victory at Tauss, 1431-divide into two sects, the Calixtines and Taborites; the former, satisfied with the concessions made by the council of Basle, secede from the league, 1433-the Calixtines join the imperial army, and defeat the Taborites at Böhmisch-Brod, 1434-the Calixtines, deceived in the execution of their treaty, re-unite with the Taborites; Sigismund concedes the points they require, on which they submit and allow him to enter Prague, 1435-treaty of Iglau between them and the emperor, 1436-some of them offer the crown of Bohemia to Casimir of Poland; they are defeated by Albert of Austria at Tabor, 1438.

HUTCHESON, Thomas, b. 1694-d. 1747. HUTCHINSON, John, b. 1684-d. 1737. HUTCHINSON, major-gen. J. H., succeeds sir Ralph Abercrombie in Egypt, March 21, 1801-signs a treaty for the evacuation of the country by the French, June 27; created a peer, Dec. 5.

HUTCHINSON, capt. J. H., assists Lavalette's escape, Dec. 20, 1815. HUTCHINSON, Lucy, writes the Memoirs of her husband, col. Hutchinson, 1670. HUTTON, Charles, b. 1737-d. 1823. HUTTON, William, b. 1723-d. 1815. HUY, in the Netherlands, taken by the French, 1693-recovered by the allies, 1694-taken by the duke of Marlborough, Aug. 27, 1703.

HUYGENS, Christian, b. 1629-he invents and applies the pendulum to clocks, 1647 -d. 1695.

HY. See IONA.

HYACINTH. See FRANCIS HYACINTH, duke of Savoy.

HYBRILIDES, Athenian archon, B.C. 491. HYDASPES, a river of India, (now the Chelum, according to major Rennell) which Alexander descended on his return from India, B.C. 327.

HYDE, Edward. See CLARENDON, Edward Hyde, earl of.

HYDE, Henry. See CLARENDON, Henry Hyde, earl of.

HYDE, Anne. See ANNE HYDE. HYDE PARK, review of the Guards in, July 4, 1663-troops encamped in, July 31, 1715-volunteers reviewed by Geo. III., Oct. 26 and 28, 1803. See ACHILLES, statue of.-Fireworks in, on occasion of the coronation of William IV., Sept. 8, 1831. See CRYSTAL PALACE.

HYDER ALI founds the Mysore kingdom, 1761-war with the India Company and their allies, 1767-defeats the Mahrattas, and penetrates to the gates of Madras; treaty of peace with him, April 4, 1769 -extends his conquests over the native

chiefs in Calicut, 1771-defeats the Company's troops, Sept. 10, 1780--and conquers the Carnatic; is defeated by sir Eyre Coote, June 2, 1782-d. Dec. 11. HYDERABAD, taken by sir Chas. James Napier, Feb. 20, 1843.

HYGEIA, the asteroid, discovered by De
Gasparis, April 12, 1849.
HYGINUS, bp. of Rome, 139-142.
HYGINUS, Jul., keeper of the Palatine
library, writes "De Castrametatione,"
B.C. 10.

HYкSOs, or shepherd kings in Egypt. See
BERBERS.

HYMEN EUS, bp. of Jerusalem, 262-298'. HYPATIA, wife of Isidorus, teaches philo

sophy at Alexandria, 407-brutally murdered with the connivance of bp. Cyril,

415.

HYPATIUS, consul of Rome, 500 -- sent against the Persians, and is unsuccessful, 503.

HYPATIUS, Fl., brother of the empress Eusebia, consul of Rome, 359. HYPERBIUS, Olympic victor, B.C. 420. HYPERECHIUS of Alexandria, writes on grammar or orthography, 453. HYPERIDES, the Athenian orator, put to death, B.C. 322.

HYPSEUS, C. Plautius, consul of Rome, B.C. 347.

HYPSEUS, M. Plautius, consul of Rome, B.C. 125.

HYRCANIA, Occupied by the Parthians, B.C. 244.

HYRCANUS, John, son of Simon, succeeds his father as high priest, and rules the Jews with regal power, B.C. 135-makes a league with the Romans, and conquers Samaria, 129 d. 107.

