pope, Gregory XII., who is ordered to depart by Ladislas, k. of Naples, 1412besieged by Alfonso V., of Aragon, and taken by his brother, Don Pedro, 1435Alfonso arrives, 1436- taken by the Spanish gen., Montemar, Aug. 7, 1734. GAETANO, Giovanni, monk of Monte Casino and chancellor of the church of Rome, elected pope, 1118. See GELASIUS II.

GETULIUS, Cn. Lentulus, consul of Rome, 26.

GAGE, general. See COLONIES, American.Dissolves the Massachusetts Assembly, May, 17, 1774-destroys the colonial magazines at Lexington, April 19, 1775repulses the Americans at Bunker's Hill, and burns the suburb of CharlesTown, June 17; returns to England, and arrives in London, Nov. 13.

GAGES, the count de, Spanish gen., attacks Charles Emanuel, k. of Sardinia, 1743. GAIANUS. See ALEXANDRIA, bishops of, 537.

GAINAS, Sent with an army against Tribi

gild; rebels, but is overcome by Fravitta, 400-slain near the Danube by Uldin, k. of the Huns, 401. GAINSBOROUGH.

See SWEIN, K. of Den

mark. GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas, b. 1727-d. 1788. GAISFORD, Dr., b. 1780-d. 1855. GALATA, a suburb of Constantinople, acquired by the Venetians, 1204-obtained by the Genoese by treaty with the emperor Michael VIII., 1261-they make war on John VI., emperor, and capture the Greek fleet; the senate of Genoa orders the colony to desist from further hostilities, 1348. GALATIA, the name given by the Greeks of Syria to the part of Asia Minor occupied by the descendants of the Cimmerioi (see CIMMERIANS) when they are found to be Keltæ, or Galatæ, B.C. 278its people, called Galatians, are first employed by Nicomedes, of Bithynia, against Antiochus Soter, 278-they withstand the forces of Syria, and Antiochus is killed fighting against them, 261attack Attalus I., of Pergamus, but are defeated, 241. See GALLO-GRÆCI.Paul's Epistle addressed to them, A.D.52. GALBA, Servius Sulpicius, emperor of Rome, b. Dec. 24, B.C. 3-carries on the war in Germany with Gabinius against the Chatti, A.D. 41-commands in Spain, 61-proclaimed emperor by Vindex, gov. of Gaul, 68-advances with his army from Spain, and is acknowledged emperor by the Senate, 68-consul II.-— adopts Calpurnius Piso; murdered, Jan. 15, 69.

GALBA, Servius Sulpicius, prætor of Rome, defeated by the Lusitanians, B.C. 151publicly impeached by Cato for his slaughter of them, but acquitted, 150—— consul, 144. Another, consul, 108. GALBA, C. Sulp., consul of Rome, 22. GALBA, P. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, B.C. 211 leads the Roman fleet to Greece against the Achæans, 208-consul II. 200 -endeavours to force his way into Macedon, but fails, 199.

GALBA, Serv. Sulpic., consul of Rome, 33. GALBAJO, Giovanni, duge of Venice, 787804.

GALE, Theophilus, b. 1628-d. 1677. GALE, Thomas, historian, d. 1702. GALEAZZO I. and II. See VISConte. GALEAZZO, Maria. See SFORZA. GALEN, b. 130-studies medicine under Satyrus, 147-becomes famous at Pergamus, 159-visits Rome, 162-164 - at Aquileia, 169-many of his works composed, 174-some lost in a fire at Rome, 191-d. 200.

GALERIUS, M. Antoninus, son of the emperor T. Antoninus Pius, d. soon after his father's accession to the throne, about 140.

