GREECE, Modern-continued. against the Turkish fleets; Mavrocordato defeated at Arta; the Turks enter the Morea; are routed by Colocotroni; Omar Vrioni driven from Anatolico by the Suliotes and Mavrocordato, 1822lord Byron arrives in Greece; the Greeks obtain many victories by sea and land, but injure their cause by internal discord and bad management, 1823-death of lord Byron at Missolonghi, 1824Ibrahim, son of Mehemet Ali, conducts a powerful force from Egypt against Greece; disasters of the Greeks; Tripolitza taken and Missolonghi besieged, 1825-he takes Missolonghi, and devastates the Morea; his progress is stopped by the Mainotes; treaty of Great Britain, France, and Russia, for the pacification of Greece, 1826 second treaty, and destruction of the Turco-Egyptian fleet at Navarino; Capo d'Istrias appointed president, lord Cochrane admiral, and Church, general; they fail to relieve the Acropolis of Athens, and besiege Missolonghi; many German officers arrive to assist the Greeks, 1827the government organized, piracy suppressed, Alexander Ipsilanti released, and dies soon afterwards; the Egyptians evacuate Greece; representatives of the three Powers meet at Poros, to settle the limits of the new state; the sultan refuses to concur, 1828-he acknowledges the independence of Greece, 1829-the crown refused by prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, 1830; discord in Greece; arrest of Pietro Mavromichali; assassination of Capo d'Istrias; his brother, Augustin, appointed president, 1831-Otho, son of the k. of Bavaria, accepted as k. of Greece; the northern boundary of his kingdom determined by a line drawn from the gulf of Arta to that of Volo, 1832-he arrives at Athens, which he makes his metropolis, and assumes the government of Greece, 1833-reparation for injuries to British subjects demanded, Jan. 18, 1850-Russia remonstrates, and France mediates, Feb. 19-admiral Parker threatens to bombard the Piræus; the Greek government submits, April 27-the proceedings of the British government censured in the House of Lords, June 17-approved by the Commons, 28 -a Greek force assists an insurrection in Epirus against the Turkish authorities, 1854-lord Clarendon requires it to be withdrawn; the French land at the Piræus to enforce this, April 25-k. Otho submits, 26. GREEK CHURCH. See EASTERN CHURCH. by a firman of the sultan, May 4, GREEK EMPIRE. See EASTERN EMPIRE. GREEK LANGUAGE supersedes Latin in the GREEK MANNERS are introduced into Ger- GREEK PHILOSOPHY, founded by Pythago- GREEN, Thomas, bp. of Ely, visitor of GREEN, the American general, defeated by lord Cornwallis at Guildford, March 16, 1781. GREEN, Mr. See NASSAU BALLOON. GREENACRE, James, executed for murder, May 2, 1837. GREEN-BAG, containing Reports on the state of the country, referred to secret committees of parliament, Feb. 3, 1817they recommend coercive measures, 10. GREEN FACTION. See CONSTANTINOPLE. GREENLAND discovered by Erik the Icelander, 982-Haco V., k. of Norway, acquires the sovereignty of, 1262-a company for its improvement incorporated in Denmark, 1620-a new colony planted, 1721. GREENOCK, statue of James Watt erected at, 1832-railway. See GLASGOW. GREENOUGH, G. B., b. 1778-d. 1855. GREEN PARK, the statue of Wellington placed on the arch at the entrance of the, Sept. 29, 1846. GREENVILLE, Sir George, vice-admiral, with his single ship resists for fifteen hours a Spanish fleet of fifty-three sail, and dies of his wounds, 1591. GREENWICH, Henry, son of Henry VII., b. at, June 20, 1491- Mary, daughter of Henry VIII., b. at, Feb. 18, 1516-Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, born at, Sept. 7, 1533-Observatory built, 1671-hospital instituted by Wm. III., and sixpence a month taken from every seaman's wages for its support, 1696-endowed with the forfeited estates of the earl of Derwentwater, May 15, 1735-a statue of George II. by Rysbrach, placed in the parade, 1720chapel burnt, Jan. 2, 1779-railway from London completed, Dec. 26, 1838. GREGOIRE, the Abbé, b. 1748 d. 1850. GREGORAS, Nicephorus, the historian, is shut up in the monastery of Chora for denying the light of Mount Thabor, 1351 -released, 1354. GREGORIAN calendar or