THE INTRODUCTION, I.-IV. The character of Catiline, V. Virtues of the ancient Romans, VI.—IX. Degeneracy of their posterity, X.-XIII. Catiline's associates and supporters, and the arts by which he collected them, XIV. His crimes and wretchedness, XV. His tuition of his accomplices, and resolu⚫ tion to subvert the government, XVI. His convocation of the conspirators, and their names, XVII. His concern in a former conspiracy, XVIII., XIX. Speech to the conspirators, XX. His promises to them, XXI. His supposed ceremony to unite them, XXII. His designs discovered by Fulvia, XXIII. His alarm on the election of Cicero to the consulship, and his design in engaging women in his cause, XXIV. His accomplice, Sempronia, characterised, XXV. His ambition of the consulship, his plot to assassinate Cicero, and his disappointment in both, XXVI. His mission of Manlius into Etruria, and his second convention of the conspirators, XXVII. His second attempt to kill Cicero; his directions to Manlius well observed, XXVIII.. His machinations induce the Senate to confer extraordinary power on the consuls, XXIX. His proceedings are opposed by various precautions, XXX. His effrontery in the Senate, XXXI. He sets out for Etruria, XXXII. His accomplice, Manlius, sends a deputation to Marcius, XXXIII. His representations to various respectable characters, XXXIV. His letter to Catulus, XXXV. His arrival at Manlius's camp; he is declared an enemy by the Senate; his adherents continue faithful and resolute, XXXVI. The discontent and disaffection of the populace in Rome, XXXVII. The old contentions between the patricians and plebeians, XXXVIII. The effect which a victory of Catiline would have produced, XXXIX. The Allobroges are solicited to engage in the con spiracy, XL. They discover it to Cicero, XLI. The incaution of Catiline's accomplices in Gaul and Italy, XLII. The plans of his adherents at Rome, XLIII. The Allobroges succeed in obtaining proofs of the conspirators' guilt, XLIV. The Allobroges and Volturcius are arrested by the contrivance of Cicero, XLV. The principal conspirators at Rome are brought before the Senate, XLVI. The evidence against them, and their consignment to custody, XLVII. The alteration in the minds of the populace, and the suspicions entertained against Crassus, XLVIII. The attempts of Catulus and Piso to criminate Cæsar, XLIX. The plans of Lentulus and Cethegus for their rescue, and the deliberations of the Senate, L. The speech of Cæsar on the mode of punishing the conspirators, LI. The speech of Cato on the same subject, LIL The condemnation of the prisoners; the causes of Roman great a # B ness, LIII. The execution of the criminals, LV. Catiline's warlike preparations in Etruria, LVI. He is compelled by Metellus and Antonius to hazard an action, LVII. His exhortation to his men, LVIII. His arrangements, and those of his opponents, for the battle, LIX. His bravery, defeat, and death, LX., LXI. Parallel between Cæsar and Cato, LIV. I..IT becomes all men, who desire to excel other animals1, to strive to the utmost of their power, not to pass through life mobscurity, like the beasts of the field, which nature has formed grovelling and subservient to appetite. 1 I. Desire to excel other animals] Sese student præstare cæteris animalibus. The pronoun, which was usually omitted, is, says Cortius, not without its force; for it is equivalent to ut ipsi: student ut ipsi præstent. In support of his opinion he quotes, with other passages, Plaut. Asinar. i., 3, 31: Vult placere sese amicæ, i. e. vult ut ipse amicæ placeat; and Cœlius Antipater apud Festum in "" "Topper:" Ita uti sese quisque vobis studeat æmulari, i. e. studeat ut ipse æmuletur. This explanation is approved by Bernouf. Cortius might have added Cat. 7: sese quisque hostem ferire-properabat. "Student," Cortius interprets by "cupiunt." 2 To the utmost of their power] Summâ ope, with their utmost ability. "A Sallustian mode of expression. Cicero would have said summâ operâ, summʊ studio, summâ contentione. Ennius has 'Summa nituntur opum vi.' Colerus. 