GALERIUS, Caius Maximianus (Armentarius), appointed by Diocletian, with the title of Cæsar, to administer the affairs of Gaul, Spain, and Mauritania, 292consul of Rome, 294 - gains victories over the Carpi and Bastarnæ, 295-defeated by Narses, and severely reprimanded by Diocletian; consul II., 297— gains a complete victory over Narses in Armenia, and meets Diocletian at Nisibis, 298 consul III., 300-passes the winter with Diocletian at Nicomedia, and urges him to repress the power of the Christian hierarchy; consul IV., 302takes the title of Augustus, on Diocletian's retirement; consul V., 305-consul VI., 306-invades Italy, and, without fighting a battle, is obliged to retreat ignominiously; declares Licinius emperor, 307-consul VII., 308-acknowledges Constantine as Augustus, and allows the title to Maximian in Syriaattacked by a fatal disorder, 310-issues an edict, April 30, to stop the persecution of the Christians, and d. the next month; consul VIII. (uncertain), 311. GALGACUS, a leader of the Caledonians against Agricola, 84.

GALIB, sent by the Spanish caliph, Al Hakem II., with a powerful army into Africa, 973-restores his authority in Fez and Western Africa, 974-falls in single combat with Abdelmelic, governor of Toledo, 979.

GALILEO DE' GALILEI, b. 1564-compelled

Ꮓ

by the Inquisition to reject the Copernican system, 1633-d. 1642. GALITZIN, prince, compelled by the czarina, Anne, to marry a girl of low birth, to live in a palace of ice, and celebrate the wedding with many strange ceremonies, 1740.

GALL, John Joseph, b. 1758-introduces his system of craniology, 1803-d. 1828. GALLA, wife of Julius Constantius, and mother of the Cæsar Gallus. See GALLUS.

GALLA, Placidia. See PLACIDIA. GALLA, daughter of Valentinian I., accompanies her brother, Valentinian II., in his flight to Thessalonica, where she meets and marries Theodosius I., 387d. 394.

GALLA of Malamocco, doge of Venice, 755 -deposed, 756.

GALLAND translates into French

the "Thousand and One Nights" (Arabian Nights' Entertainment), 1704-à. 1715. GALLAS, the imperial general, drives the Swedes back into Pomerania, 1638-is defeated by Banner, 1639-follows the Swedes into Jutland, where he is totally defeated by Torstenson, 1644. GALLE, M., discovers the planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846. GALLERY OF PAINTINGS, the Montcalm, sold, June 8, 1849-that of the king of Holland, sold, Aug. 12, 1850.

GALLERY, National. See NATIONAL GAL

LERY.

GALLERY of the Louvre formed, 1798.
GALLERY, Historical, of Versailles, opened,
June 11, 1837.
GALLIA. See GAUL.

GALLICANUS, consul of Rome, 127-others, 150, 317, 330.

GALLICIA. a province of Spain, conquered by D. Junius Brutus, June 9, B.C. 136occupied by the Vandals, A.D. 419-they are expelled by Astorius, 420 - invaded by Hermanrich, k. of the Suevi, 431peace concluded with him, 433-its coast ravaged by the Vandal fleet from Africa, 445-invaded by Frumarius, k. of the Suevi, 460- part of it recovered by Pelayo, 721-by Alfonso I., 740-infested by the Danes, who are repulsed by Ramiro I., 846-an invasion of Muhamad prevented by the destruction of his fleet, 867-attacked by Almondhir, 876resigned by Alfonso III. to his son, Ordonio II., 910-reunited to Leon, 913invaded by Almansor, 993-inherited by Alfonso, son of Alfonso VI. See ALFONSO, k. of Gallicia.

GALLICIA, East, a province taken by Austria in the first partition of Poland, 1772.

GALLICIA, West, another province, acquired in the final partition, 1795ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw by the treaty of Vienna, 1809-recovered by Austria, 1814.

GALLIENUS, Publius Licinius, emperor of Rome, son of Valerian, associated on the throne with his father, 253 - consul of Rome, 254-takes the command of the army in Gaul, and makes Treves his head-quarters, consul II., 255-consul III., 257 the empire distracted by numerous revolts, 259. See THIRTY TYRANTS.-Valerian is made prisoner by the Persians; Gallienus reigns alone; defeats and kills Ingenuus, who had revolted in Illyricum; also Regalianus; his son, Saloninus is taken and slain by Postumus, 260-consul IV., 261- V., 262 -celebrates the tenth year of his reign by public shows and games, and treats with Aureolus and Odenathus, 263-declares Odenathus Augustus; consul VI., 264-attacks Postumus and Victorinus without success, 265-consul VII., 266

routs various Gothic tribes in Illyricum; proceeds against Aureolus, in Italy, 267-assassinated by his own troops, while besieging Aureolus in Milan, March 20, 268.