HYRCANUS II., k. of Judæa, son of Alexander Jannæus, nominated by his mother Alexandra as successor to the throne; deposed by his brother, Aristobulus, B.C. 70-takes up arms against Aristobulus, 65-made k. by Pompey, 63-becomes an ally of Rome, 47-deposed and made prisoner by the Parthians, 40-murdered by Herod, 37.

HYSIÆ, battle of; the Lacedæmonians defeated by the Argives, B.C. 669. HYSTASPES. See DARIUS I.

I

IAMBICS invented by Arcailochus, B.C. 708written by Simonides of Amorgus, 696and by Hipponax of Ephesus, 546. IAMBLICHUS, a disciple of Porphyry, fl., 312-d. 329.

IAPYDES, an Illyrian tribe, kept in subjection by Octavius, B.C. 35. IBEG, first sultan of the Mamelukes in Egypt, 1250-d. 1260. See MAMELUKES. IBERI, a people of Spain, send an embassy to Alexander the Great at Babylon, B.C. 324. See CELTIBERIANS. IBERIA, a country between the Caspian and Euxine, conquered by the emperor Trajan, 115-submits to Diocletian, 298Christianity introduced, 328-conquered by Sapor II., 338-the Persians retire into, when driven out of Colchis by the Romans, 556-reconquered by Heraclius, 623. See GEORGIA. IBERUS. See EBRO. IBRAHIM, caliph of Arabia, deposed after a reign of three months, 744-again claims the caliphate, 746-goes on a pilgrimage to Mecca; made prisoner, and dies in captivity, 747.

IBRAHIM, youngest son of Achmed I., b. 1617-succeeds his brother, Amurath IV., as sultan of the Ottomans, 1640-his vizir, Mustafa, recovers Asof from the Russians, 1642-begins the long war with the Venetians, 1647. See CANDIA and CRETE.-Ibrahim deposed for his vices, and put to death, 1648. IBRAHIM, son of Mehemet Ali, b. 1789conducts a powerful expedition from Egypt against Greece, 1825-devastates the Morea, 1826-his progress arrested by the Mainotes; evacuates Greece, 1828 -is sent into Syria, 1831-takes St. Jean d'Acre, Damascus and Antioch; defeats the grand vizir at Konieh, and takes him prisoner, Dec. 21, 1832-threatens Constantinople; defeats the Turks at Nezib, June 24, 1839-is expelled from Syria by the allied powers, 1840-arrives in London, June 8, 1846-leaves London, July 15; succeeds his father as viceroy of Egypt, Sept. 1, 1848-d. Nov. 10. IBYCUS, the poet, fl., B.C. 539.

Masoud II., 1276-1297.
Alaeddin II., 1297-1307

ICONOCLASTS, breakers of images, a sect originated by the edict of the emperor Leo III. against kissing and adoring pictures in churches, 726. See IMAGES and IMAGE-WORSHIP.-Excommunicated by pope Gregory III., 732—all decrees against them annulled by the council of C.P., 815-gradually give way, and are finally anathematized by the eighth general council of C.P., 869.

ICTINUS, architect, fl. at Athens, B.C. 442. IDA, Mount, iron discovered in, B.C. 1406 (1407 H., 1283 C.)

ICARIUS, Olympic victor, B.C. 688. ICELAND, discovered by the Northmen, 860 -emigration of Ingulf to,870-Haco V., of Norway, acquires the sovereignty of, 1262 -desolated by an eruption of Hecla for nearly twelve months, 1784. ICENI, a British tribe, whose territories are now the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. See BRITAIN.

ICH DIEN, the motto of John of Luxemburg, k. of Bohemia. See EDWARD, the Black Prince.

ICONIUM, one of the first towns in which Paul and Barnabas preach after their mission from Antioch, and make many converts, 38-taken by Soliman, where

and builds Bam

Northumberland, borough, 547. IDACIUS. See IDATIUS. IDEI DACTYLI. See OLYMPIC GAMES. IDEUS, Olympic victor, B.C. 276. See NI

CATOR,

IDATIUS, Idathius or Idacíus, bp. of Emerita, causes the death of Priscillian, 385 -is banished for it, 389.

