GONTHELON II, his son, duke of Upper Lorraine, 1043-1045. GONTRAM, or Gontran, son of Chlotair. See BURGUNDY or ORLEANS. GONVILLE, Edmund, founds the college, now Caius and Gonville college, Cambridge. See CAIUS and CAMBRIDGE. GONZAGA, Luigi da, made lord of Mantua by his sons Guido, Filippo, and Feltrino, 1328-they obtain possession of Reggio, 1335-Luigi, d. 1360.

GONZAGA, Guido, lord of Mantua, 1360attacked by Bernarbo Visconte, 1368-d.

1369.

GONZAGA, Luigi, or Louis II., lord of Mantua, 1369-puts to death his brothers Ugolino and Francesco, d. 1382. GONZAGA, Francis I., lord of Mantua, 1382 -accuses his wife, Agnes Visconte, of infidelity, and puts her to death, 1391joins in the league against Gian Galeazzo Visconte, and in the peace concluded with him, 1392-renews hostilities, 1397 -makes peace again, 1398-one of the regents of Milan, 1402-d. Mar. 17, 1407. GONZAGA, John Francis I., son of Francis I., b. 1392-marquis of Mantua, 1407joins the league against Philip Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, 1426-concludes, with his allies, peace at Ferrara, Apr. 18, 1428-d. Sept. 24, 1444. GONZAGA, Louis III., son of John Francis I., marquis of Mantua, 1444-enters into alliance with Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, against Venice, 1451-assents to the treaty of peace, 1454-a congress held by pope Pius II. at Mantua, fails to form a league against the Turks, 1459 -Louis d. 1478. GONZAGA, Carlo da, commands the Venetian army, 1451. GONZAGA, Frederic I., son of Louis III., marquis of Mantua, 1478-coalesces with other Italian States to protect Ferrara against Venice, 1482-d. July 15,1484. GONZAGA, Francis II., son of Frederic I., marquis of Mantua, 1484 - joins the league of Cambray against Venice, 1508 -gives an asylum to the duke of Urbino, 1517-d. Feb. 20, 1519. GONZAGA, Frederic II., son of Francis II., marquis of Mantua, 1519-receives the title of duke from the emperor Chas. V., 1530-acquires Montferrat, 1536-d. June 28, 1540.

GONZAGA, Hercules, second son of Francis II., a cardinal and regent of Mantua during the minority of his nephew, Francis III., 1540. GONZAGA, Ferrante, or Ferdinand, youngest son of Francis II., commands the light cavalry in the imperial army against the Turks, 1532-becomes duke of Mol

fetta and Guastalla, 1539-serves in the Spanish army in the Netherlands, where he d. at Brussels, 1557. GONZAGA, Luigi, surnamed Rodomonti, a general in the service of pope Clement VII., treacherously seizes Ancona, 1532. GONZAGA, Francis III, son of Ferdinand II., duke of Mantua, 1540-drowned in the lake, 1550.

GONZAGA, William, second son of Frederic II., duke of Mantua, 1558-made duke of Montferrat, 1574-d. Aug. 13, 1587. GONZAGA, Vincent I., only son of William, becomes duke of Mantua and Montferrat, 1587-d. Feb. 18, 1612. GONZAGA, Francis IV., son of Vincent I., b. 1585-succeeds his father, Feb. 18, 1612-d. Dec. 22.

GONZAGA, Louis, only son of Francis IV., d. a few days before his father, Dec. 1612. GONZAGA, Maria, daughter of Francis IV., marries Charles Gonzaga, 1627. GONZAGA, Ferdinand, second son of Vincent I.; created a cardinal, 1606-sucIceeds his brother, Francis IV., 1612Montferrat claimed and invaded by Chas. Emanuel I., duke of Savoy, 1613--France and Spain engage in the quarrel, and a general war follows in Northern Italy; peace concluded, and the duke of Savoy's claim is renounced, 1617-Ferdinand d. Oct. 29, 1626.