GALLIO, L. Junius, banished to Lesbos by the emperor Tiberius I., and recalled to Rome, 32 adopts Novatus, elder brother of Seneca, and gives him his name,

42.

GALLIO, L. Junius, the younger, put to death, with his brother, Seneca, by Nero,

65.

GALLIPOLI, the Callipolis of the Greeks; a fleet collected at, by Isaac Angelus to convey the emperor Frederic I. and his crusaders across the Hellespont, 1190See CHERSONESUS THRACICA.-Fortified by the Catalans, 1306-Suleiman, son of Orchan, repairs the walls, and brings over a colony of Turks, who occupy the place, 1354-landing of the allies, British and French army, April 5, 1854-the Himalaya arrives, April 13.

GALLIPOLI, in Italy, taken by Roger de Loria, 1285.

GALLO-GRÆCI, the name given by the Romans to the Galatæ of Asia Minor, when they are conquered by the consul Manlius, B.C. 189. See GALATIA. Gallura. See ENZIO and ADELAIDE of Sardinia.

GALLUS, C. Vibius Trebonianus, emperor of Rome, succeeds Decius, 251-pays the Goths a large sum of money to quit the empire, and returns to Rome; consul II., 252-assassinated at Interamnæ, 253. GALLUS, C. Vibius Volusianus, son of the

emperor, consul of Rome, 252-consul II., killed with his father, 253. GALLUS, son of Julius Constantius, and nephew of the emperor Constantine, is kept with his brother Julian six years in the castle of Macellum, where they have no instructor but Mardonius, an aged slave of his family, 345-married to his cousin. See CONSTANTINA.-Created Cæsar, and sent to Antioch to rule the East, takes the name of Flavius Constantius, 351. See CONSTANTIUS, Fl., for his consulships. Suppresses a revolt in Judæa, 352-he and his wife commit great cruelties in the East, 353-called to the imperial court by the emperor Constantius II.; arrested during the journey; taken to Pola, in Istria, and executed, 354.

GALLUS, consul of Rome, 174-another, 298. GALLUS, Ælius, gov. of Egypt, undertakes

an expedition into Arabia, which fails, B.C. 24-is visited soon after by Strabo. GALLUS, Ap. Annius Trebonius, consul of Rome, 108.

GALLUS. See ASINIUS GALLUS.
GALLUS, C. consul of Rome, 198.

GALLUS, C. Asinius, consul of Rome, B.C. 8.
GALLUS, Cestius, defeated by the Jews, 66.
GALLUS, Cornelius, b. B.C. 67-friend of
Virgil; præfect of Egypt, 30-disgraced

for misgoverning, commits suicide, 26. GALLUS, C. Cestius, consul of Rome, 35. GALLUS, C. Pompeius Longinus, consul of Rome, 49.

GALLUS, C. Sulpicius, predicts an eclipse of the moon, which happens, June 21, B.C. 168-consul of Rome, 166.

GALLUS, C. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, B.C. 243.

GALLUS, L. Anicius, consul of Rome, B.C. 160.

GALLUS, L. Asinius, consul of Rome, 62. GALLUS, L. Caninius, consul of Rome, B.C.

37.

GALLUS, Plotius, teaches Latin rhetoric, B.C. 88.

GALLUS, Q. Ogulnius, consul of Rome, B.C. 269.

GALT, John, b. 1779-d. 1839.

GALVANI, Louis, of Bologna, b. 1737-discovers galvanism, 1790-d. 1798. See VOLTA.

GALVES, the Spanish viceroy, expelled by the Mexicans, 1661.

GALWAY, taken by gen. Ginkel, 1691Queen's College endowed by Act of Parliament, 8 and 9 Victoria, c. 56, 1845railway to Dublin completed, Aug. 1, 1851.

