terwards the capital of Auvergne-Sidonius Apollinaris bp., A.D. 469-the citizens repel Euric, k. of the Visigoths, 470-submit to him, 474-betrayed to Childebert I., 531-a great council held there by pope Urban II., to promote the first crusade, Nov. 18, 1095-another, by pope Innocent II., 1130.

CLERMONT, Robert, count of, sixth son of Louis IX., and founder of the Bourbon family. See BOURBON.

CLERMONT, Louis, count of, grandson of Alfonso de Cerda, receives a grant of the Canary Islands from pope Clement VI., 1346-abandons the enterprise, 1348. See CANARY ISLANDS, and CATALONIA. CLERMONT, the count de, disperses the English reinforcement at Formigny, 1450. CLERMONT, the count de, defeated at Creveld, 1758. See CREVELD. CLEVELAND, Barbara Palmer, duchess of, one of the mistresses of Charles II.-offended by the earl of Clarendon; undermines him in the king's favour, 1663. CLEVES, struggle in Germany for the duchy

of, 1610-assigned to the elector of Brandenburg, 1666.

CLEVES, the duke of, an ally and gen. of
Francis I., is attacked in his States by
the emperor Charles V., 1543.
CLEVES, the duke of, joins a league against
Louis XIV., 1672.

CLEVES, Anne of, married to Henry VIII.,
Jan. 6, 1540-divorced in six months, but
remains in England-d., in her palace at
Chelsea, July 17, 1557.

CLIDICUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 732. CLIFFORD, lord, slain at the battle of St. Alban's, May 23, 1455.

CLIFFORD, lord, kills the earl of Rutland at the battle of Wakefield, Dec. 24, 1460. CLIFFORD, lord, takes his seat in parlia

ment after the passing of the Catholic Relief Act, April 28, 1829. CLIFFORD, Sir Robert, betrays the counsels of Perkin Warbeck's adherents, 1493. CLIFFORD, Sir Thomas, one of the Cabal, 1670made a peer for suggesting to Charles II. the seizure of the money in the exchequer, 1671 he refuses the test, resigns, and d. soon after, 1673. CLIFFORD, lord George, and other adventurers, molest the coasts of Spanish America, 1598.

CLIFT, conservator of the Hunterian Museum, b. 1772-d. 1849. CLINT, G. b. 1770-d. 1854.

CLINTON, Sir Henry, becomes commanderin-chief in America, Apr. 14, 1778. CLINTON, Colonel, takes Madeira, July 24, 1801- general, commands the British auxiliaries sent to Lisbon, Dec. 17, 1826. CLINTON, Henry Fynes, b. 1780-com

mences the publication of his Fasti Hellenici (vol. II.), 1824-completes the Fasti Romaní, 1850-d. 1852.

CLISSAU, battle of; Charles XII. defeats the k. of Poland, July 20, 1702. CLISTHENES, Athenian archon, B.C. 512. CLITOMACHUS Succeeds Carneades in the chair of the New Academy, B.C. 129. CLITON, Olympic victor, B.C. 328. CLITUS, the friend of Alexander the Great, d. B.C. 328.

CLIVE, Robert, b. 1725-distinguishes himself in India; takes Arcot; repulses the assault of Rajah Saib, Oct. 14; defeats the French and their Indian allies, at Aranie, Dec. 3, 1751-M. D'Anteuil surrenders to him, and major Lawrence, 1752-proceeds with adm. Watson up the Ganges, to recover Calcutta, 1756-retakes it, Jan. 1, 1757-takes Chandernagore, Mar. 28; gains the battle of Plassy, June 23; returns to England, and is promoted to the rank of general, 1760-made a peer, and appointed commander-inchief and gov. of Bengal, May 3, 1765concludes the treaty of Allahabad; returns from India, July 15, 1767-charges brought against him in the House of Commons, May 7, 1773-commits suicide, Nov. 22, 1774.