IDATIUS in his youth (407) notices events afterwards recorded in his Chronicle, (which begins from 379)-bp. of Lemica in Gallicia, 427-sent to implore the assistance of Aetius against the Suevi in Gallicia, 431-made prisoner by them; released after three months' captivity, 460-his Chronicle ends, 468.

IDEN, a Sussex gentleman, kills Jack Cade,

1450.

IDOLATERS. See BOHEMIA.

IDSTADT, battle of; the Danes gain a vic-
tory over the Holstein and Schleswig
army, July 26, 1850.

IDWAL, K. of the Welsh, son of Rotri Mawr,
defeated and slain by Edgar, 963.
IFFLAND, Aug. Wm., b. 1756-d. 1814.
IGLAU, treaty of, between Sigismund and
the Hussites, 1436.

IGNATIUS, bp. of Antioch, 70-brought be-
fore Trajan, sent to Rome, where he is
torn to pieces in the amphitheatre, 115.
IGNATIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, 846
--deposed by the emperor Michael III.,
857-he appeals to pope Nicholas I., who
sends legates to inquire into the appoint-
ment of Photius, 860-the pope deposes
Photius, and declares Ignatius patriarch,
863-restored, 867-the Bulgarians ac-
cept an archbp. from him, 870-he sends
a Greek patriarch to the Christians in
Russia, 876-d. 877.

IGOR I., son of Ruric, b. 865- succeeds

under the wardship of Oleg, 879-go-
verns as duke of Russia after the death
of Oleg, 913-attacks Constantinople,
but is repelled, 941-d. 945.

IGOR II., great duke of Russia, 1146.
ILAUPH, who had served under Belisarius,
joins Totila, and conquers Dalmatia, 549.
ILDEFONSO, palace of, founded by Philip
V. of Spain, 1737.

ILDEFONSO, bp. of Toledo, 657-holds the
council of Emerita (Merida), 666.
ILDEGARD, married to Charlemagne, 771-
d. April 30, 783.
ILDERIM. See BAJAZET I.

ILFORD, in Essex, skeleton of a mammoth
discovered at, 1824.

ILITURGIS, now Ubeda, near Cordova,
battle of; the Scipios defeat Hasdrubal,
B.C. 215.

ILLIBERIS, near Granada, in Spain, an early
bishopric. See COUNCILS and IMAGES.
ILLIBERIS, at the foot of the Pyrenees,
Hannibal marches through, B.C. 218-
rebuilt by Constantine the Great, and
named Helena, now Elne; his son, Con-
stans, overtaken at, in his flight from
Magnentius, and killed, Feb. 27, A.D. 350.
ILLINOIS becomes the 20th State of the
American Union, 1818.

ILLUMINATI, the Society of, founded at
Ingoldstadt by Weishaupt, 1776.
ILLUS, commands troops from C.P. against
Zeno, in Isauria, 476; declares in his
favour, and restores him to the throne,
477-consul of Rome, 478-sent against
Leontius, who had rebelled at Tarsus, and
assumes the purple himself, 484-defeats
and takes prisoner Longinus, the brother

of Zeno, 485---captured and put to death,

488.

ILLYRIA, Illyricum or Illyrium, the ancient
name of the country between the Adri-
atic, the Danube, and the Save; now
Dalmatia, Croatia and Bosnia. See
DALMATIA.-Unsuccessfully attacked by
Amyntas II., k. of Macedonia, B.C. 392-
its people defeated by Philip II., 359-
the Roman ambassadors, who protest
against their piracies, are murdered by
qu. Teuta; Rome commences the first
Illyrian war, 230-prescribes terms of
peace, to which they agree, 229-the se-
cond war successfully terminated by the
consul, L. Æmilius Paulus, 219. See
DEMETRIUS PHARIUS.-Their prince, Gen-
tius, overcome by another consul of the
same name, the conqueror of Macedon,
168-with ten commissioners he organ-
izes Illyria as a Roman province, 167-
invaded by the Teutones and Cimbri,
113-placed with Gaul under the com-
mand of Julius Cæsar, 59--Plutarch ap-
pointed governor by Trajan, A.D. 105-
revolt of Ingenuus, 260-assigned with
Thrace to Constantius Chlorus, 292-ra-
vaged by the Quadi and Sarmatæ, 374--
divided between the emperors, Gratian
and Theodosius I., 379-between Arca-
dius and Honorius, 395-Alaric made
master-general of the eastern division,
398-the whole re-united to the empire
of the East by Theodosius II., 425-in-
vaded by the Sclavonians, 547-they are
expelled, 550. See DALMATIA and HUN-