GONZAGA, Vincent II., third son of Vincent I., b. 1594-created a cardinal, 1615-succeeds his brother Ferdinand as duke of Mantua and Montferrat, 1626-d. 1627. GONZAGA, Octavius, killed at the siege of Vercelli, 1617.

GONZAGA, Louis, third son of Frederic II., goes to France, where, by his marriage with the heiress, he obtains the dukedom of Nevers and Rethel, 1540. GONZAGA, Charles I., grandson of Louis, duke of Nevers, b. 1576-as next heir succeeds Vincent II. in Mantua and Montferrat, and marries Maria, daughter of Francis IV., 1627-supported by France and Venice against the duke of Savoy and other claimants, who are assisted by Austria and Spain; another war kindled, 1628-Montferrat invaded; siege of Casal begun and abandoned; treaty of Susa concluded and broken; Mantua blockaded, 1629-taken and sacked, 1630-restored by the treaty of Cherasco; part of Montferrat given up to the duke of Savoy, 1631-d. Sept. 25, 1637. GONZAGA, Charles, duke of Rethel, son of Chas. I., d. at Goito, Sept. 14, 1631. GONZAGA, Charles II., his son, b. 1631succeeds his grandfather, Charles I., 1637 --d. 1665.

GONZAGA, Ferdinand Charles, son of Chas.

II., b. 1652-succeeds his father, 1665marries Anna Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand III., duke of Guastalla, 1670claims and takes possession of the duchy, 1679-is deprived of it by the emperor Leopold I., 1692-joins France in the war of the Spanish succession, 1701-Mantua besieged by prince Eugene of Savoy, and relieved by the duke de Vendôme, 1702-his States seized by the emperor Joseph II, and he d. at Padua, the last of the Mantuan line, July 5, 1708.

GONZAGA, Anna Isabella, widow of Chas. Ferdinand, d. at Paris, Dec. 19, 1710. GONZAGA, Cæsar I., duke of Guastalla, 1557-1575.

GONZAGA, Ferdinand II., duke of Guastalla, 1575-1630.

GONZAGA, Cæsar II., duke of Guastalla, 1630-1632.

GONZAGA, Ferdinand III., duke of Guas

talla, 1632-1678. See GONZAGA, Ferdinand Charles, duke of Mantua. GONZAGA, Cæsar, son of Ferdinand III., b. 1663-d. 1670. GONZAGA, Vincent, b. 1634-cousin of Ferdinand III., is appointed Spanish viceroy in Sicily, 1678-claims Guastalla, 1679-acquires it, 1692-d. April 28, 1714. GONZAGA, Antony Ferdinand, succeeds his father Vincent, as duke of Guastalla, 1714 d. 1729.

GONZAGA, Joseph, brother of Antony Ferdinand, succeeds him, 1729-d. the last of his line, 1746.

GONZALES DE CORDOVA. See CASAL.
GOOD, John Mason, b. 1765-d. 1827.
GOODMAN'S FIELDS, theatre opened, Oct. 2,
1732. See GARRICK, David.
GOOJERAT, battle of; lord Gough defeats
the Sikhs, Feb. 21, 1849.
GOOLISTAN, peace of, between Russia and
Persia, 1813.

GORDIANUS, C. Marcus Antonius, procon-
sul of Africa, proclaimed joint emperor
of Rome, with his son, commonly known
as the two Gordians; after a reign of
thirty-six days are defeated and slain,
238. See CAPELIANUS.
GORDIANUS, M. Antonius, the grandson, or
Gordian the Younger, b. 225-emperor of
Rome, 238-extricated by Misitheus from
the pernicious influence of the eunuchs of
the palace; consul 239- marries Tran-
quillina, daughter of Misitheus; consul
II., 241-successful war against Persia:
Mesopotamia recovered, 242-murdered
by his soldiers near Circesium (Carche-
mish), 244.

GORDON, adm., commands the Russian fleet at the siege of Dantzic, 1734. GORDON, lord George, b. 1750-tenders the

petition of the Protestant Association to lord North, Jan. 4, 1780-heads the No Popery Riots, June 2-is committed to the Tower, 9-indicted for high treason, Nov. 10-tried, but escapes punishment, Feb. 5, 1781-becomes a convert to Judaism, 1786-convicted of two libels, June 6, 1787-sentenced to five years' imprisonment, Jan. 28, 1788-d. in Newgate, 1793.

