EDWARD III.-continued. affianced to Philippa, daughter of Wm. III., count of Holland and Hainault, 1325 -refuses to accept the crown, unless resigned by his father; this having been accomplished, he is proclaimed, Jan. 25, 1327. His mother and Mortimer at first rule in his name; he accompanies the army which repels Robert Bruce, and displays early proofs of valour, 1327his marriage with Philippa solemnized at York, Jan. 1328-he resolves to take the government into his own hands; confines his mother, and hangs Mortimer, 1330-redresses the grievances of his people, and restores a strict administration of justice, 1331-enters Scotland with an army, and lays siege to Berwick; defeats the regent, Douglas, at Halidown Hill, July 19-Berwick surrenders and is annexed to England; Edward, son of John Balliol, does homage to him as his superior lord, 1333. Receives the banished Robert, count d'Artois, at his court, and prepares secretly to assert his imaginary claim to the throne of France, by alliances with Flanders and other States, 1334 - he again conducts Balliol into Scotland, 1335-obtains the support of James van Artevelde; raises money by grants from parliament, and confiscating the wealth of the Lombard merchants; coins gold florins, 1337- sails from the Orwell with a fleet of 500 ships, July 15-lands his army at Antwerp on the 22nd; has an interview with the emperor at Coblentz; is appointed vicar of the empire; confers privileges on the city of Ghent, and assumes the title of king of France, 1338invades France, and encamps at Vironfosse; marches back to Flanders and disbands his army; returns to England, and obtains a grant of money from parliament, on condition of redressing grievances, and giving privileges to the bo roughs, 1339. On his return to Flanders, encounters and destroys a large French fleet, June 24; 230 ships taken; he besieges Tournay; a truce concluded, Sept. 3, through the mediation of Jane, dowager-countess of Hainault, 1340-birth of his son, John of Gaunt, 1340-he quarrels with Stratford, archbp. of Canterbury, and the clergy; the parliament, with a vote of supplies, pass an Act, limiting the king's prerogative, which he annuls by a proclamation; supports the claim of John de Montfort to the duchy of Bretagne, in opposition to Charles de Blois, 1341- besieges Vannes, and re lieves Jane de Montfort in Hennebonne, 1342-a truce of three years is concluded with France, through the mediation of the papal legates, 1343-truce broken ly Philip; war renewed in Guienne, 1344. See BERGERAC, and AUBEROCHE.-Edward holds a tournament at Windsor -coins gold nobles, 1344. Embarks at Southampton, July, and lands at La Hogue, July 12, 1346-battle of Crecy, Aug. 25-lays siege to Calais; battle of Neville's Cross, gained by Philippa, Oct. 17; after which she arrives in the camp before Calais, 1346-surrender of Calais, 1347-Edward declines the crown of Germany, which is offered to him; rebuilds St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, 1347-another truce with France, 1348-he defeats a plot to betray Calais, Jan. 1, 1349-conquers in single combat the French knight, Eustace de Ribaumont; institutes or revives the Order of the Garter, 1349. Act of parliament to define the law of high treason, 1351-statute of Præmunire limits the papal power in England, 1352- Berwick surprised by the regent of Scotland, 1354-alliance with Spain; the Black Prince invades Languedoc: Edward lands at Calais, and invades the northern provinces ;.comes back to England; repels an invasion of the Scotch; recovers Berwick, and advances to Edinburgh; Balliol resigns to him his claims on the crown of Scotland for a pension, 1355; battle of Poitiers, Sept. 19, 1356-the prince brings his prisoners to London; Edward concludes a treaty with John II., the captive king of France, which the dauphin