GARY.

ILUS, K. of Troy, B.C. 1314 (1283 C.)
IMAD AL DOULAH establishes the Bowides
in Persia, 933.

IMAGES introduced into Christian churches
before 300-censured by the council of
Illiberis, 305-prohibited by the caliph
Yezid II., 722. See IMAGE WORSHIP
and ICONOCLASTS.-Removed from the
churches in England, 1548-and by the
emperor Joseph II. in his dominions,
1781.

IMAGE-WORSHIP disclaimed by Gregory I.:
but images and pictures allowed by him
as vehicles of instruction, 598-the wor-
ship of them prevails in the West after
his death, 606-prohibited by the em-
peror Leo III., 726-violent tumults
throughout Italy in its favour, 728-for-
bidden in a second edict under severe
penalties; defended by John of Damas-
cus, 730-condemned by the emperor
Constantine Copronymus, but upheld by
pope Zachary, 743-suppressed by the
council of Constantinople, 754-supported
by that of Rome, 769-opposed by the
emperor Leo IV., but favoured by the

empress Irene, 775-restored by her,
when regent, 780-established by the
seventh general council at Nice, 787-
condemned by Charlemagne, 790-and
by a council at Francfort on the Maine,
794-maintained against them by pope
Hadrian I., 800-resisted by the empe-
ror Leo V., 814-and by Agobard, arch-
bishop of Lyons, 816-disapproved by
the emperor Michael II., but he endea-
vours to appease discord, 820-discussion
renewed, 824-image-worship rejected
by the council of Paris, and the whole
Gallican church, 825-by the emperor
Theophilus, 830-and by Claude, hp. of
Turin, 831-restored by the empress
Theodora, 842-defended by Jonas, bp.
of Orleans, till his death, 843-gradually
adopted in France, and prevails univer-
sally, 850-till the Reformation, when
it is first abolished by Zuinglius at Zü-
rich, 1525. See IMAGES.

IMBROS, an island of the Ægean, conquered
by Darius, B.C. 505.
IMPERATOR, a title at first denoting com-
mander-in-chief, given to Scipio Afri-
canus the elder by his army, after his
victory in Spain, B.C. 207-given to Oc-
tavius, as chief of the State, by the se-
nate, 27.

IMPEY, Elijah, appointed chief justice of
the new court of judicature in Bengal,|
March 22, 1774.

IMPORTUNUS, consul of Rome, 509.
INA, k. of Wessex, son of Cenred, a de-
scendant of Ceawlin, the third king, suc-
ceeds Cædwalla, 688-gives a code of
laws to the West Saxons, 696-receives
from the men of Kent a legal compen-
sation in money for the death of Mul, 694
-defeats the British chieftain, Geraint,
710-at war with Ceolred, k. of Mercia,
715-founds the minster of Glastonbury,
718-defeats an attempt of Ealdbert to
restore the kingdom of Sussex, 722-de-
feats and slays Ealdbert, 725-resigns
the crown and goes to Rome, where he
endows an Anglo-Saxon school, 728, and d.
INACHUS, K. of Argos, B.c. 1856 (1803 C.)
INARUS. See EGYPT, B.C. 460.
INAUGURATION of the consuls of Rome, at
first on the Ides of December (Dec. 13),
on the calends of October (Oct. 1), B.C.
401 on the calends of Quinctilis (July 1),
391-in May and June during the first
Punic war, 264-241 on the Ides of
March (15 March) during the second,
218-201-altered on account of the Spa-
nish war to the calends of January (Jan.
1), 153-where it finally remains fixed.
INCENDIARY FIRES. See FIRES.
INCHBALD, Mrs., b. 1757-d. 1821.
INCLEDON, Charles, the vocalist, d. 1826.