CLOACA MAXIMA of Rome, constructed by Tarquin the Elder, B.C. 588.

CLOCK, a public, erected in Genoa by John Visconte, 1353. See CLEPSYDRA. CLODIANUS, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of Rome, B.C. 72.

CLODION, K. of the Ripuarian Franks; defeated by Aetius, and expelled from the territories on which he had encroached, 428-d. 448.

CLODIUS, becomes notorious by his vices and hostility to Cicero, B. C. 61-tribune of the people, banishes Cicero, 58ædile, 56-killed in a fray between his retinue and that of Milo, 52. CLOGHER, Jocelyn, bp. of, absconds, and is degraded from his see, 1822. CLONCURRY, Lord, b. 1773-d. 1853. CLONTARF, battle of; the Danes defeated by Brian Boroimhe, 1039- a meeting called there by O'Connell, prohibited by the Irish government, Oct. 9, 1843. CLONMEL, special commission at, for the trial of Smith O'Brien and his associates, Oct. 1848.

CLOOTS, Anacharsis, a leader of the French Revolution, executed by Robespierre, Mar. 24, 1794.

CLOSTER SEVEN, convention of, Sept. 8, 1757-disavowed by the British govern

ment.

CLOTHWORKERS' COMPANY, London, esta blished, 1482,

CLOTILDA, daughter of Chilperic, a younger brother of Gundibald, k. of the Burgundians, married to Clovis I., k. of the Franks, 493.

CLOTILDA, daughter of Clovis, married to Amalarich, k, of the Spanish Visigoths, 528.

CLOVESHOO, Council of, 742-another, which decrees that portions of the liturgy should be taught to the people in English (Anglo-Saxon), 747-synod of, suppresses the archbishopric of Lichfield, 803. See CEALCHYTH.-Other synods,

822-824.

CLOVIS I. (or Chlodwig, the original form of Louis), son of Childeric I., b. 466succeeds his father as k. of the Franks, 481-conquers the territories of Syagrius, in the battle of Soissons, 486-marries Clotilda, 493. See CLOTILDA.-Conquers the Allemanni at Tolbiac (Zulpich); is converted to Christianity, and baptised by Remigius, bp. of Rheims, 496-receives a letter from Theodoric, k. of Italy, 497, and an expert harper, 498-defeats the Burgundians at Dijon, 500-prepares for war with Alaric II., k. of the Visigoths; Theodoric mediates between them, 506-defeats and kills Alaric at the battle of Vouglé, and conquers a great part of Aquitaine, 507-defeated near Arles, by Hibba, Theodoric's general, 508-sets aside the Ripuarian and other Frank princes, and adds their lands to his own; makes Paris his residence; receives the ensigns of consulship from Anastasius, but his name does not appear in any list of consuls, 510-d. at Paris, Nov. 27, 511.

CLOVIS II., son of Dagobert I., on his father's death inherits Neustria and Burgundy, 638-d. 656.

CLOVIS III., son of Thierry III., succeeds his father as nominal k. of Neustria, 691 -d. 695,

CLUBS, French, formed, 1789-the Legislative Assembly elected under their influence, 1791-La Fayette in vain demands their dissolution, June 28 1792-all suppressed, Sept. 30, 1795-formed again in Paris, 1848-abolished by the National Assembly, Mar 20, 1849.

CLUBS in LONDON. See ATHENÆUM.
CLUBS, Orange, formed in Ireland, 1795.
CLUGNY, the Benedictine abbey of, in Bur-

gundy, founded, 910-conference at, between Louis IX, of France and Innocent IV., 1246.

CLUSIUM, taken by the Celtæ or Gauls, B.C. 389. See ALLIA.-Defeat the Romans; again defeated by them, 225--taken by Belisarius, A.D. 538.

CLYDE and FORTH, Agricola's wall between them built, 84. See AYR, Steamer.

CNIDIANS and Rhodians found Lipari, B.C.

579.

