three excommunicate each other; he excommunicates Ladislas, king of Naples, 1411-makes peace with him, 1412-is driven by him from Rome; retires to Florence, and Bologna; holds a conference with Sigismund at Lodi, and agrees to call a general council at Constance, 1413-Ladislas threatens to besiege him in Bologna; opens the council of Constance, Nov. 5; his two rivals refuse to appear in person, but send their representatives, 1414 he resigns the papacy; revokes his resignation; is deposed by the council of Constance, and imprisoned for the rest of his life; at last he formally submits, 1415-he escapes, is pardoned, and d. Dec. 12, 1419. JOHN THE BAPTIST, preaches in Judæa, 26 -imprisoned by Herod Antipas, 28-beheaded, 29. JOHN, the Apostle, b. 8-banished to Patmos, 95-recalled, 97-writes his Gospel, 98 d. at Ephesus, 100. JOHN, called St. John, of Inderawood (Deirwald or Beverley), bp. of York, 689ordains Bede a deacon, 692. JOHN, the prætorian prefect, sent by the emperor Leontius to Africa, retakes Carthage from Hassan, 697. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM. See CHRYSOSTOM, John. JOHN, youngest son of Charles IV., empe ror of Germany, at his father's death inherits Lusatia, 1378. JOHN, son of Regnier of Anjou, attempts to obtain the throne of Naples, 1459-defeated at Troja, Aug. 18, 1462. See ANJOU. JOHN, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, b. 1475created a cardinal, 1489-papal legate, taken prisoner by the French at the battle of Ravenna, escapes from his guards, 1512-elected pope. See LEO X. JOHN, prince of Aragon, son of Alfonso IV., put to death by his cousin, Peter the Cruel, k. of Castile, 1358. JOHN I., duke of Athens, son of Guy I. de la Roche, succeeds his father, 1264-d. 1275. JOHN II., duke of Athens, youngest son of Erederic II., k. of Sicily, succeeds his brother, William, 1338-d. 1348. JOHN of Austria, an illegitimate son of the emperor Charles V., b. 1545-suppresses a revolt of the Moors in Spain, 1570commands the allied fleets and defeats the Turks in the Gulf of Lepanto, Oct. 7, 1571-commands a Spanish expedition, which takes Tunis, 1573-viceroy of the Netherlands. See ANTWERP.-Vainly attempts to negotiate with the revolted provinces, 1576-seizes Namur, 1577repulsed by the English auxiliaries, under Norris, at Rimenant; he gains a victory at Gemblours; d. 1578. JOHN of Austria, a natural son of Philip IV., k. of Spain, b. 1629-by his oppression causes a rebellion in Naples, 1647takes Barcelona, Oct. 13, and suppresses the revolt of Catalonia, 1652-invades Portugal, 1661-takes Evora; his advance to Lisbon is arrested by a defeat from count Schomberg at Estremoz, 1663-expels the Jesuit Nithard from Spain, 1669-minister in Spain, vainly endeavours to reform the system of government, 1677-d. Dec. 17, 1679. JOHN, archduke of Austria, son of the emperor Leopold II., b. 1782. See AusTRIA, John, archduke of, and FRANCFORTON-THE-MAIN. JOHN I., duke of Bavaria, 1375—1397. JOHN II., duke of Bavaria, 1460—1465. JOHN, duke of Bedford. See BEDFORD, John, duke of, and HENRY VI., king of England. JOHN I., duke of Brabant, 1261-1294. JOHN II., duke of Brabant, 1294-institutes the Society of Merchant Adventurers, 1296-d. 1312. JOHN III., duke of Brabant, 1312-1355. JOHN IV., duke of Brabant, 1415-marries Jaqueline, countess of Holland and Hainault, 1418. See JAQUELINE. Attends with her, as members of the Burgundian family, the meeting at