rejects, 1357. Edward respects the truce, 1358-his terms of peace being rejected, he again invades France, and besieges Rheims, 1359-desists from the attack on Rheims, and advances unopposed to the gates of Paris; a treaty of peace signed at Bretigni, May 8-the king of France set free, 1360-he forms Guienne and the adjoining province into the principality of Aquitaine, for the Black Prince; celebrates his fiftieth year, by a general amnesty, and a confirmation of Magna Charta; the French language discontinued in the law-courts, 1362-the k. of France returns to England, on account of some difficulties about the treaty; Edward and the Black Prince, and three foreign sovereigns, are entertained in London by sir Henry Pikard, 1363. The tribute claimed by the pope refused 1366-campaign of the Black Prince in Castile, 1367-war renewed with France; Edward appeals to the parliament, EDWARD III.-continued. who grant subsidies, and urge him to reassume the title of king of France, 1369 -his conquests in France recovered by Charles V., 1370-the parliament petitions him to employ no churchman in any office of the state, and to resist papal oppression, 1371-truce concluded with France, 1374-employs William of Wykeham to build a new castle at Windsor-death of the Black Prince, June 8, 1376--the parliament, fearing intrigues against the rights of his son, petition Edward to remove from court Alice Pierce and John of Gaunt; he complies, and declares Richard, prince of Wales, heir to the crown, 1376-Edward d. at Richmond, June 21, 1377. EDWARD, the Black Prince, son of Edward III., b. June 15, 1330- created duke of Cornwall, 1337-distinguishes himself at the battle of Crecy, and assumes the crest and motto of John, k. of Bohemia, Aug. 25, 1346-intercedes for Eustace de St. Pierre and his fellow-citizens, 1347conducts an army to Guienne, crosses the Garonne, and overruns Languedoc -battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19-John II., of France, taken by him, 1355-he brings his prisoners to London, and is triumphantly received, May 24, 1357-his father forms Guienne and the adjoining provinces into the principality of Aquitaine for him, 1362-he is entertained in London by sir Henry Pikard, 1363-Peter, the Cruel, k. of Castile, appeals to him for aid against Henry de Trastamare, 1366 -he espouses the cause of Peter, recalls the "Companies" from the service of Henry, defeats him at Najara, takes Du Guesclin prisoner, restores Peter, and restrains his cruelty; deceived and illtreated, Edward leaves him to his fate, 1367-birth of his son, Richard, at Bordeaux, Jan. 6, 1367-the nobles of Aquitaine refuse to pay the taxes levied for his Castilian campaign, 1368-the k. of France cites him to answer for his conduet to his subjects; war renewed, 1369 -his declining health causes his return to England, 1370-d. June 8, 1376. EDWARD, prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., b. Oct. 13, 1453-his birth prevents an amicable adjustment of the rival claims of the houses of York and Lancaster-escapes with his mother from the battle of Hexham, and is taken by her to Flanders, 1463-educated at Angers, by sir John Fortescue, 1467-married to Anne Neville, daughter of the earl of Warwick, 1470-lands with his mother at Weymouth, April 14-killed at Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. EDWARD IV.,k. of England, son of Richard, duke of York, b. at Rouen, April 29, 1441 -on his father's death inherits his title and his claim to the crown, 1460-defeats the earl of Pembroke at Mortimer's Cross, Feb. 2, 1461-drives the royal army into the north, after the second battle of St. Alban's, Feb. 17-occupies London, and is proclaimed king, Mar. 4 -gains the battle of Towton, Mar. 29-is crowned, June 29-his title confirmed by parliament, Nov. 4-the Lancastrians attainted-they are defeated