CNIDUS, in Caria, battle of; the Lacedæmonian fleet defeated by Conon, B.C. 394. See EUDOXUS.

CNIVA, K. of the Goths, by whom the emperor Decius is defeated, 251. CNOBERSBURG. See BURGH CASTLE. CNOSSUS, in Crete. See EPIMENIDES. COACHES first used in England, 1585. COACHMAKERS' HALL, meeting of the Protestant Association in, May 28, 1780. COAL first discovered in Newcastle, 1233— forbidden to be burnt in England, 1273the nobility and gentry of London petition against the use of it, 1306. COAL EXCHANGE, the New, London, opened by Prince Albert, Oct. 30, 1849. COALITION, Secret, the first formed, for an equal division of power among Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, B.C. 60. See TRI

UMVIRATE.

COALITION MINISTRY of 1744; see BROAD BOTTOM. Of Fox and North formed, Apr. 2, 1783-dismissed, Dec. 18; of 1852; see ABERDEEN, earl of. COALITION of European States against France; the first formed, 1793-the second, 1798-the third, 1805-the fourth, 1806-the fifth, 1809--the sixth, 1813. COATES, Robert (Romeo), b. 1773-d. 1848. COBBETT, William, b. 1762-commences his political career by publishing "Peter Porcupine" at Philadelphia, 1792-leaves America, 1801-soon after, publishes his "Porcupine" in London, and commences his "Weekly Register;" convicted of a libel on the Irish government, May 26, 1804-fined and imprisoned for a libel on the flogging of soldiers, July 2, 1810sells 50,000 copies of his "Political Register" weekly; alarmed by the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act; goes to America, Mar. 15, 1817-returns, Dec. 3, 1819-fined for libels on Mr. Wright, 1820-carries his petition at the Norfolk county meeting for an equitable adjustment of contracts," appropriation of a part of the wealth of the church to relieve the public burdens, and the repeal of the taxes on the produce of the land, Jan. 3, 1823-proposes the same in Herefordshire, where it is rejected, 17-receives a silver medal for his plaited grass-tried for a libel and acquitted, July 7, 1831-returned to parliament for the borough of Oldham, 1832-moves resolutions on the currency, which are negatived, and the proceedings expunged from the "Minutes" of the House, May 16, 1833-a public dinner given to him at Dublin, Nov. 17, 1834-d. 1835. COBDEN, Richard, b. 1801-commences his agitation against the Corn-Laws, and is

66

and issued by Gundibald, 501.

of Alaric II., for the Visigoths, 506. Anglo-Saxon, of Ethelbert, for Kent, 606-of Ina, for Wessex, 692-of Edward the Confessor, for all England, 1065.

SOCIATION.

COBHAM, Lord. See OLDCASTLE, Sir John. COBHAM, Lord, implicated in a conspiracy

against James I., condemned, and pardoned, 1603.

COBHAM, Viscount, Richard Temple, b. 1675 -created a peer by Geo. I., 1714-captures Vigo, Oct. 1, 1719-dismissed from his command, 1733-restored, 1744-d. 1749.

COBLENTZ, the ancient Confluentes, at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle Edward III. has an interview there with the emperor Louis of Bavaria, 1338-the French emigrant princes and nobles reside there, July, 1789-collect troops there, Jan., 1791.

COBURG, Frederic Josiah, prince of-defeats the Turks at Fokshani, July 31, 1789at Martinesti, Sept. 18-defeats Dumourier at Neerwinden, Mar. 18, 1793-18 defeated by Jourdan at Wattignies, Oct. 15 d. 1815.

COCHRAN, earl of Mar, the favourite of James III., is hanged on Lauder Bridge, 1482.

COCHRANE, Thomas, lord, assists in the destruction of a French fleet in the Basque Roads, Apr. 12, 1809-convicted of a participation in a Stock Exchange fraud, and expelled the House of Commons-the people of Westminster re-elect him, 1814-presents numerous petitions, praying for parliamentary reform, Feb. 6, 1817-seconds Sir Francis Burdett's resolution for annual parliaments and universal suffrage, 1818 becomes high admiral of the Greek navy, 1827. COCKBURN, Lord of Session in Scotland, b. 1779 d. 1854.