Montereau, where John, duke of Burgundy, is assassinated, 1419 d. 1429. See BRABANT. JOHN, duke of Braganza. See JOHN IV, k. of Portugal. JOHN I., elector of Brandenburg, 1221–1266. JOHN II., elector of Brandenburg, 1266— 1282. JOHN, the Alchymist, eldest son of Frederic I., gives up his right of succession to his brother, Frederic II., 1420, and d. 1464. JOHN III. Cicero, margrave and elector of Brandenburg, son of Albert III. Achilles, 1499-1535. JOHN IV. George, elector of Brandenburg, son of Joachim II., 1571-1588. JOHN V. Sigismund, elector of Brandenburg, succeeds his father, Joachim Frederic, 1608-inherits Prussia, 1618-d. 1619. See JOHN VI., JOHN, prince of Brazil. k. of Portugal. JOHN I., the Red, duke of Britanny, 12371286. JOHN II., duke of Britanny, 1286-1305, JOHN III., the Good, duke of Britanny, 1312 -1341. JoHN IV. De Montfort, claimant, 1341. See BRETAGNE, and MONTFORT, John De. JOHN V., De Montfort, duke of Britanny, 1364-marries Mary, daughter of Edward III., k. of England, and afterwards Joanna, daughter of Charles II., king of Navarre, 1386-d. 1399. See BRETAGNE. JOHN VI., duke of Britanny, succeeds his father, John V., under the regency of his mother, Joanna, 1399-accedes to the treaty of Troyes with Henry V., king of England, 1420-withdraws from the alliance with England, 1425-John, duke of Bedford, forces him to break off his alliance with France. 1426-d. 1442. JOHN, the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, 1404-1419. See BURGUNDY. JOHN of Cappadocia, prætorian prefect to Justinian I., oppresses the East by his rapacity, 533-banished and becomes a priest, 541-returns to Constantinople, but is not restored to his office, 548. JOHN of Corvey, abbot of Athelney, 901. JOHN of Damascus, surnamed Chrysorrhoas, writes against the emperor, Leo III., and the Iconoclasts, and cultivates the philosophy of Aristotle, 730. JOHN GASTON, grand duke of Tuscany. See GIOVANNI GASTONE. JOHN of Gaunt. See LANCASTER, John of Gaunt, duke of. JOHN I., Count of Holland, 1296–1299. JOHN D'AVESNES, count of Hainault, 1280, succeeds as JOHN II., Count of Holland, 1299-and JOHN I., duke of Lorraine, 1346-1391. See JOHN, lord of Milan. See VISCONTE. VISCONTE. JOHN I., marquis of Montferrat, 1292-1305. JOHN II., Palæologus, marquis of Montferrat, 1338-1372. JOHN III., marquis of Montferrat, 13781381. JOHN IV., James, marquis of Montferrat, 1418-1445. JOHN V., marquis of Montferrat, 1445-1464. JOHN VI., George, marquis of Montferrat, 1530-1533. See MONTFERRAT and GONZAGA, Frederic II. JOHN of Padua, architect of Somerset House, for the protector Somerset, 1549. JOHN WILLIAM, elector Palatine, 1690-1716. JOHN, duke of Randazzo, regent for Louis, son of Peter II., of Sicily, successfully defends the island, 1342. JOHN, elector of Saxony, second son of Ernest, succeeds his brother, Frederic III., and assists the Reformation, 1525 enters into the League of Torgau, 1526— joins that of Schmalkalden, 1531-d. 1532. JOHN FREDERIC, elector of Saxony, succeeds his father, John, 1532-renews the league of Schmalkalden, 1536-put to the ban of the empire, 1546-made prisoner, and deprived of his States, 1547 -allowed to retain Thuringen, 1548founds the ducal house of Saxe Weimar; d. 1554. JOHN WILLIAM, duke of Saxe Weimar, son of John Frederic, 1554–1573. JOHN, duke of Saxe Weimar, son of John William, 1573-1605. JOHN ERNEST I., duke of Saxe Weimar, son of John, 1605-1626. JOHN ERNEST