GORDON, the duke of, joins the duke of Cumberland at Aberdeen, 1746. GORDON, Sir J. M., 39 years Q.M.G.-d.1851. GORDON, Katharine, daughter of the earl of Huntley, married to Perkin Warbeck, 1495 falls into the hands of Henry VII.; is kindly treated and pensioned, 1497. GORDON, the rev. Lockhart, and his brother, Loudon, tried at Oxford for the abduction of Mrs. Lee, and acquitted, the lady having been a consenting party, March 3, 1804.

GOREE, the isle of, surrenders to commodore Keppel, Dec. 22, 1758-restored to France by the treaty of Paris, 1763again taken from the French, Aug. 8, 1779-restored, 1783.

GOREE BUILDINGS. See FIRES, Liverpool. GORGIAS, Athenian archon, B.C. 280. GORGIAS, of Leontium, fl., and has many

eminent scholars, B.C. 459-as ambassador from Leontium, asks aid from Athens against the Syracusans, 427.

GOKHAM, the Rev. G. C., for his opinion on baptismal regeneration is refused admission to the living of Bampford Speke, by Dr. Philpotts, bp. of Exeter, and institutes proceedings; the case argued, Feb. 17, 1849-decision of sir Herbert Jenner Fust against him, Aug. 2-reversed by the privy council, March 8, 1850rule applied for, on behalf of the bishop, by sir F. Kelly, refused by lord Campbell, Apr. 25; and by chief justice Wilde, May 27 Mr. Gorham admitted to his livings, July 20-inducted, Aug. 6-11the churchwardens urged to report his heresies, Aug. 16-d. 1857. GORING, the royalist general, is taken prisoner at Wakefield, May 21, 1643. GORITZ. See CHARLES X., k. of France. GORM, K. of Denmark, 855- conquers Jut

land, 863-tolerates Christianity, 934d. 936.

GORTCHAKOF, the Russian general, enters Bucharest, July 28, 1853 - refuses to negotiate or retire, Oct. 27-evacuates the Turkish territories, June 24, 1854. GOSFORD, lord, dissolves the Lower Canada House of Assembly, Sept. 21, 1836. GOSHEN, settlement of Jacob and his family in, B.C. 1706 (1863 H., 1840 C., about 1400 L.)

GOSPELS. See BIBLE, and EGBERT, abbot of Iona.

GOSSELON, or GODFREY V., the Hunchbacked, son of Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine, succeeds his father, 1070-marries Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 1073-assassinated, 1076.

GOTARZES, son of Artabanus II., king of Parthia, kills his brother, Artabanus, and is himself expelled by Vardanus, 43 -regains his kingdom, 47-d. 50. GOTHENBURG, built by Charles IX., k. of Sweden, 1605-seat of the Swedish East India Company, 1731-besieged by the Danes, and relieved by the intervention of Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland, 1788.

GOTHIC DIALECTS mixed with the Latin language in Italy, Gaul, and Spain, 584. GOTHIC pointed style of architecture introduced, 1180.

GOTHLAND, the isle of, invaded by the Teutonic Knights, 1397-conquered by them; Margaret attempts, without success, to recover it; but, by the treaty of Copenhagen, obtains the right of redeeming it for an equivalent, 1398-given up to the Danes, 1524-ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Brömsebrö, 1645-conquered by the Danish admiral, Niels Jael, 1677-restored to Sweden by the peace of Lund, 1679.

GOTHLAND, East, a province of Sweden, given, at the death of Gustavus Vasa, to one of his younger sons, 1560. GOTHS, the second stem-tribe or generic division of European population, followers and supplanters of the Kelts; first known in Asia under the indefinite name of Scythians (Skuthæ). See SCYTHIANS.A large portion of them appear more distinctly as Massagetæ. See MASSAGETE.-Push forward to the Araxes, B.C. 635-are encountered by Cyrus, 529; by Darius Hystaspes, 507; by Alexander, on the Oxus and Jaxartes, 329-as they advance in Europe, they impel the Kelts on the newly-conquered provinces of Rome, 114-divided into many tribes, occupy the greater part of Germany, 71. See GERMANY.