3 In obscurity] Silentio. So as to have nothing said of them, either during their lives or at their death. So in c. 2: Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta æstumo, quoniam de utrâque siletur. When Ovid says, Bene qui latuit, bene vixit, and Horace, Nec vixit malè, qui vivens moriensque fefellit, they merely signify that he has some comfort in life, who, in ignoble obscurity, escapes trouble and censure. But men thus undistinguished are, in the estimation of Sallust, little superior to the brute creation. "Optimus quisque," says Muretus, quoting Cicero, "honoris et gloriæ studio maximè ducitur;" the ablest men are most actuated by the desire of honour and glory, and are more solicitous about the character which they will bear among posterity. With reason, therefore, does Pallas, in the Odyssey, address the following exhortation to Telemachus: "Hast thou not heard how young Orestes, fir'd With great revenge, immortal praise acquir'd? 4 Like the beasts of the field] Veluti pecora. Many translators have rendered pecora "brutes" or "beasts ;" pecus, however, does not mean brutes in general, but answers to our English word cattle. 5 Grovelling Prona. I have adopted grovelling from Mair's old translation. Al our power is situate in the mind and in the body1. Of the mind we rather employ the government2; of the body, Pronus, stooping to the earth, is applied to cattle, in opposition to erectus, which is applied to man; as in the following lines of Ovid, Met. i., 76: "Pronaque cum spectent animalia cætera terram, 66 Os homini sublime dedit, cœlumque tueri Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus." while the mute creation downward bend Dryden. Which Milton (Par. L. vii., 502) has paraphrased: So Silius Italicus, xv., 84: "Nonne vides hominum ut celsos ad sidera vultus Cùm pecudes, volucrumque genus, formasque ferarum, "See'st thou not how the Deity has rais'd The countenance of man erect to heav'n, Th' inferior tribes, reptiles, and pasturing herds, And beasts of prey, to appetite enslav'd?" "When Nature," says Cicero de Legg. i., 9, "had made other animals abject, and consigned them to the pastures, she made man alone upright, and raised him to the contemplation of heaven, as of his birthplace and former abode;" a passage which Dryden seems to have had in his mind when he translated the lines of Ovid cited above. Let us add Juvenal, xv., 146: "Sensum à cœlesti demissum traximus arce, Cujus egent prona et terram spectantia." "To us is reason giv'n, of heav'nly birth, Denied to beasts, that prone regard the earth." 1 All our power is situate in the mind and in the body] Sed omnis nostra vis in animo et corpore sita. All our power is placed, or consists, in our mind and our body. The particle sed, which is merely a connective, answering to the Greek dé, and which would be useless in an English translation, I have omitted. 2 Of the mind we-employ the government] Animi imperio-utimur. “What the Deity is in the universe, the mind is in man; what matter is to the universe, the body is to us; let the worse, therefore, serve the better."-Sen. Epist. lxv. the service1. The one is common to us with the gods; the other with the brutes. It appears to me, therefore, more reasonable to pursue glory by means of the intellect than of bodily strength, and, since the life which we enjoy is short, to make the remembrance of us as lasting as possible. For the glory of wealth and beauty is fleeting and perishable; that of intellectual power is illustrious and immortal3. Yet it was long a subject of dispute among mankind, Dux et imperator vitæ mortalium animus est, the mind is the guide and ruler of the life of mortals.-Jug. c. 1. "An animal consists of mind and body, of which the one is formed by nature to rule, and the other to obey."—Aristot. Polit. i., 5. Muretus and Graswinckel will supply abundance of similar passages. 1 Of the mind we rather employ the government; of the body, the service] Animi imperio, corporis servitio, magis utimur. The word magis is not to be regarded as useless. "It signifies," says Cortius, "that the mind rules, and the body obeys, in general, and with greater reason." At certain times the body may seem to have the mastery, as when we are under the irresistible influence of hunger or thirst. 2 It appears to me, therefore, more reasonable, &c.] Quo mihi rectius videtur, fc. I have rendered quo by therefore. "Quo," observes Cortius, "is propter quod, with the proper force of the ablative case. So Jug. c. 84: Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, &c.; c. 2, Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est. Some expositors would force us to believe that these ablatives are inseparably connected with the comparative degree, as in quo minus, eo major, and similar expressions; whereas common sense shows that they cannot be so connected." Kritzius is one of those who interprets in the way to which Cortius alludes, as if the drift of the passage were, Quanto magis animus corpori præstat, tanto rectius ingenii opibus gloriam quærere. But most of the commentators and translators rightly follow Cortius. "Quo," says Pappaur, "is for quocirca." 