at Hedgeley moor, April 25; and Hexham, May 15, 1463-sends the earl of Warwick to negotiate a marriage for him with the princess Bona of Savoy, 1464 - marries Elizabeth Woodville, and presents her as queen to his court at Reading, 1464crowns her at Westminster, in Maythe earl of Warwick takes offence, 1465 -birth of the princess Elizabeth, Feb. 11, 1466. His brother, George, duke of Clarence, attaches himself to Warwick, and marries his eldest daughter, Isabella, 1466-Edward forms an alliance with Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and gives him his sister, Margaret, in marriage, 1467-league with the duke of Britanny, 1468-insurrection in Yorkshire; the earl of Warwick and the duke of Clarence come from Calais to offer their services to Edward, who accepts them, 1469-they league with Margaret against him, and defeat him at Nottingham--he is deserted by the marquis of Montague, and takes flight to King's Lynn, where he embarks for Flanders, 1470 obtains assistance from Charles the Bold; lands at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, March 14, 1471-is admitted into London, April 11-again consigns Henry to the Tower, and receives the homage of the citizens, April 13-is joined by his brother, the duke of Clarence- gains the battles of Barnet, April 14, and Tewkesbury, May 4. Makes a new alliance with the duke of Burgundy, and a secret treaty with the count of St. Pol; prepares for a war with France, 1474-he embarks his army at Portsmouth, June 20, and lands at Calais; his allies fail in their engagements; a truce concluded, Aug. 29; followed by the peace of Pecquigni, 1475- Edward conceives suspicions against his brother, the duke of Clarence; two of his friends, Burdet and Stacy, are tried and executed; Richard, duke of York, Edward's second son, is affianced to Anne Mowbray, heiress of the duke of Norfolk, 1477-condemnation and death of the duke of Clarence, Feb. 1478-treaty of marriage of the dauphin with Edward's daughter, Elizabeth; Louis breaks the contract, and urges the king of Scotland to make war on Edward, 1481; James of Scotland prepares to invade England; the dukes of Gloucester and Albany recover Berwick, advance to Edinburgh, and enforce a treaty of peace, 1482-Edward d. 1483. EDWARD V., king of England, eldest son of Edward IV., b. Nov. 11, 1470-succeeds his father, April 9, 1483-his uncle, Richard III., usurps the throne, June 26, and his two nephews are murdered in the Tower; the bones of two children, supposed to be their remains, discovered under a staircase in the Tower, Mar. 16, 1675. EDWARD VI., k. of England, son of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour, b. Oct. 12, 1537 -proposed treaty of marriage with Mary qu. of Scots, 1543-succeeds his father, Jan. 28; his uncle, the duke of Somerset, protector, 1547-the Reformation actively carried on, 1548-fall of Somerset and ascendancy of Warwick, 1549 - agreement for the marriage of the king and Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II., k. of France, 1550-founds St. Thomas's Hospital, Bridewell, and Christ's Hospital, 1551-falls ill, 1552-makes a settlement of the crown on Lady Jane Grey, June 21, 1553-d. July 6, 1553. EDWARD, or DUARTE, son of John I., k. of Portugal, succeeds his father, 1433-fails in his attack on Tangier, 1437-d. of the plague, at Thomar, Sept 19, 1438. EDWARD, Second son of Edmund Ironside, sent with his brother, Edmund, to Hungary, by Canute, 1017- Aldred, bp. of Worcester, is sent to Cologne to bring him home, 1054-he returns to England, and dies soon after, 1057. See EDGAR ETHELING, and MARGARET, qu. of Scotland. EDWARD, son of Richard III., b. at Middleham, 1474-d. April 9, 1484. EDWARD AUGUSTUS, second son of Frederic Louis, prince of Wales, b. March 25, 1739-created duke of York, d. at Monaco, Sept. 17, 1767. EDWARD