IN CENA DOMINI.

See BULL.-Renewed

by pope Pius V., 1568.
INCOME-TAX introduced, Dec. 4, 1798-re-
pealed, April 5, 1802. See COMMONS,
House of.-Renewed under the name of
property-tax, June 13, 1803-increased
to 10 per cent., 1806-repealed, Mar. 19,
1816-revived by sir R. Peel (Act 4 & 5
Victoria, c. 35), 1842-again renewed,
Feb. 14, 1845-increase proposed, Feb.
18; abandoned, Feb. 28; continued for
three years longer, 1848-granted for
one year only instead of three, May 2,
1851-continued to 1860, and extended to
Ireland, June 27, 1853-doubled, in con-
sequence of the war, 1854-reduced, 1856.
INCUMBERED ESTATES. See ENCUMBERED
ESTATES.

INDEMNITY, Act of, for the advisers of the
embargo on the exportation of corn, Dec.
16, 1766-for the proceedings under the
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act,
Apr. 10, 1801; and Mar. 10, 1818 - for
infringement of the Currency Laws, 1848,
1857.

INDEPENDENTS, a sect which claims for each
congregation the right of self-govern-
ment, arise in England, 1581-in Holland,
1610-send missionaries to America, 1621
-prevail over the Presbyterians in the
parliament, and rule the army, 1647-
their ministers, with other non-conform-
ists, ejected under the Act of Uniform-
ity, 1662-found churches in Scotland,

1797.

INDERAWOOD (Deirwald, or Beverley), St.
John of. See JOHN of Beverley, bp. of
York.

INDEX EXPURGATORIUS, a list of books pro-
hibited by the Council of Trent, pro-
mulgated, 1559-suppressed in Portugal,
1768.

INDIA, the religion of Buddha introduced
into, B.C. 956-invaded by Alexander, and
Porus defeated, 327--Alexander having
built ships, descends to the mouth of the
Indus, and returns overland to Carma-
nia, 326-the provinces which he had
conquered are incited by Sandrocottus to
expel the Macedonians, and regain their
freedom, 319-Seleucus Nicator makes an
ineffectual attempt to recover them, and
sends Megasthenes to conclude a treaty
of amity, 305-Menander, k. of Bactria,
extends his dominions in India, 206-the
trade with Rome, by way of Alexandria,
regulated by Augustus, 30-embassy to
Constantine the Great, A.D. 334-to Con-
stantius II., arrives after his death, and
is received by the emperor Julian, 362.

Catibah extends the Mohammedan con-
quests into the valley of the Indus, 707
-Alfred the Great employs Sighelm and

FF

INDIA-continued.

Athelstan on a mission to the Christian church in India, whence they bring back oriental gems and aromatics, 883 -invasion and conquest by Mahmud the Gaznevide, 999. See GAZNAH.-Dschingis khan drives Gelaleddin over the Indus, and withdraws, without attempting to cross the river, 1222-invasion of Timour; Delhi taken, 1399-Mogul governors replaced by the Afghan dynasty of Behlol Lodi, 1450-mission from Portugal by Henry of Viseu, 1461. See CoVILHAM, Peter.-The Portuguese empire founded, 1498. See GAMA, Vasco de.Conquests of Baber, 1519-24-Great Mogul empire founded, 1526-Jesuits introduced into the Portuguese settlements, 1542. See JESUITS.-Jelaleddin Akbar extends the Mogul empire, 15561605 trade with England first opened by captain Lancaster, 1591-East India Company formed, 1600. See EAST INDIA COMPANY, English.