II., duke of Saxe Weimar, son of William, 1662-1683. JOHN ERNEST, duke of Saalfeld Coburg, seventh son of Ernest I., of Saxe Gotha, 1675-1729. JOHN GEORGE I., elector of Saxony, of the Albertine line, second son of Christian I., succeeds his brother, Christian II., 1611-in the Thirty Years' War espouses the cause of the emperor Ferdinand II., 1619-refuses to give up church lands, 1629-joins the Protestant alliance and carries his arms into Bohemia, 1631peace of Prague between him and the emperor, 1635-head of the Corpus Evangelicorum, 1653-d. 1656. JOHN GEORGE II., elector of Saxony, son of John George I., 1656-1680. JOHN GEORGE III., elector of Saxony, son of John George II., 1680-1691. JOHN GEORGE IV., elector of Saxony, son of John George III., 1691-1694. JOHN, prince of Spain, only son of Ferdinand and Isabella, b. 1478-marries Margaret, daughter of the emperor Maximilian, April, 1497-d. Oct. JOHN SIGISMUND, of Transylvania. See ZAPOLYA, John Sigismund von. JOHN WILLIAM, prince of Orange Nassau, hereditary statholder of Friesland, 1702 -accidentally drowned, July 14, 1711. JOHN FREDERIC, duke of Wirtemberg, 1608-1623. JOHN VON ZAPOLYA. See ZAPOLYA, John von. JOHN I, to V. See ALEXANDRIA, bishops of, 31, 34, 35, 43, and 46. JOHN I. and II. See ANTIOCH, bishops of, 40 and 48. JOHN I., bp. of Constantinople. See CHRYSOSTOM, John. JOHN II. and III. See CONSTANTINOPLE, bishops of, 25 and 30. JOHN IV., bp. of Constantinople, 582-as sumes the title of "Ecumenical bp.," | JOHN V. and VI. See CONSTANTINOPLE, JOHN VIII. to XIV. See CONSTANTINOPLE, 117. JOHN'S, ST., College. See CAMBRIDGE. JOHNSON, general, commands the expedi- JOHNSON, captain, in the "Enterprise," JOHNSTON, or St. John's Town, battle of; JOINVILLE, John de, writes his Memoirs of JONATHAN I., obtains the high-priesthood JONATHAN II., brother of Judas Macea- JONES, col., defeats the royal army at JONES, answers the king's (Charles II.) de- JONES, Paul, b. 1742—with an American JONES, Valentine, convicted of frauds in his public office, May 26, 1809. JONES, Sir William, b. 1746-d. at Calcutta, JONKÖPING, treaty of, between Denmark JORAM, K. of Israel, succeeds his brother, JORDANES, consul of Rome, 470. JORTIN, Dr. John, b. 1698-d. 1770. JOSEPH I., emperor of Germany, son of JOSEPH II., emperor of Germany, son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa, b. March 13, 1741-elected k. of the Romans, 1764 --and emperor, on his father's death, 1765-made co-regent of the hereditary States by his mother; opposes the designs of Russia on Moldavia and Wallachia. 1771-concurs in the first partition of Poland, 1772-resisted by the nobles of Bohemia and Moravia in his endeavours to relieve the peasantry from the burdens of road-labour, 1775-visits Paris, 1777-claims some portion of Bavaria, and is resisted by the k. of Prussia, 1778-obtains a part by the treaty of Teschen, May 13, 1779-meets the empress Katharine of Russia at Mohilow, and, by his mother's death, becomes full sovereign of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and the other hereditary States, 1780abolishes serfdom, gives his subjects religious liberty, suppresses many monasteries and reforms the rest; restricts the papal power, and forbids the publication of Bulls in his dominions without his sanction; joins the Armed Neutrality, 1781-is visited by pope Pius VI. to divert him from his plans; perseveres in his reforms; founds new schools, and