AUGUSTUS. See KENT, duke of. EDWARD, duke of Parma, 1622-1646. EDWARD, count of Savoy, 1323-1329. EDWARDES, Lieut., defeats Moolraj, June 18; July 1, 1848. EDWIN, king of Northumberland, son of Ella, king of Deira, b. 585-on the death of his father supplanted by Ethelric, 588-persecuted by his brother-in-law, Ethelfrid; takes refuge with Redwald, king of East Anglia, who places him on the throne of Northumberland, 617-the fifth Bretwalda, 623-receives letters from pope Boniface V., 625-Eumer attempts to assassinate him, 626-marries Ethelburga, daughter of Ethelbert, k. of Kent; embraces Christianity, and builds the first minster of wood at York. 627-defeated and slain by Penda, k. of Mercia, and Cadwalla the Briton, in the battle of Heathfield, (Hatfield Chase), Oct. 12, 633. EDWIN the Etheling, son of Edward the Elder, perishes at sea, 933. EDWIN, earl of Northumberland, rebels against William I., and is slain by his own followers, who are surrounded in the Isle of Ely, and captured, 1071. EDWY, king of England, son of Edmund I., succeeds his uncle Edred, 955-his marriage with Elgiva is opposed by the clergy. See ELGIVA. He demands the treasures intrusted by Edred to Dunstan, who escapes into Flanders, 955 -gives the government of Mercia to his brother Edgar, and sequestrates the new Benedictine monasteries, 957-is separated from Elgiva by Odo, archbp. of Canterbury, 958-d. at Gloucester, 959. EFFINGHAM. See HOWARD, Charles, lord of. EFFINGHAM, lord, resigns his commission, refusing to act in a military capacity against the American colonists, Apr. 12, 1775. EGBERT, king of Kent, son of Earconbert; succeeds his father, 664-sends Wighard to be consecrated at Rome archbp. of Canterbury, 667-causes his cousins, Ethelred and Ethelbert, sons of Ermenred, to be murdered by Thunor, and in atonement gives Reculver for a monastery and minster, 669-d. 673. EGBERT, or Egfert, king of Mercia, son of Offa, associated with his father in the kingdom, 785- succeeds him on the throne, and d. in a few months, 796. EGBERT, Son of Elmund, great grandson of Ingild, brother of Ina, king of Wessex, and rightful heir of the throne, retires from the hostility of Bertric, into Mercia, 784-received in France by Charlemagne, 787-recalled and made king of Wessex, 800-(the name of England said to have been given to his dominions by a witenagemot at Winchester)--he defeats the Britons of Cornwall and South Wales, 813- the East Anglians voluntarily submit to him; he defeats Bernulf, king of Mercia, and subdues Essex and Kent, 823-defeats and kills Ludecan, king of Mercia, and expels Withlaf, who is called to the throne, 825-subdues Mercia and Northumberland, 827-he allows the kings of North umberland and Mercia to retain their titles on paying him tribute; North Wales submits to him; and he first styles himself king of England, 828-Swithun is his chief adviser, 829-the Danes land in Sheppey, 832-he is defeated by them in Wessex, 833-he defeats at Hengston a combined army of Danes and Cornish Britons, 835-d. 836. EGBERT, marquis of Saxony, defeats Henry IV., emperor of Germany, 1088. EGBERT, a noble Saxon, b. 639-becomes in early life a monk; suggests missions for the conversion of Germany, 689abbot of Iona, 716-translates the four gospels into Anglo-Saxon, 721-d. 729. EGBERT, brother of Eadbert, k. of Northumberland, archbp. of York, 734-d. 766. EGBERT, bp. of Lindisfarne, 803. EGER, or Erlau, resists the attack of Soliman II., 1552-taken by Mahomet III., 1596. EGFERT. See EGBERT, king of Mercia. EGFRID, Son of Oswy, k. of Northumberland, b. 645-succeeds his father on the throne, 670-expels Wilfrid from York, divides his diocese, and resists the pope's interference, 678-at war with Ethelred, king of Mercia; his brother, Elfwin, slain in battle; his queen, Etheldrida, d. 679-sends Beort with an army into Ireland