Ovid learns their language, and holds intercourse with them in Lower Moesia, as Getæ, A.D. 8 fresh bands arrive from Asia, cross the Danube, and ravage Thrace, 249. See DECIUS, emperor of Rome. - Receive a large sum of money from Gallus to quit the empire, 252-ravage Macedon and Greece, 256repelled by Aurelian, lieutenant of the emperors, 257-fit out naval armaments on the Euxine, and take Trebizond, 258 -plunder Chalcedon, Nice, Nicomedia,

and all the principal cities in Bithynia; Valerian marches as far as Cappadocia to oppose them, 259-they pass the Bosphorus, ravage the coasts of Greece, and burn the temple of Diana at Ephesus, 262-expelled from Asia, 263-various bands, some called Heruli, ravage Greece and Asia, 267. See HERULI.-Signally defeated by Claudius, at Naissus, in Moesia, 269-again defeated by him; his successor, Aurelian, makes peace, and relinquishes Dacia to them, 270-other bands defeated by him in Thrace, 272they invade Asia; Tacitus proceeds against them, 276-expelled from Thrace by Probus, 278-Constantine defends the frontier of the Danube against them, 319. See CONSTANTINE I.

They oppress the Sarmatians, who, being unable to defend themselves, implore the protection of the Romans; the Cæsar, Constantine, conducts the war successfully, and concludes a peace; for the observance of which, the Gothic chieftain, Araric, gives his son as a hostage, 332 harass Thrace, 365 — some Goths, marching to assist Procopius, are compelled to surrender, 366-Ulphilas translates the Scriptures into their language, and teaches Arianism among them, 373- they divide into two bodies, the Eastern and the WestSee OSTROGOTHS and VISIGOTHS. - They both cross the Danube, and obtain a settlement in the Roman empire; are oppressed and famished by the officers of Valens, and plunder the Roman provinces, 377- defeat Valens at Hadrianople, Aug. 9, 378. See VALENS, emperor of Rome.-They are masters of the whole country to the gates of Constantinople, 378-checked by Theodosius, 379-he reduces them to obedience, 380. See OSTROGOTHS and VISIGOTHS.

ern.

GOTTSCHALK, the monk, raises the Predestinarian controversy, 847-his doctrines are condemned by a council at Mentz, and he is sent to Hincmar, archbp. of Rheims, 848-sentenced by the council of Quercy to be flogged, and to perpetual imprisonment, 849- his tenets are attacked by Hincmar and Scotus Erigena, and defended by Prudentius, Florus Magister, and Remigius, 854-d. in prison, 869. GOTTSCHALK, the priest, leads one of the first bands of crusaders, 1096.

B B

GOUGH, Hugh, lord, b. 1779- takes the command in China, and proceeds to attack Canton, March 18, 1841-occupies Lahore, Feb. 20, 1846-created a baron; pensions voted to him by the E. I. Company, and by Parliament, May 4; defeats the Sikhs at Chillianwallah, Jan. 13, 1849-again, at Goojerat, Feb. 21; E. I. C. banquet to him, on his return, March 23, 1850-banquet of the Goldsmiths' Company to him, April 24. GOULBURN, Henry, b. 1784-chancellor of the exchequer, 1828-1830-again, 18341835-a third time, 1841-1846-d. 1856. GOULBURN, Henry, the younger, d. 1843. GOURGAUD, gen., accompanies Napoleon to St. Helena, 1815-d. 1852.

GOURNAY, sir Matthew, a leader of the "Companies" who plunder France, 1364. GOWER, Sir John, the poet, d. 1402. GOWER, John, earl, a leading opponent of sir Robert Walpole, 1723-1740-lord privy seal, 1742-in the "Broad Bottom" ministry, 1744- an officer of the royal household, 1758.