era, first suggested by Louis Lillio of Verona, completed by Christopher Clavius, and adopted by pope Gregory XIII., 1582. See CALEN DAR. GREGORIAN chant invented by Gregory I., 599-introduced into France, 787. GREGORIUS, bp. of Antioch, 570-tried and acquitted by a synod at Constantinople, 587-d. 593. GREGORY, the prætorian prefect of Africa, assumes the purple, 646-defeated and killed, 647. GREGORY I., pope, 590-claims authority over foreign bishops and churches, 592prevails on the Lombards to withdraw from Rome, 595-sends Augustin and a train of monks to preach Christianity in Britain, 596-opposes Cyriacus, see CYRIACUS; and in his letters styles him self "Servant of the servants of God," 596. See GREGORIAN CHANT.-Addresses his epistles to Mellitus, Augustin, Ethelbert and Virgilius, 601-places the statues of Phocas and his empress in the Lateran and congratulates him on his elevation, 603-d. 604. GREGORY II., pope, May 19, 715-restores the original Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino, 718-resists the edict of Leo III. against the worship of images, 727-prevails on Liutprand and the exarch Eutychius not to attack Rome, 729 -d. Feb. 11, 731. GREGORY III., pope, Feb. 16, 731-assembles a council at Rome in which all Iconoclasts are excommunicated, 732invites the protection of Charles Martel against Liutprand, and d. 741. GREGORY IV., pope, 827-extends the power of the church, and uses the forged "Decretals" for that purpose, 837-d. 844. GREGORY V., pope, June 16, 996. See BRU. NO.-Is opposed by the anti-pope John XVI.; excommunicates Crescentius, and is expelled from Rome, 997-Otho III. conducts him back, 998-d. Feb. 12, 999. GREGORY VI. See GRATIANO.-Buys the papal dignity, 1044-deposed, 1046. GREGORY VII., pope, taken to Rome from Worms, as the monk Hildebrand, by pope Leo IX., 1049; begins to have great influence in the church, 1054-sub-deacon; sent to confer with the emperor Hen. III. on the choice of a new pope, 1055-made a cardinal, 1057-concurs with the empress Agnes and Damiano in calling a council at Sienna to choose a pope, 1058 -archdeacon of the Romish church, 1059 -incites the cardinals to elect Alexander II. without the imperial consent, 1061the prime mover of the church, 1065at the council of Mantua denies the imperial right to interfere in the choice of a pope, 1067-elected pope, Apr. 22, 1073 -forbids the sale of church benefices in Germany, 1073-excommunicates Robert Guiscard for not doing him homage; is acknowledged liege-lord of Hungary by Solomon; threatens Philip I. of France, and sends alegate to admonish Henry IV. of Germany; suggests the first idea of a general crusade against the Turks, 1074 -the emperor Henry begins to resist his pretensions; Gregory excommunicates Robert Guiscard again, 1075-is deposed at the Diet of Worms, held by Henry, whom he excommunicates in the councií of Rome, 1076-Henry submits to him, at Canossa, where his cause is supported by the countess Matilda; he exacts an annual tribute from Alfonso VI. of Castile, 1077-Henry and Rudolf appeal to him; he sends legates to arbitrate between them; excommunicates Nicephorus III., emperor of the East, 1078-excommunicates Boleslas II., of Poland, 1079-excommunicates and deposes Henry in a council at Rome, and is deposed by him in a council at Brixen; retires to Aquino, is reconciled to Robert Guiscard, 1080-besieged in S. Angelo by Henry, and relieved by Robert Guiscard, 1084retires to Salerno, where he d. May 25,| 1085. GREGORY VIII. (antipope), 1118. See BRA GA, Maurizio Bardino, archbp. of. Withdraws from Rome to Sutri, 1120— surrenders, 1121. GREGORY VIII., pope, cardinal Albert di Morra elected, Oct. 20, 1187-urges a new crusade, and d. two months after his election, Dec. 17. GREGORY IX., pope, Ugolino de' Conti di Segni, bishop of Ostia, elected, March 19, 1227-vehemently urges a crusade, and excommunicates the emperor Frederic II. of Germany for not proceeding on it, 1227-excommunicates him again for going; absolves his subjects from their allegiance, declares a crusade against Apulia and Sicily, and sends John de Brienne to reduce those countries, 1228-his army makes great progress in Apulia; forbids the Hospitallers