3 That of intellectual power is illustrious and immortal] Virtus clara æternaque habetur. The only one of our English translators who has given the right sense of virtus in this passage, is Sir Henry Steuart, who was guided to it by the Abbé Thyvon and M. Beauzée. "It appears somewhat singular," says Sir Henry, "that none of the numerous translators of Sallust, whether among ourselves or among foreign nations-the Abbé Thyvon and M. Beauzée excepted-have thought of giving to the word virtus, in this place, what so obviously is the meaning intended by the historian; namely, 'genius, ability, distinguished talents.' Indeed, the whole tenor of the passage, as well as the scope of the context, leaves no room to doubt the fact. The main objects of comparison, throughout the three first sections of this Proœmium, or introductory discourse, are not vice and virtue, but body and mind; a listless indolence, and a vigorous, honourable activity. On this account it is pretty evident, that by virtus Sallust could never mean the Greek ȧperý, 'virtue or moral worth,' but that he had in his eye the wellknown interpretation of Varro, who considers it ut viri vis (De Ling. Lat. iv.), as denoting the useful energy which ennobles a man, and should chiefly distinguis him among his fellow-creatures. In order to be convinced of the justice of this whether military efforts were more advanced by strength of body, or by force of intellect. For, in affairs of war, it is necessary to plan before beginning to act1, and, after planning, to act with promptitude and vigour. Thus, each being insufficient of itself, the one requires the assistance of the other1. II. In early times, accordingly, kings (for that was the first title of sovereignty in the world) applied themselves in different ways; some exercised the mind, others the body. At that period, however, the life of man was passed without covetousness7; every one was satisfied with his own. rendering, we need only turn to another passage of our author, in the second section of the Procemium to the Jugarthine War, where the same train of thought is again pursued, although he gives it somewhat a different turn in the piece last mentioned. The object, notwithstanding, of both these Dissertations is to illustrate, in a striking manner, the pre-eminence of the mind over extrinsic advantages or bodily endowments, and to show that it is by genius alone that we may aspire to a reputation which shall never die. Igitur præclara facies, magnæ divitiæ, adhuc vis corporis, et alia hujusmodi omnia, brevi dilabuntur: at ingenii egregia facinora, sicut anima, immortalia sunt." 1 It is necessary to plan before beginning to act] Priusquam incipias, consulto-opus est. Most translators have rendered consulto "deliberation," or something equivalent; but it is planning or contrivance that is signified. Demosthenes, in his Oration de Pace, reproaches the Athenians with acting without any settled plan: Οι μὲν γὰρ ἅλλοι πάντες ἄνθρωποι πρὸ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐιώθασι χρῆσθαι τῷ βουλεύεσθαι, ὑμεῖς ὀυδὲ μετὰ τὰ πράγματα. 2 To act with promptitude and vigour] Maturè facto opus est. "Mature facto" seems to include the notions both of promptitude and vigour, of force as well as speed; for what would be the use of acting expeditiously, unless expedition be attended with power and effect? 3 Each] Utrumque. The corporeal and mental faculties. 4 The one requires the assistance of the other] Alterum alterius auxilio eget. 'Eget," says Cortius, "is the reading of all the MSS." Veget, which Havercamp and some others have adopted, was the conjecture of Palmerius, on account of indigens occurring in the same sentence. But eget agrees far better with consulto et-maturè facto opus est, in the preceding sentence. 5 II. Applied themselves in different ways] Diversi. "Modo et instituto diverso, diversa sequentes." Cortius. * * 6 At that period, however] Et jam tum. "Tunc temporis præcisè, at that time precisely, which is the force of the particle jam, as Donatus shows. I have therefore written et jam separately. * jam tum ditione premebat Sarrastes populos." Cortius. 7 Without covetousness] Sine cupiditate. Virg. Æn. vii., 737. Late "As in the famous golden age. See Tacit. Ann. iii., 26." Cortius. See also Ovid. Met. i., 89, seq. But "such times were never," as Cowper says. |