COCKBURN, Sir George, general, b. 1763—d. 1847.

COCKBURN, Admiral Sir George, b. 1772d. 1853.

COCK-LANE GHOST, great excitement created by the imposture of the, 1762. CODE, Roman, of Theodosius II., published, 438-proclaimed in the Western Empire by Valentinian III., 443-of Justinian I. commenced, 528-promulgated to be in force, Apr. 16, 529-Pandects and Institutes published, 533-first Novellæ, 535 -revised by the Basilika of Basil I,, 877 modified by Leo VI., 887-893.

Salic, brought into use in France by Clovis I., 500-digested by Dagobert I., 637-reformed by the "Establishments" of Louis IX., 1270.

of Lombardy, given by Rotharis, 643-revised and extended by Grimoald, 668 the Capitularies of Charlemagne added, 801.

of Waldemar, for Denmark, 1240. of Casimir III.-the first given to Poland, 1347.

Napoleon, adopted May 18, 1804restored by Louis Napoleon, while President, on suspending martial law, Mar. 28, 1852.

CODOMANUS. See DARIUS III. CODRINGTON, Sir Edward, b. 1771-commands the allied fleet at Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827--concludes a treaty at Alexandria for the evacuation of Greece by the Egyptians, Aug. 6, 1828-d. 1851. CODRINGTON, Sir William, appointed to the command of the British army in the Crimea, Nov. 11, 1855.

CODRUS, K. of Athens, B.C. 1065 (1092 H.) d. 1044 (1070 H.)

COEHORN, the Dutch gen., destroys the French magazines at Givet, 1696. CELOSYRIA, recovered by Ptolemy Philopater from Antiochus, B.C. 217-conquered by Antiochus, 198-restored to Egypt, 193.

CŒUVRES, the marquis de, with a French army, takes possession of the Valteline, 1624.

COFFEE in use at Venice, 1615. COFFEE-HOUSES, in London, closed by royal proclamation, Jan. 8; popular discontent; the order revoked, 1676. COGAN, Dr., b. 1736-d. 1818. COGNAC, treaty of, or Holy League, between Francis I. and the Italian states, May 22, 1526; which is joined by Henry VIII. of England-besieged by Condé, and relieved by the count D'Harcourt, 1651.

COIMBRA, the Conembrica of Roman times, desolated by an earthquake 467-taken by Almansor, 988-by Ferdinand I., k. of Castile, 1040-university brought from Lisbon by Dionysius, k. of Portugal, 1308 -murder of Inez de Castro in the convent of Santa Clara, 1354. COINAGE, the first silver at Rome, B.C. 269— first Mohammedan, by Abdalmelik, A.D. 695-of gold florins, at Florence, 1252of ducats, at Milan, by duke Azzo Vis

conte, 1330-of gold florins, in England, by Edward III., 1337-of guineas, by Charles II., 1673-new silver of George III., Oct. 21, 1816-of sovereigns, first issued, July 5, 1817.

COINS OF HADRIAN, commemorate the provinces visited by him, 133. COKE, Sir Edward, b. 1550-solicitor-general, and speaker of the House of Commons, 1593-as attorney-general, prosecutes lord Cobham and the other conspirators, 1603-chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1606-debates with Sir F. Bacon the question of the union between England and Scotland, 1607 - chief justice of the King's Bench, 1613--quarrels with George Villiers, and is displaced, 1615imprisoned for his freedom of speech in parliament, 1622-d. 1634.

COLBERT, John Baptiste, b. 1619-appointed comptroller-general of France, 1661-improves the finances, manufactures, commerce, marine, and colonial system of France, 1663-invites Cassini to Paris, 1669 d. Sept. 6, 1683.

COLBORNE, Ridley, b. 1779-created a peer, 1839 d. 1854.