GALWAY, the earl of, replaces the duke of Schomberg in the command of the army in Spain, 1704-he and his Portuguese

allies take Alcantara, and having forced the duke of Berwick to retire, enter Madrid, June 24, 1706-totally defeated at the battle of Almanza, by the duke of Berwick, April 14, 1707.

GAMA, Vasco de, a Portuguese navigator, sails for the eastern seas, July 9, 1496passes the Cape of Good Hope, and arrives at Calicut, 1497-lays the foundation of the Portuguese empire in India, and returns to his country, 1498. GAMBETTE, Loy, the Burgundian code framed by Gundibald, 501. GAMBIER, admiral and lord, b. 1756-commands the fleet against Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1807-destroys a French fleet in Basque roads, April 12, 1809-d. 1833. GAME, Bill to legalize the sale of, rejected by the Lords, May 9, 1825. GAME-LAWS, enforced by Bernabo Visconte, 1374-parliamentary committee

ap

pointed on the, Feb. 27, 1845-regulated by a new Act, July 22, 1848. GAMES. See ANTIOCH, ATHENS, CONSTANTINOPLE, CORINTH, DELPHI, ELIS, ISTHMIAN, OLYMPIC, PYTHIAN, DECENNALIAN, QUINQUENNALIAN, SECULAR, CAPITOLINE. -Exhibited to the Roman people, with great magnificence by Augustus, B.C. 2by Titus, at the opening of the Colosseum, A.D. 80-by Sept. Severus, 197by Carinus, 284-by Diocletian, 302-by Constantine I., 326-restored in Greece by Julian, 362-condemned by Chrysostom in his discourse, 399-celebrated by Honorius at Rome, 404.

GANGANELLI. See CLEMENT XIV., pope. GARCIAS, Iñiguez, count of Navarre, takes the title of king, 880-slain in the battle of Aybar, against Muhamad, 882. GARCIAS II., k. of Navarre, son of Sancho II., succeeds his father, 994 - falls in the battle of Hisn Dhervera, 1000. GARCIAS III., son of Sancho III., divides his father's dominions with his brother, and is k, of Navarre, 1035-defeats his brother Ramiro I., k. of Arragon, 1042-falls in battle against his other brother, Ferdinand of Castile, 1053.

GARCIAS IV., k. of Navarre, is chosen by the Navarrese to succeed Álfonso I., 1134 -assists in the taking of Almeria, 1147 -d. 1150.

GARCIAS, son of Alfonso III., rebels against his father; is defeated at Zamora, and imprisoned, 907-receives Leon with the title of k., 910-d. 913. GARCIAS, a descendant of Aymer, count of Arragon, 858.

GARCIAS FERDINAND, count of Castile, d. 1005.

GARCIAS SANCHO, Count of Castile, 1005– d. 1022.

GARDE MOBILE. See FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1849. GARDINER, Stephen, made bp. of Winchester by Henry VIII., 1531-attempts to prejudice him against Katharine Parr, 1544-1546-imprisoned, 1549-deprived of his see, 1550-released by qu. Mary, and made Lord Chancellor, 1553-celebrates her marriage with Philip of Spain, 1554-counsels severe treatment of the English Protestants, 1555-d. Nov. 12, 1555.

GARIBALD, son of Grimoald, set aside by the Lombards, 671.

GARIBALDI, gen. of the Romans, defeats the Neapolitans, May 5, 1849-withdraws with a part of his army, after the capitulation of Rome to the French, July 3. GARIGLIANO, the Liris of the ancients; its fort taken by Basilio Bugano, the Greek catapan, 1021-battle of the; Gonsalvo de Cordova gains a victory over the French, and conquers Naples, Dec. 28, 1503.

GARNERIN, M., descends in a parachute, Sept. 21, 1802.

GARNET, Henry, superior of the Jesuits, executed for taking part in the gunpowder plot, 1606.