encourages industry, 1782-forms a design of reopening the Scheldt, which is opposed by Prussia, Sweden, and Holland, 1784 endeavours, by treaty, to obtain Bavaria in exchange for Belgium, but this is defeated by Prussia and other States, 1785-deprives the papal nuncios of all authority in Germany; gives a new code of laws to his subjects, in which the punishment of death is almost abrogated, and orders the German language to be used instead of Latin in the services of the church, 1786-his innovations in Belgium are opposed by the States of Brabant, and he is obliged to revoke them, 1787-meets the empress Katharine at Kherson: forms with her an alliance against Turkey; again quarrels with his Belgian subjects, offends the Hungarians, and is unsuccessful against the Turks, 1788-conciliates the Hungarians, but maintains his edicts for religious toleration and the abolition of vassalage, 1789-d. Feb. 20, 1790. JOSEPH EMANUEL, King of Portugal, son of John V., b. 1714-succeeds his father, 1750-great earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 1, 1755-ministry of Carvalho, marquis of Pombal. See POMBAL.-The Jesuits banished from court, 1757-plot to assassinate the k.; the duke of Aveiro beheaded, 1758-Jesuits expelled from Portugal, 1759-the interference of pope Clement XIII. in their favour resisted, 1760 -war with Spain; reformation of the army, and defence of Portugal, by the count de Lippe and English officers, 1762 -peace concluded, 1763 Joseph Emanuel d. Feb. 24, 1777. JOSEPH NAPOLEON, K. of Naples, 1806-of Spain, 1808. See BONAPARTE, Joseph. JOSEPH FRANCIS OSCAR, K. of Sweden, son of Charles John, b. July 4, 1799-marries Josephine Maximiliana Augusta, daughter of the duke of Leuchtenberg, 1823-succeeds his father on the throne, 1844. JOSEPH FERDINAND, son of Maximilian, elector of Bavaria, b. 1692-and destined heir of the crown of Spain, d. Feb. 6, 1699. JOSEPH, duke of Guastalla, 1729-1746. See GONZAGA, Joseph. JOSEPH I. and II. See CONSTANTINOPLE, bps. of, 108 and 127. JOSEPH, Father, the counsellor and agent of Richelieu, d. 1638. JOSEPHINE TASCHER, b. 1763 — widow of viscount Beauharnais, marries Napoleon Bonaparte, March 8, 1796-crowned empress of France, Dec. 2, 1804-divorced by him, Dec. 16, 1809-d. May 29, 1814. JoSEPHUS, the historian, b. 38-visits Rome, 64-surrenders Jotapata to Vespasian, 67-set at liberty, and favoured by Titus, 70-completes his Ant. Jud., and d. soon after, 93. JOSHUA, leader of the Israelites, B.C. 1451 (1608 H.,1485 C.)-d. 1626 (1583 H., 1560 C.) See ISRAELITES. JOSIAH, king of Judah, B.C. 612–609. JOUBERT, French gen., b. 1769-commands in Italy; defeated and killed at Novi, Aug. 15, 1799. JOURDAN, French gen., b. 1762-defeats the prince of Coburg at Wattignies, Oct. 15, 1793-defeats the allies at Fleurus, June 26, 1794-is defeated by Clairfait, at Höchst, Oct. 11, 1795-and at Mentz, Oct. 29; is defeated by the archduke Charles at Würzburg, and falls back on the Lahn, Sept. 3, 1796-crosses the Rhine, March 4, 1799-is defeated by the archduke Charles at Stockach, and driven back to the Rhine, March 22marshal and peer of France; totally routed by Wellington, at Vittoria, retreats to the Pyrenees, 1813-d. 1833. JOURNAL DES SAVANS, at Paris, commenced, 1665. JOURNALS of the House of Commons, begin to be regularly kept, 1607-a leaf torn out by James I., 1621-the reso- | lution against Wilkes and the Middlesex election erased, May 6, 