GOWER, earl, president of the council, and lord privy seal in W. Pitt's administration, 1783-British ambassador, recalled from France, Aug. 17, 1792. Gozo, isle of, a dependency of Malta, given to the Knights Hospitallers, 1530-taken by a part of Nelson's fleet, 1798. GOZON, Deodati De, grand-master of the Knights Hospitallers, being unable to check the plundering adventures of his knights, resigns office, 1353. GRACCHUS, Caius, younger brother of Tib. Semp. Gracchus, goes into Sardinia with the consul Aurelius as quæstor, B.C. 126 -remains there, 125- makes himself popular with the soldiers; his measures for promoting their comfort are thwarted by the senate, 124-returns to Rome, complains of the obstacles he had met with; elected tribune, begins his reforms, 123-again tribune, goes to Carthage with a body of citizens to establish themselves as a colony on the lands allotted them, 122-during his absence, a formidable opposition is raised against him; he falls in the struggle,

121.

GRACCHUS, Tiberius Sempronius, tribune of Rome, slain while advocating the rights of the commonalty, B.C. 133. GRACCHUS, Tiberius Sempronius, consul of Rome, B.C. 238-another, 215, II. 213 -a third, 177, II. 163.

GRADENIGO, Bartolommeo, doge of Venice, 1339-1343.

GRADENIGO, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 1355. GRADENIGO, Pietro, doge of Venice, 12891312.

GRADISCA recovered from the Turks by prince Louis of Baden, 1688. GRADO, one of the islands of Venice. See VENICE. The see of an archbp., who contests for the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Istria with the archbp. of Ravenna, 772-an attack of the Saracens repulsed, 877-Orso Orseolo, the patriarch, acts as vice-doge of Venice, 1031. GRECIA, Magna. See MAGNA GRÆCIA. GRÆCINA, Pomponia, a noble Roman matron, accused of practising a foreign superstition, supposed to be Christianity, 57. GRAVIUS, John George, b. 1632-d. 1703. GRAFTON CASTLE, the birth-place of Elizabeth Woodville, and of her retirement, after the death of her husband, sir John Grey of Groby, 1461.

GRAFTON, Henry Fitzroy, duke of, natural son of Charles II. and Barbara Villiers, deserts James II., at Salisbury, 1688killed at the siege of Cork, Sept. 1690. GRAFTON, duke of, lord chamberlain to George I., 1723 one of the "Broad Bottom" ministry, 1744.

GRAFTON, Augustus Fitzroy, (afterwards) duke of, b. 1735-lord of the treasury in the Chatham ministry, 1766-at the head of the ministry, Jan. 20, 1768-resigns, Jan. 28, 1770--lord privy seal in the Rockingham and Shelburne administrations, 1782-d. 1811.

GRAFTON, duke of, b. 1759-d. 1844. GRAFTON'S Chronicle written about 1520. GRAHAM, John, of Claverhouse, defeated by the Scottish Covenanters, at Drumclog, June 1. 1679. See DUNDEE, Viscount.

GRAHAM, Thomas, afterwards lord Lynedoch, b. 1750-defeats the French at Barossa, March 5, 1811-again, near Breda, Jan. 12, 1814- fails in an attack on Bergen-op-Zoom, March 8-created a peer. See LYNEDOCH, Thomas Graham, lord.

GRAHAM, Sir James, b. 1792-moves for a return of the salaries and emoluments of privy councillors, May 14, 1830-first lord of the admiralty in lord Grey's administration, Nov. 22-retires, May 27, 1834-home secretary in sir Robert Peel's administration, Sept. 6, 1841 - accused of allowing letters to be opened at the Post-Office, Aug. 5, 1844-resigns, June 29, 1846-fails in an attempt to form a cabinet, Feb. 22-27, 1851 - becomes first lord of the admiralty, in lord Aberdeen's ministry, Dec. 28, 1852-retires from the Palmerston, Feb. 22, 1855. GRAHAM, lieut.-col. Thos., b. 1809-d. 1855. GRAHAM, Mr. and Mrs., ascend in a balloon from Plymouth; they fall into the sea, but are saved, 1825.