GARONNE, the river, crossed by Edward the

Black Prince, to invade Languedoc, 1355. GARRICK, David, b. 1717-makes his first appearance on the stage at Ipswich, 1741 -performs at the theatre in Goodman'sfields, 1742-takes Drury Lane theatre, 1747-retires from the stage, June 10, 1776. See DRURY LANE THEATRE.-d. 1779.

GARSENDA, princess of Maine, and second wife of Albert Azzo II., marquis of Lombardy; on the death of her brother Herbert, is invited with her husband by the people of Maine, to rule over them, 1069-expelled by Wm. the Conqueror, 1072-her son, Fulk, is progenitor of the family of Este, 1097. See ESTE. GARSENDA. See ALFONSO IX., k. of Leon. GARTER, the Order of the, said to have been originated by Richard I., 1192-instituted, or revived, by Edw. III., Apr. 23, 1349.

GARTH, Sir Samuel, d. 1719.

GARTH, gen. Thomas, b. 1744-d. 1829. GASCOIGNE, Sir William, the chief justice,

is insulted by Henry, prince of Wales; commits him, 1412.

GASCONY, a part of Aquitania, early occupied by the Vascones, from whom it takes its name; Messala Corvinus subdues a revolt there, B.C. 27. See AQUITAIN. Some of its people, under duke Paulus, attempt to settle south of the Pyrenees, and are overcome by the Visi

gothic king Wamba, 674-their country conquered by Charles Martel, 735-its people surprise, and defeat Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, 778-commotions appeased by Louis I., 819-annexed with Guienne to the crown of England, 1152. See ELEANOR and GUIENNE. Invaded by Louis VIII. of France, 1224-defended by the earls of Salisbury and Cornwall, 1225 conquered by Dunois, 1451-a deputation invites the English government to restore the province to its former allegiance, 1452-Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, is sent with an inadequate force, is defeated and slain, 1453. GAS-LIGHTS introduced by Watt and Boulton in their works at Birmingham, 1798 -by Philips and Lee in their factory at Manchester, 1805-exhibited by Winsor, on the wall of Carlton Gardens, June 4, 1807-and in Golden Lane, Aug. 16-generally used in London, 1814-strike of the London workmen, March 18, 1834. GASPARINI PERGAMENSIS EPISTOLÆ, the first book printed at the Sorbonne, in Paris, 1470.

GASPARIS, DE, discovers "Hygeia," April 12, 1849-"Parthenope," May 11; and "Égeria," Nov. 2, 1850-" Eunomia," July 29, 1851-" Psyche," Mar. 17, 1852 -"Themis," April 5, 1853.

GASSENDI, Peter, b. 1592-d. 1655. GASTON, John Baptiste, duke of Orleans, youngest son of Henry IV., k. of France, implicated in a plot against Richelieu, retires to Brussels with his mother, Mary de' Medici, 1631- he endeavours to prevail by arms; submits, and again leaves France, 1632-d. at Blois, Feb. 2, 1660.

GASTON DE FOIX. See Forx, Gaston De. GASTONE, Giovanni. See GIOVANNI GASTONE, duke of Tuscany.

GATES, Sir Thomas, beads an emigration of the Puritans to Virginia, 1609. GATES, the American general, captures Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777-is defeated at Camden, by lord Cornwallis, Aug. 16, 1780.

GATUN and Panama railway, opened, Oct. 12, 1851.

GAUL, first peopled by Kelts, whose Greek

name of Galatæ the Romans form into Galli, and call their country Gallia. See CELTS.-Known to the Greeks from the time of their founding Massilia, B.C. 600 -vines and olives first planted by them, 536-Hannibal marches through, on his way to Italy, 218-entered by the Romans for the first time, to assist the Massilians against some Gallic tribes, 154-again, by the consul Fulvius Flaccus, 125-C. Sextius Calvinus takes the

GAUL-continued.

command in, 124-Aqua Sextiæ (Aix), the first Roman colony, founded by him, 122. See ALLOBROGES, ARVERNI, and SALYES.