and Templars to obey Frederic; his proceedings cause great dissatisfaction through all Christendom, 1229-reconciled to the emperor; gives the government of Spoleto and Ancona to Milo, bp. of Beauvais, 1230-he issues Bulls against heretics, forbids laymen to dispute on doctrines of faith, and gives new privileges to the religious orders, 1231-establishes tribunals of the Inquisition at Toulouse and Carcassone, 1232-by a Bull, directs the Knights of Palestine to obey the emperor Frederic as k. of Jerusalem, 1232-driven from Rome to Viterbo by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal power, and seize his revenues; he appeals to the emperor, and other princes, for assistance; repulses the citizens of Rome, who attack Viterbo, 1234-leagues with Venice and Genoa against Frederic, 1238-claims Sardinia, and excommunicates Frederic, denouncing him as a heretic and atheist, and absolves his subjects from their allegiance, 1239-proclaims a crusade against him; sends ecclesiastics into other countries to raise money; his states are ravaged by Frederic, 1240calls a council to be held at Rome; Frederic seizes and detains the cardinals, prelates, and ambassadors, on their way GREGORY X., pope, Thibauld Visdomini, archdeacon of Liege, elected, Sept. 1, 1271-urges another crusade to the Holy Land, and summons for the purpose a general council to be held at Lyons, 1272 excommunicates Simon de Montfort for the murder of Henry, son of the earl of Cornwall; and the citizens of Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the marquis of Montferrat, for resisting Chas. of Naples; claims and receives the Comtat Venaissin, 1273-holds the council of Lyons; effects a temporary union of the Greek and Latin churches; refuses to crown Jas. I. of Aragon; fails in his exhortations to another crusade; interview at Beaucaire, 1274. See ALFONSO X., k. of Castile.-Meets the emperor Rudolf at Lausanne, to urge another crusade, Oct. 4, 1275-d. Jan. 10, 1276. GREGORY XI., pope; cardinal Peter Roger, son of Wm., lord of Beaufort, in Anjou, and nephew of pope Clement VI., elected, Dec. 30, 1370-continues to reside at Avignon; exacts a tenth of the ecclesiastical revenues in many countries, for the expenses of his war against the Visconti; excommunicates them, and takes sir John Hawkwood into his service; forbids the Knights of Rhodes to aid the Genoese in their attack on Cyprus, and assigns them an annual payment out of the tithes of that island for the defence of Smyrna, 1373-Wickliffe, and six other ambassadors, represent to him the grievances of England, 1374 — attacks Florence, 1375-the Florentines excite a general revolt in his states, and take Bologna, for which he excommunicates them, lays an interdict on their lands, and directs Christians to seize any of them, rob them of their property, and sell them for slaves; hires a mercenary force of Bretons, which he sends to recover his dominions; leaves Avignon, embarks at Marseilles, and arrives in Italy, 1376-makes his entry into Rome, Jan. 17, but soon fixes his residence at Anagni; his overtures are rejected at Florence, 1377-d. Mar. 27, 1378. GREGORY XII., pope, Angelo Corrario, cardinal of St. Mark, elected, Nov. 30, 1406 -he evades a conference at Savona with his rival, Benedict XIII., 1407-interchanges with him hollow professions of a desire for peace, but does not abdicate; France refuses obedience to him; he fixes his residence at Lucca, 1408refuses to appear at the council of Pisa, is deposed, but still reverenced in Bava ria, Friuli, and Naples, and holds his council at Cividale, where he excommunicates and reviles his opponents, 1409 -is desired by the k. of Naples to leave Gaeta, and removes to Rimini, 1412he abdicates; is allowed to retain the dignity of cardinal, and made governor of the March of Ancona, 1415—d. Oct. 13, 1417. GREGORY XIII., pope, cardinal Ugo Buoncompagno, bp. of Vesti, elected May 13, 1572-orders a public thanksgiving for the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572sends troops to assist the Romanists, in Ireland, which are intercepted and taken to Africa by Sebastian, k. of Portugal, 1578-sends an army into Ireland, which is totally defeated, 1580-converts the baths of Diocletian into a granary; mediates between Iwan IV., czar of Russia, and Stephen Bathori; settles a quarrel between the knights of Malta and their grand master, Cassiére, 1581-corrects the calendar; Oct. 5th made the 15th, 1582. See GREGORIAN CALENDAR.