The Dutch attack the Portuguese settlements, and found their East India Company, 1595. See DUTCH.-British factory at Surat, 1612 - first voyage of the Danes, 1618-Shahjehan, great mogul, 1627-58- Madras and Fort St. George built by the British, 1640-- and Hoogley, on the Ganges, 1656-Aurungzebe, great mogul, 1658-1707- Bombay acquired by the British, 1662--the Mahrattas take Surat and overrun the Deccan, 1668-72-the French found Pondicherry, 1679 Fort William, or Calcutta, the British Presidency, 1700decline of the Mogul empire, 1705Nadir Shah, sultan of Persia, invades India, and takes Delhi, 1739-first hosti lities between the British and French, 1744-Boscawen fails in his attack on Pondicherry, 1748 intrigues of the French gov., Dupleix, with the native powers, 1750-Clive's first victory, 1751. See CLIVE, Robert.-Calcutta taken by Al Dowlah, 1756. See CALCUTTA, and DOWLAH, AI.

Kingdom of Mysore founded, 1760. See HYDER ALI.-Progress of the British; Patna taken, 1763 battle of Buxar; defeat of the nabob of Oude by col. Munro, Oct. 22, 1764 - treaty of Allahabad, 1765. See ALLAHABAD, and BENGAL.- Unsettled state of affairs after lord Clive's departure; alliance with the Mahrattas, and war with Hyder Ali, 1767. See HYDER ALI. -Parliamentary investigation, and Acts passed to regulate the government; Warren Hastings governor-general, 1772 -1773. See HASTINGS, Warren.-Lord

--

Pigot governor of Madras, 1775. See PIGOT, lord.-Pondicherry taken, Oct. 11, 1778 war with Hyder Ali's son, Tippoo Saib, 1782-Bills for the government of India discussed, 1783-Board of Control established, 1784. See COMMONS, House of.-Earl Cornwallis governorgeneral, 1786. See CORNWALLIS.-Peace with Tippoo, 1792-sir John Shore governor-general; civil and criminal courts of justice established; Pondicherry again taken, 1793-Ceylon conquered, 1795-lord Wellesley governorgeneral, 1798-war renewed by Tippoo; he is slain in the storming of Seringapatam, and Mysore added to the British dominions, 1799.

Mahratta war; sir Arthur Wellesley takes Poonah, and gains the victory of Assaye; Agra and Delhi surrender to gen. Lake; the great mogul, Shah Alim II., pensioned by the E. I. Company, and his empire at an end, 1803 -war with Holkar. See HOLKAR. Marquis Cornwallis governor - general again; d. two months after his arrival; sir Geo. Barlow administers, 1805-mutiny of sepoys at Vellore, July 10, 1806lord Minto gov.-gen., 1807-new charter, 1813. See EAST INDIA COMPANY.-Lord Moira, afterwards marquis of Hastings, gov.-gen., 1813-bishopric erected, 1814. See CALCUTTA, and MIDDLETON, Thos. Fanshawe. Candy, in Ceylon, taken, 1815-Pindaree and Mahratta wars, 1817 -Holkar defeated, the Mahratta power broken, and peace concluded, 1818 thanks of parliament voted to the marquis of Hastings and the Indian army, Mar. 23, 1819-lord Amherst gov.-gen., 1823 war with the Burmese empire, 1824. See BURMESE WAR.-Revolt of Bhurtpore, 1825. See BHURTPORE.-The Sikhs powerful in the Punjaub, under Runjeet Singh, 1826-lord Wm. Bentinck gov.gen., 1828 Suttees abolished, 1829new charter, 1833. See EAST INDIA COMPANY.

Natives admitted to be magistrates, 1834-lord Auckland appointed gov.-gen., 1835-war in Afghanistan, 1838. See CABUL, CANDAHAR, GUZNEE, АКВАВ KHAN, and DOST MAHOMET.-Lord Ellenborough appointed gov.-gen., 1841. See ELLENBOROUGH, lord Edward.-War with the Ameers of Scinde; Hydrabad and Gualior taken, 1843-Scinde annexed to the British dominions; sir Henry, afterwards lord, Hardinge, appointed gov. gen., 1844 Sikh war, 1845. See SIKHS, SUTLEJ, FEROZESHAH, ALIWAL, SOBRAON, LAHORE, MOODKEE, MOOLRAJ, MOOLTAN, GOUGH, lord, SHERE SINGH,