The dominion of Rome extended beyond the Rhone, and the colony of Narbo Martius (Narbonne) founded, 118 -forcibly entered by the Cimbri and Teutones, who defeat the Romans, 105. See CIMBRI.-Marius, with Sylla as his legate, appointed to take the command against them, 104. See AIX.-Invaded by the Helvetii and Tigurini, 72-Cæsar obtains the command for five years. See CESAR, Julius, ANTONY, Mark.-The colony of Lugdunum (Lyons) founded by the proconsul, Munatius Plancus, 43-the frontier of the Rhine secured by the consul, M.Agrippa, 27-visited by Augustus,27 and 17-prospers under the mild government of Drusus, 12 again visited by Augustus; the frontiers guarded by Tiberius and Drusus, 10.

The commotions of Florus and Sacrovir suppressed by Silius, A.D. 21-Caligula's expedition, 40-Sabinus revolts, 70. See SABINUS.-Hadrian begins his survey of the provinces, 120-persecution of the Christians in Gaul, 177— Maternus revolts, 189-Clodius Albinus comes from Britain, 196. See ALBINUS, Clodius.Alexander Severus repels the Germans, 234. See ALEXANDER, Severus.-The Franks invade the northern provinces of, 254-Gallienus takes the command against them, 255 they penetrate through the province into Spain, 256Postumus checks the invaders, 258, and maintains independent sway ten years, 259. See POSTUMUS and THIRTY TYRANTS.--Tetricus reigns, 267. See TETRICUS, and AURELIAN.

The Franks, Burgundians, and other German tribes repulsed by Probus, 277-Bonosus and Proculus rebel, 280. See BONOSUS and PROCULUS. Probus encourages the culture of vines, 281 -Carinus is stationed in, by his father, 283 the Bagaudæ repressed by Maximian, 285-286-he secures the repose of Gaul by a treaty with the Franks, 288-Gessoriacum seized by Carausius, 289. See CARAUSIUS.-Galerius governs, 292. See GALERIUS.-Decay of its schools, 299. See AUTUN and EUMENIUS.-Constantine arrives from Britain,

Magnentius revolts, 350- Constantius sole emperor. See CONSTANTIUS II.

The Allemanni, under Gundomad and Vadomar, repulsed by him, agree to peace, 354-Julian takes the command, Dec. 1, 355. See JULIAN, emperor of Rome.-Harassed by the Allemanni, 365 they take Moguntiacum, and are repulsed by Valentinian, 368 -the Saxons infest the coast, 370-the Allemanni renew their incursions, and are defeated at Argentaria (Colmar) by Gratian, 378-Ausonius prefect, 379Maximus lands from Britain, and is joined by the legions, 383. See MAXIMUS.-Revolt of Arbogastes at Vienne,

Adolphus fixes himself in the south, and the Ripuarian Franks occupy the northern parts, 412. See FRANKS. Aquitaine given to Wallia by Honorius, who attempts to convene an annual assembly of the seven provinces, 418-the Burgundians rule their lands mildly and peacefully, 420-some German tribes penetrate as far as Arles, where they are repulsed by Aetius, 430 -the Visigoths continue to encroach in the southern, and the coasts are infested by pirates from the north, 438-invaded by Attila, who besieges Orleans, and is defeated at Chalons, 451. See ATTILA. -the Visigoths possess the greater part of Gaul; Childeric I., the Frank, takes Paris, 464-Arles and Marseilles taken by Euric, 470-Auvergne ceded to him, 474-Odoacer gives up to him all beyond the Alps, 478-Clovis, k. of the Franks, 481. See CLOVIS I.-Acquires the lands of Syagrius, 486; and Aquitaine, 507after which the name of Gaul is gradually lost in that of Frankenric, or kingdom of the Franks. See FRANCE.-Mammo, with an independent Gothic force, commits depredations, 509-the Latin language modified by the admixture of other dialects; many native Gauls retire into Armorica, and uniting with the indigenous Bretons, preserve their mother-tongue, 584.

GAULS, or GALLI (Celtic tribes, so called by the Romans), occupy the north and north-east of Italy, on the Adriatic, as far as the Esis, B.C. 520. See CELTS. GAUNT, or GHENT, John of, son of Edward