to lay waste the country, 684-attacks the Cymri of Strathcluyd, by whom he is slain, May 20th, 685. EGICA, king of the Visigoths, in Spain, succeeds his father-in-law, Ervigius, 687 -punishes the conspirators who had deposed Wamba, and holds the fifteenth council of Toledo, 688-deposes Sisbertus, archbp. of Toledo, and holds the sixteenth council, 693-d. 701. EGILONA, widow of Roderic, the last of the Visigothic kings of Spain, married to Abdelaziz, son of the Saracen conqueror, Musa, 713. EGINHARD, Secretary to Charlemagne, 771 -compiles his memoirs, 782-d. 842. EGLESFIELD, Robert de, queen Philippa's confessor, founds Queen's College, Oxford, 1340. EGLINTON, Archibald William, earl of, holds a tournament at Eglinton castle, Aug. 29, 1839-lord rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen, March 18, 1851-lord lieutenant of Ireland, Feb. 22, 1852lord rector of Glasgow University, Nov. 30. EGLON, king of Moab, conquers the Israelites, B.C. 1335 (1517 H., 1510 C.killed by Ehud, and the Israelites delivered, 1325 (1499 H., 1492 C.) EGMONT, Count, encourages the people to resist the introduction of the Inquisition into the Netherlands, 1559-arrested for opposing the measures of Philip II. in the Netherlands, 1567-beheaded, June 5, 1568. EGNATIUS Gellius, leads the Samnite army EGREMONT, Charles Wyndham, earl of, d. 1763. EGYPT, its early history uncertain, both as to the names of its sovereigns, their dates and events; Menes the earliest recorded monarch, B.C. 2412 H. (3893 L., 3643 B.)- Memphis built by Misraim, 2188-hieroglyphics invented by Athotes, 2112 (known in the time of Menes, L.) -Thebes built by Busiris, 2111 (by Sesorteen I., 2700, 2600 L.)-Osymandyas, the Conqueror, begins to reign, 2100 (called Semempses by Lepsius)- the Phoenicians established in Lower Egypt, 2080--the dynasty of the Shepherd Kings begins, 2080 (2159 H., 2100 L.)-finally expelled by Tuthmosis II. about 1500 L.) The dynasty of Theban kings begins, 2017 (2801 B., 2330 L.)-Lake Moris constructed, 1938 (by Amenemhe III. about 2120 L.) Abraham arrives to buy corn, 1920 (2077 H., 2031 C., about 1480 L.) -the dynasty of the Pharaohs begins with Sethos, or Sethosis I., 1899 (about 1400 L.)-letters invented by Syphoas, 1896 (1681 C., about 3400 L.)completion of the Egyptian alphabet, by Memnon, 1822 (about 2120 L.-Amenophis I., k., 1821 (about 1580 B. and L.)-Joseph powerful, 1715 (1872 H., 1849 C., under Sethosis I. 1400 L.)-Jacob settles in Goshen, 1706 (1863 H., 1840 C., about 1400 L.) Chebron, 1699 (Qu. Cherphron, 3400 L.-Jacob d. 1689 (1846 H., 1823 C.) -Amenophis II., 1686 (1625 C., 1500 L.) Mephres, 1665- Misphragmuthosis, 1653-Joseph d. 1635 (1770 C., 1370 L.) Tuthmosis, 1627 (1480 L.)-Amenophis, III., 1618 (1460 L.)-Ethiopians in the neighbourhood, 1615-Horus, 1587 (1450 L.) emigration of Cecrops. See CECROPS.-Acencheres, 1549-Achoris, 1537 -Cenchres, 1598-Acherres, 1512-Cherres, 1504-Armais, 1490 (Qu. Aahmes, 1638 B. and L.)-emigration of Danaus. See ATHENS. Sesostris, Ramesis, or Egyptus, 1489 (1308 H., Sesortesen II., 2600 B., 2100 L.)-Menophis, 1416 (Menophthah, 1322 L.)-Sethos, 1376 (1400 L.) -the Canicular year begins, 1325-Rameses, 1321 (Ramses II., or Miamum, 1860 L.) Sethos II., 1270 B. and L.- Ammenephthes, 1255-Ammenemes, 1215 EGYPT-continued. Thuoris, 1189 (according to B. and L. 11 monarchs of the 20th dynasty, Ramses III. to XIII., reign from 1200 to 1112.) Rhampsinitus the Rich, 1124-Cheops builds the great Gizeh pyramid, 1082 (Chufu, 3425 L.)-Cephren, 1032 (Schafra, or Saophis II. builds the second pyramid, 3390 L.-Pseusennes, Sesac or Shishak, 978 (Shishonk I., 982 B.)-Mycerinus, 966 (Mencheres II. builds the third pyramid, 3200 L.)-Nephercheres, 937 (1050 B.)-Amenophthis, 933 (Menophthes, 1030 B.)-Osochor, 924 (1010 B.) -Psinaches, 918 (Phinaces 1020 B.) Pseusennes II., 909 (Phusemes or PiScham-Miamn II. about 1000 B.)