-Receives ambassadors from Japan; d. April 10, 1585. GREGORY XIV., pope, cardinal Nicholas Spondrati, bp. of Cremona, elected, Dec. 5, 1590-fulminates a Bull against Henry IV. of France; d. Oct. 15, 1591. GREGORY XV., pope, cardinal Alexander Ludovisio, archbp. of Bologna, elected, Feb. 9, 1621-gives statutes to the Benedictine congregation of St. Maur, 1621establishes the congregation " De Propaganda fide," 1622-d. July 8, 1623. GREGORY XVI., pope, cardinal Maurus Capellari, b. 1765-succeeds, Feb. 2, 1831insurrection in his states, suppressed by an Austrian army, 1831 - Ancona held by the French; writes to the bp. of Bavaria, condemning mixed marriages and familiar intercourse with Protestants, 1832-excommunicates Don Pedro for his reforms in the church of Portugal, 1833-appoints clerical governors in the Legations, 1836-encourages the Roman Catholic prelates in Prussia to resist a royal ordonnance respecting mixed marriages, 1838-protests against the deposition of the archbp. of Posen, 1839-the misgovernment of the Legations causes an insurrection at Bologna, 1843-his states in vain ask for reforms, 1844-d. June 1, 1846. GREGORY I., patriarch of Constantinople. by Constans to enforce his edict, 666fails in an effort to arrest the progress of the Mohammedans in Africa, 667-succeeded by Theodore II., 678. GREGORY. See ALEXANDRIA, bps. of, 20. GREGORY of Nyssa, brother of Basil of Cæsarea, advocates strenuously the Nicene faith, 363 replies to Eunomius, 372-becomes bp. of Nyssa, 875banished by the emperor Valens, 376 -restored, 378-attends the council of C.P., 394-d. 395. GREGORY, bp. of Tours, b. in Auvergne, 539-consecrated, 574-d. Nov. 17, 595. GREGORY, bp. of Vercelli, excommunicated for adultery, obtains absolution from pope Leo IX., 1051. GREGORY, Bar Hebræus. See ABULPHA RAGIUS. GREGORY of Nazianzus, b. 326-studies at Athens, 355-composes two orations against Julian, 363-writes epitaphs on his brother and sister, 369-writes against the pride and luxury of the hierarchy, 370-bp. of Sasima, 371-replies to Eunomius, 372- preaches the Nicene faith at C.P., 379-bp. of C.P., 380-disgusted with the conduct of his brethren, and unwilling to co-operate in their projects, resigns his dignity, and retires into Cappadocia, 381-d. 390. GREGORY THAUMATURGUS, or THEODORUS, a pupil of Origen, at Cæsarea, and converted by him to Christianity, 232-addresses his oration in praise of him, at Cæsarea, 240-bp. of Neo-Cæsarea in Pontus, 261-d. 270. GREGORY, James, b. 1638-d. 1675. GREGORY, Dr., b. 1753-d. 1821. GREGORY, Dr. Olinthus, d. 1841. GREIG, captain, assists the Russians to destroy the Turkish fleet at Tchesme, 1770 -becomes an admiral in their service, and d. 1787. GRENADA, the West India island, first visited by Columbus, 1498-occupied by the French, 1650-taken by the English, April 5, 1762-by the French, 1779-recovered by Great Britain, 1783. GRENVILLE, George, brother of earl Temple, b. 1712-moves an address against the foreign alliances of George II., 1743 -treasurer of the navy, 1754-succeeds lord Bute, April 8, 1763- his act for taxing the American colonies receives the royal assent, April 5, 1764—gives way to the Rockingham ministry, 1765-introduces his Bill for the decision of election petitions, March 7,1770-d. Nov. 11, 1770. GRENVILLE, William Wyndham, b. 1759— Speaker of the House of Commons, Jan. 5, 1789-secretary of state for the foreign department, June 5-created lord Grenville, 1790 introduces the Alien act, Dec. 19, 1792-rejects the offer of peace made by France, Dec. 25, 1799 -announces to the Lords the resignation of ministers, Feb. 10, 1801 - censures the treaty of peace with France, Nov. 3; again, May 13, 1802-coalesces with Fox, and declines office in the Pitt ministry, 1804-presents a Catholic petition to the Lords, 1805-first lord of the treasury, May 10, 1806-abolition of the slave-trade moved by him, and voted by the Lords, June 