. 113-conspires against the emperor Hadrian, and suffers death at Baiæ, 118. CELSUS, P. Juventius, conspires against Domitian, and is saved, 95-consul of Rome, II. 129. CELSUS, P. Marius, consul of Rome, 62. CELSUS, Corn., the physician, fl. 17. CELSUS, one of the councillors of the emperor Alex. Severus, 223. CELSUS, one of the "Thirty Tyrants," assumes the purple in Africa; killed by the people of Sicca, seven days after his proclamation, 266. CELTA. See CELTS. CELTIBERIANS, a section of the Celts of Spain, originally dwelling about the Iberus (Ebro), not subdued by the Carthaginians, but furnish mercenaries to Hannibal, B.C. 219-the Romans send Tib. Sempronius Gracchus to conquer them; he concludes with them an honourable peace, and they lay down their arms, 179- the treaty broken by the Romans; the consul Fulvius Nobilior defeated, 153-Marcellus more successful; makes a peace, which the senate annuls, 152-Lucullus exasperates by his cruelty, and is defeated, 151-the Celtiberians retire to the West of Spain, and join the Lusitanians in their war against the Romans, under Viriathus, 145-maintain their ground against the consul L. Cæcilius Metellus, 142-defend themselves in Numantia against Qu. Pompeius, who enters into a treaty with them, 141-the senate disavows the treaty, 140-Pompeius again treats with them; his colleague, Popilius, prosecutes the war, 139-he is routed and put to flight, after having agreed to a peace which the senate repudiates, 138 -the consul Mancinus is compelled to an ignominious peace, which the senate refuses to ratify, and gives him into their hands, 137-they set him free and defeat Æmilius Lepidus, 136- keep Calpurnius Piso in check, 135-Scipio Emilianus Africanus is sent against them, 134-he reduces Numantia by famine and destroys it, so that no trace of it remains; the country of the Celtiberians is included in the Roman Provincia Tarraconensis, 133 - a revolt among them is repressed by the proconsul T. Didius, 97-take up arms and support Sertorius in his war. See SERTORIUS. CELTS (or properly Kelts), Celta, Galatæ, or Galli, the generic name of the earliest known race in the greater part of Europe, originally from Asia, and always retiring to the west. See CIMMERIANS, CIMBRI, CYMRI, GALATIANS, GAULS, CELIBERIANS, BRITONS, CALEDONIANS, and IRELAND. A numerous host of them (called Galli by the Latins) pours down from the north-east of Italy, defeats the Romans on the Allia, July 16, 389, B,C. Rome is taken, plundered, and burnt; Camillus expels the invaders; he defeats them again, 367. See SENONES.Those of the Danube first made known to the Greeks by the victories of Alexander in Thrace, 361-are mistaken by them for emigrants from Gaul; invade Macedon, and the king, Ptol. Ceraunus, is defeated and slain by them, 280-push forward into Greece, 279-are repulsed with great slaughter at Delphi, and wrongly supposed to have passed into Asia Minor, 278. See GALATIANS.-ID their retreat to the Danube are defeated by Sosthenes, king of Macedon, who falls in the battle, 277-invade Italy in great force from the Alps and the Po, defeat the Romans at Clusium, but at last are routed at Telamon, 225-are defeated in northern Italy, but not subdued, 197-are disciplined by Hamilcar, 196-bloody conflicts, with no decisive results, 194-they are impelled by the advancing Goths into the Roman provinces, 114. See SCORDISCI. Their various tribes united into a general league (Cumrhi), and begin a long and bloody war with the Romans, 113. See CIMBRI. CENCHERES, king of Egypt. See ACEN CHERES. CENCHERES, king of Egypt, B.C. 1528. CENELM, son of Cenwulf, k. of Mercia, murdered, 819. CENIS, Mount. See CHARLES the Bald, CENSORINUS writes "De Die Natali," 238. Emilius Mamercinus, 434-the emperor Decius revives the oflice, and appoints Valerian, A.D. 251. CENSUS, at Athens, B.C. 317; at Rome, 293, CENSUS and classes introduced at Rome, |