-Sesenchosis, 870-Osorthon I., 853 (Osorkon I., 960 B.)-Tacollothis, 838 (Takelet I., 880 B.)-Petubastes, 825 (832 B.)-Osorthon II. 800 (920 B.)-Psammes, 791 (Psammus, 760 B.)-Bocchoris, 781 (743 B.)the history of Egypt is here very confused and obscure. Sabaco, 737 (769 by some; 719 by others. Sevech I., 739 B.)- Senechos, 725, Euseb (Sevech II, 720 B.)-Taracus, 713, Euseb (Tirhaka, 700 B.)-So, Sua, or Sabaco II., 710 La.- Treaty with Assyria, 708 La.-Stephinales, 687 B. and L. Psammeticus, 670 (Psammetik I., 615 B.)-Nechepsos, 663 B.Nekos I., 639 B.-Neco, 616 C.-Psammis, 600 C.-Apries, 594 C. (Nekos II., B., makes the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea, L.)-Amasis, 569 C. (Psammetik II., B.) d. 526-Psammenitus or Psammetik III.,526-conquered by Cambyses, and Egypt added to the Persian empire, 525-endeavours to throw off the Persian yoke. 486 reconquered by Xerxes, 484-again revolts under Inarus, 460-assisted by Tolmides from Athens; defeated, except in the Lowlands, where Amyrtæus remains independent, 455-the kingdom re-established by him, 414. Pausiris, 408 C. (Nepherites, B. and L.)-Psammetichus, 400 Blair-visited by Plato, 398-Nephereus, 395 BlairAchoris, 389 Blair-Nectanebis I. begins the 30th of Manetho's Egyptian dynasties, 375 (387 B., 378 L.)-invaded by Persia with an army of Greek mercenaries, under Iphicrates, and the expedition fails, 374-Tachos, or Teos, 363361-Nectanebis II., assisted by Agesilaus, in his struggles against Persia, 361 conquered by Ochus, becomes again part of the Persian empire, 350yields to Alexander without any resistance; he passes the winter at Memphis, and founds Alexandria, 332-departs for Persia, 331-after his death, his general, Ptolemy Lagus, founds the new kingdom of Egypt, 323. Dynasty of the Ptolemies. (See the events of their reigns under their several names,) Ptolemy I., Lagus or Soter, 323-283. Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, associated with his father 285-alone, 283-247. Ptolemy III., Euergetes, 247-222. Ptolemy IV., Philopater, 222–205. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, 205–181. Ptolemy VI., Philometor, 181-146. Ptolemy VII., Physcon, 146-117. Ptolemy VIII., Soter II., 117-107. Alexander I., 107-89. Ptolemy Soter II. restored, 89-81. Egypt conquered by Octavius, and made a Roman province; Cornelius Gallus, prefect, 30-misgoverns, is disgraced, and kills himself, 26- Ælius Gallus, gov., visited by Strabo, 24-invasion of Candace, qu. of Ethopia, repulsed by C. Petronius, 22-visited by Germanicus, A.D. 19-embassy of Philo Judæns and Apion to Rome, 40-the privileges of the Jews in Alexandria restored, 41-visit of Apollonius of Tyana, 69-Titus, gov., marches to the conquest of Judæa, 70-rebellion of the Egyptian Jews, 115-repressed by Lusius Quietus, 117-visit of Hadrian, and death of Antinous, 130-the commotions at Alexandria interrupt the shipment of corn to Rome, 186-visit of Sept. Severus to Memphis and the pyramids, 202-of Caracalla, and massacre of the Alexandrians, 215-Epagathus, the assassin of Ulpian, conveyed there, 228-rebellion of Emilianus, 262-suppressed by Theodotus; violent commotions in Alexandria, 263. Zenobia rules in the name of Claudius II., 269-revolt of Firmus suppressed by Aurelian, 273-invasion of the Blemmyes repulsed by Probus, 279 revolt of Achilleus put down by Diocletian, and punished by the slaughter of the inhabitants of Alexandria; and the destruction of Busiris and Coptos, 297Antony introduces the monastic system, 305. See ALEXANDRIA, ARIANS, and ATHANASIUS.-Sudden rise of the sea on the coast of Egypt, 365-visit of Jerome, 366-violence of Cyril, 412. See CYRIL. Conquered by Chosroes Purvis, 616invaded by Amrou, 639 - Alexandria. taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22, 640 |