10-parliamentary explanation on the dismissal of his ministry, Mar. 26, 1809-chancellor of Oxford, Dec. 11, 1809 -refuses to join the Perceval and Liverpool administration, 1812-retires from public life, and his friends take office with lord Liverpool, 1822-d. 1834. GRENVILLE, Thomas, b. 1755-first lord of the admiralty, 1806-7-d. 1846, and bequeaths his library to the British Mu seum. GREOTHINGI. See GRUTHUNGI. Exchange, Sept. 7, 1567-visited by qu. Elizabeth at its opening, 1570-d. 1579. GREVILLE, Fulk, lord Broke, b. 1544-d. 1628. GREY, an ancient Norman family, named from the castle of Croy, or Craye, in Picardy, given to their ancestor by duke Robert, about 1100. GREY, Sir John, of Groby (Lord Ferrers), marries Elizabeth Woodville, 1452 — d. of his wounds received in the second battle of St. Alban's; his estates are confiscated, 1461. GREY, Thomas, eldest son of sir John and Elizabeth Woodville, marries the dau. and heiress of the duke of Exeter, and is created earl of Huntingdon, 1471; marquis of Dorset, 1475. See DORSET, marquis of. GREY, Henry, eldest son of Thomas, becomes marquis of Dorset, and marries Frances Brandon, eldest daughter of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary, sister of Henry VIII., about 1536 -lord high constable at the coronation of Edward VI., 1547-justice itinerant of the royal forests, 1550-created duke of Suffolk, 1551. See SUFFOLK, duke of. GREY, lady Jane, eldest daughter of Henry and Frances Brandon, b. 1537-educated by Roger Ascham, 1551- marries lord Guildford Dudley, fourth son of the duke of Northumberland, 1553; proclaimed queen against her will, July 6; retires, 16; imprisoned by qu. Mary; condemned, Nov. 13; beheaded, Feb. 12, 1554. GREY, lady Katharine, second daughter of Henry and Frances Brandon, marries lord Herbert, son of the earl of Pembroke, 1553-divorced, marries the earl of Hertford, son of the late Protector Somerset, and is committed to the Tower by qu. Elizabeth, 1561-d. there, 1570. GREY, Leonard, lord, beheaded, on a charge of treason, by Henry VIII., 1541. GREY, lord, accused of treason, and sent to the Tower, Sept. 29, 1722. GREY, Charles, earl, b. 1764-while a commoner, takes a prominent station in the Whig party, and concludes the Benares charge against Warren Hastings, April 25, 1788-an active member of the Society of the Friends of the People, presents their petition, and supports it by moving resolutions in favour of Parliamentary Reform, May 6, 1793-moves an amendment in the debate on the renewal of the war against France, May 23, 1803 -first lord of the admiralty in the new ministry, and takes the title of viscount Howick, on his father being made an earl, 1806-succeeds C. J. Fox as foreign secretary, Oct. 8; introduces a Bill for the admission of Roman Catholics to hold commissions in the army and navy, March 5, 1807-objected to by the king, and postponed, 18; quits office, 25; parliamentary explanation, 26; inherits his father's title, Oct. 14; by the will of his uncle, sir Henry Grey, comes into possession of large estates, 1808-concurs with lord Grenville in refusing office, 1812-condemns the Sidmouth Circular, 1817--presents the Roman Catholic petition to the Lords, 1824-prime minister, announces peace, retrenchment, and reform as the principles of his government, Nov. 22, 1830-gives notice of the Reform Bill, Feb. 3, 1831 -- the Bill defeated, he offers to resign, which Wm. IV. prevents, by dissolving parliament, April 23, 1831; and a second time, by offering to create peers, May 18, 1832-the measure carried through, June 7; to commemorate its success, a gold cup presented to him, Nov. 6; finally retires from office, July 9, 1834-a public dinner given to him at Edinburgh, Sept 15-d. July 17, 1845. GREY, Henry, earl, son of Charles, earl, b. 1802-as lord Howick, secretary at war, 1835-resigns, 1841-inherits his father's title, 1845-colonial secretary, 1846-resigns, 1852. GREY, sir George, under-secretary of state for the colonies, 1835-resigns, 1841home secretary, 1846-resigns, 1852colonial secretary, 1854-home secretary, 1855. GREY, Sir Charles, takes Martinique, Mar. 16, 1794. GREY, sir Henry, uncle of Charles, earl Grey, d. 1808. |