1782-Cobbett's motion on the currency expunged, May 16, 1833. JOURNALS of the House of Lords, ordered to be printed, 1767. JOVIAN, b. 330-elected, by the generals of the army, emperor of Rome after the death of Julian; makes an ignominious peace with Persia, and retreats, 363allows equal freedom to all religious sects, 363-consul of Rome; d. at Dadastana on his way to Constantinople, Feb. 17, 364. JOVIANS, the guards of Diocletian, 290attend Julian to Persia, 363-support the usurper, Procopius, 366. JOVINIAN, accused of heresy by Jerome ; is scourged and banished, 393. JOVINUS, Valens, a general, serving under Valentinian, defeats the Allemanni, 366 -consul of Rome, 367. JOVINUS revolts at Mentz, 411-conquered by Adolphus, and executed, 413. JOVIUS, Paul, the historian, b. 1483-d. 1552. JOYEUSE, the duke de, commanding the army of Henry III. against the Huguenots, is defeated by Henry of Navarre, at Coutras, Oct. 20, 1587-submits to Henry IV., 1596. JUAN, Don, son of Alfonso X., rebels against his brother, Sancho IV., king of Castile. and with an army of Merines from Africa besieges Tarifa; the place is defended by Don Guzman, 1294-leagues against his young nephew, Ferdinand IV., 1296-slain in an invasion of Granada, 1319. JUAN LARA. See LARA, Juan. JUBA, son of the Numidian king, is taken JUBILEE, the Shakspear, at Stratford on Avon, Sept. 6, 1769. JUBILEE in England at the commencement of the 50th year of the reign of George III., Oct. 25, 1809, in the Parks, to celebrate the victorious close of the long war, Aug. 1, 1814. JUDEA. See JEWS. JUDAH, kingdom of; Rehoboam, son of Solomon, rejects the stipulations proposed by the elders of the Israelites; ten of the tribes disclaim him, and choose Jeroboam for their king See ISRAEL.— Judah and Benjamin alone remain faithful to Rehoboam, and form the kingdom of Judah, B.C. 975. KINGS OF JUDAH. (Dates according to Clinton.) Rehoboam, 975-attacked by Shishak, k. of Egypt, and the temple plundered, 972-d, 959. Abijah, his son, 959-956. Asa, son of Abijah, 956-defeats Zerah, k. of Cush, 942-leagues with Benhadad I., k. of Syria, 940-d. 915. Jehoshaphat, son of Asa, 915-alliance with Ahab, k. of Israel, and unsuccessful war against Benhadad, 898-against the Moabites, 894-d. 891. Jehoram, his son, 891-marries Athaliah, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel; permits idolatry; d. 886. Ahaziah, son of Jehoram, 886-unfortunate in his war against Hazael, k. of Syria, 885-killed by Jehu, 884. Athaliah, murders the children of Ahaziah, and usurps the throne, 884-put to death, 877. Joash, son of Ahaziah, saved while an infant from the massacre of the family, 884-proclaimed k. by the high priest Jehoiada, 877-tolerates the worship of Baal; is defeated by Hazael, and slain by his own people, 837. Amaziah, his son, b. 866-inherits the throne, 837-killed by a conspiracy at Lachish, 808. Uzziah, son of Amaziah, b. 824 — succeeds, 808-invasion of Pul, the Assyrian, 759-d. 756. Jotham, son of Uzziah, b. 781-some time regent for his father; succeeds him, 756-d. 741. Ahaz, his son, b. 766-k. 741-siege of Jerusalem by Pekah, k. of Israel, and Rezin, k. of Syria, 740-d. 726. Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, b. 750-succeeds, 726-invasion of Sennacherib 713-d. 697. Manasseh, his son, b. 709-k. 697-led captive to Babylon, 675-restored to his kingdom, abolishes idolatry, and governs well, with the advice of Eliakim—d. 642. |