COLBURN, Zera, exhibits his extraordinary powers of calculation, 1812. COLCHESTER CASTLE surrendered to Fairfax-Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle taken and shot, 1648. COLCHESTER RAILWAY, from London, opened, March 29, 1843; to Ipswich, June 15, 1846; to Bury St. Edmund's, Dec. 24. COLCHESTER, Lord, d. 1829. See ABBOTT, Charles.

COLCHIS, invaded by the Persians, 550-556 -defended by Justin, 557-re-conquered by Heraclius, 623.

COLDING taken by the Prussians and Holsteiners, April 23, 1849.

COLDINGHAM MONASTERY burnt, 679-destroyed by the Danes, 875. COLERIDGE, Hartley, d. 1849.

COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, b. 1772-d. 1834. COLET, Dr., founds St. Paul's school, London, 1509 d. 1519.

COLIGNI, admiral, takes arms with Condé to resist the edict of Charles IX. against the Huguenots, 1561-collects his forces at Orleans-is supported by English auxiliaries-Havre de Grace given up to him, 1562-fails in an attempt to seize the king-defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10, 1567-escapes from a design to arrest him, 1568-is defeated at Moncontour, Oct. 3, 1569-murdered in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572.

COLLARD, Royer, chosen president of the French Chamber of Deputies, Feb. 1,

1829.

COLLATINUS, L. Tarq., elected one of the

first consuls of Rome, resigns the office, B.C. 509.

COLLEGA, Sex. Pompeius, consul of Rome,

93.

COLLEGES of Canons, sixty in Rome, 988. COLLEGES for the education of the English Romanists formed at Rome, Douay, and Rheims, 1580.

COLLEGES, Queen's, in Ireland. See BELFAST, CORK, and GALWAY. Opposed by the Roman Catholic prelates; the question referred to the pope, Nov. 19, 1845. COLLIERIES, the employment of females in, prohibited by lord Ashley's Act, 1842. COLLIERS, riot of, at Stourbridge, on account of the high prices of provisions, Nov. 14, 1767-strike of, at Dudley, June 1, 1842.

COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbert, b. 1748-succeeds lord Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805-co-operates with the Spanish patriots, and captures the French fleet at Cadiz, June 4, 1808-captures the Ionian Islands, Oct. 1, 1809-d. 1810. COLLINS, Antony, b. 1676-d. 1729. COLLINS, William, b. 1720-d. 1759. COLLOT D'HERBOIS instigates the massacres at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792.

COLMAN, bp. of Lindisfarne, 660-his opinion is overruled at the synod of Whitby about the time of celebrating Easter-he retires into Scotland, 664. COLMAN, George, b. 1733-d. 1794. COLMAR. See ARGENTARIA. COLOCOTRONI routs the Turks in the Morea, 1822.

the

COLOGNE (Colonia Agrippina), on Rhine, founded by the empress Agrippina, 50. See SYLVANUS.-Diet of, held by Charlemagne, 782-plundered by the Danes or Northmen, 851-occupied by them, 882. See EDWARD, son of Edmund Ironside, and ALBERT the Great. -Cathedral founded, 1248-university founded, 1388-Mary de' Medici, widow of Henry IV. of France, driven from Paris by Richelieu, retires there, and d. July 3, 1642-cardinal Mazarine takes refuge there from the Fronde, 1651Charles II., of Great Britain, retires there from Paris, 1654-the bishopric disputed between Wilhelm von Fürstenburg and Clement of Bavaria, 1688-popular commotions at, March 3, 1848; renewed, May 10, 1849.

COLOGNE, Gunther, archbp. of, supports Lothaire's divorce, in the council of Aixla-Chapelle, against the pope and Hincmar of Rheims, 862-excommunicated by Nicholas I., 863-Philip, archbp. of, accompanies the emperor Henry VI. to the siege of Naples, and d. there, 1191-the archbp. combines with those of Mentz