day ring of him. Never was distinct prophecy more literally fulfilled.

Jewel took his degree of B.A. in the year 1540, the year famous, or infamous, for the publication of the bloody statute, with its six stringent articles. The time was now when it was the occupation of every man to watch the course taken by his neighbour; Jewel knew that his strength was, according to the Scripture, in "sitting still." During this time, when those against the Pope were burned and those who were for him were hung, when Protestant and Romanist perished in the same fire, and when the Romanist was wont to declare that the most grievous portion of the penalty was the being condemned to suffer in heretical company, Jewel so bore himself as to win the esteem of adversaries as well as the love of friends. While penal fires were blazing in one direction, and bonfires to celebrate the marriage of the King with Katharine Howard were flaming in another, Jewel kept the even tenor of his studious way, storing up treasures of learning for himself, imparting of his rich wisdom to eagerly listening pupils, now walking and reciting aloud in the woods near Shotover, by way of recreation, and seldom leaving Oxford for any lengthened period, save when the plague drove him thence, as it once did, to Witney, where he caught the rheumatism, which rendered him lame for life.

There probably never existed a more indefatigable reader than Jewel; the evidence of it runs through every paragraph of these four volumes. Mr. Ayre, in his introductory biography, describes Jewel as being indeed largely given to reading, but still more to writing. That he was a voluminous writer needs not now to be told, but he was a perfect helluo librorum. There are nearly six hundred citations from various authors in his Defence of the Church of England, and yet his adversary Cole charged him with writing much and reading little. "How," said Jewel, in reply, "how are you so privy to my reading? Wise men avouch no more than they know. Ye lacked shift when ye were driven to write thus." In worldly wealth Jewel was never rich, in learned lore he abounded profusely. When he took

his degree of M.A. in 1545, Parkhurst defrayed the expenses; aid, too, came from other quarters. One Chambers, the agent of individuals who appear to have been desirous of helping those whom Parkhurst merrily described as "beggarly Oxford scholars," and whose views were anti-papal, awarded Jewel 67. a-year to buy books. Mr. Ayre computes this sum as being "probably equal to 60l. at present;" a most erroneous computation, if he mean thereby that the smaller sum would then purchase what could be procured now only at ten times the amount. If we take into consideration the present value of books rather than of money, and contrast therewith the worth of the same commodity in Jewel's early days, we shall find that he could procure more volumes now for six pounds sterling than he could have done in 1540.

With the accession of Edward VI. in 1547, came a brief period of peace, enjoyed in intercourse with Peter Martyr and other men of similar intellectual quality. Jewel's ordination is supposed to have taken place in 1551, when he "took the cure of Sunninghill near Abingdon," residing however at Oxford, and generally proceeding to his duty, lame as he was, on foot. His early addresses lose nothing by contrast with those of a later date. Those delivered by the young scholar, at Oxford, are especially remarkable for their energetic denunciation of idleness and every other vice, expressed in Latin equally powerful and elegant. In the days of King Edward his sermons to the mixed congregations of the time exhibited an almost fierceness of warmth against Popery, especially the " paper cells and painted walls of purgatory." On these occasions, we are told that he wished that his voice had been "equal to the great bell of Osney, that he might ring in the dull ears of the deaf Papists." For this mission he had but short opportunity. It was interrupted in 1553 by the accession of Mary, when the authorities of his college ejected him. His farewell to them, as printed in the Appendix, is exquisitely touching; and Broadgate Hall, which did not assume the style and title of Pembroke College till 1624, might be proud at giving hospitality and a home to so noble a supplicant.

He had now a delicate task to perform, but it was performed with rare ability. In his capacity of public orator he had to write a letter to the queen congratulating her on her accession. Jewel has been charged with insincerity for this, but we are unable to recognise any justice in the accusation. He acknowledged her as rightful queen, and trusted that her reign might continue to the end without blood. As he concluded reading a copy of the document to the University, the great bell of Christ Church rang out "to mass ;" and the reign of persecution had commenced.

It is pleasant, amid the terrible records of this time, to meet with something creditable to our common nature. Thus, if Bonner kept alive the flames of persecution, good old Fekenham, as hearty a Papist as any of them, scattered the faggots and saved the condemned, whenever it was in his power to do so. The thorough goodness of the old Dean's heart is exemplified by another trait. As he was planting the elm trees which now wave their leafy honours in the Dean's Yard, Westminster, some one told him that he was doing a fool's work, and making a pleasant place for heretical successors. "What then?" said the good old man, "they who come after me may be pious men who will love the shade cast by my elms, and who will thank me for it." He was right, and the Fekenham elms still stand to win the gratitude of those who remember the gentle spirit that presided at their planting.

When Cranmer and Ridley were brought from the Tower to Oxford, in 1554, to defend opinions, if they could, against men who were determined upon destroying all who opposed their own, Jewel acted as their notary. The issue of that unfairly conducted disputation justified Hooper in his refusal to submit to anything like it at Cambridge. It was followed, of course, by peril to the notary. The Romish articles were placed before him; and, to preserve a life that he knew might yet do good service to a glorious cause, he followed the example of Cranmer, of Scory, and of Barlow, and gave them his reluctant subscription. This would not have saved him from the stake, but it afforded him just sufficient

time to make his escape. After much suffering, he reached Frankfort in March 1555, just a week before Cranmer perished. Previous to leaving Oxford he had written a hasty note to his old tutor, Parkhurst, of whose whereabout he was uncertain. The style is characteristic of the writer, who, smiling as it were through his tears, inquires whether his old familiar friend be in fletu an in Fleto!

Frankfort was then crowded with religious refugees, who, in their worship, had generally agreed to follow the custom of the French reformers, abolishing the liturgy and doing away with responses. Jewel's first care on arriving was to publicly condemn himself for having submitted in faintness of heart to sign the Romish Articles. This confession set him right with the community, among whom however serious division at once ensued. Jewel disliked the surplice but he reverenced the liturgy, and he cooperated zealously with the men who restored the service book at Frankfort and ejected plain speaking John Knox, on pretence, tolerably well founded it must be confessed, that the Scotish reformer was so continually preaching against the Emperor as to expose the whole refugee community to peril of expulsion. Jewel subsequently acknowledged to a little "swelling of temper in the matter of the Frankfort controversy. The graceful confession of error was ever a marked feature in Jewel's character.

At this period Strasburg, Zurich, and Basle were especially crowded by English refugees, chiefly Protestant clergymen. The printing offices of those localities furnished them with

employment. Each office was as a little temple of learning, and none but learned men were welcome there. At Strasburg resided tolerant Grindal, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, a man whose memory is venerated to this day by the members of the French Protestant Church in London, of which church, unepiscopally organised as it was, he was ever the warm friend and gallant protector. There too was Peter Martyr, and thither Jewel repaired; but he left it after a brief sojourn for Zurich, where the English exiles were

66

eating their finger nails," as Gardiner exultingly expressed it, and

where, with little exception, Jewel continued to reside during the remainder of his exile.

The intelligence of the death of Mary took a fortnight ere it reached the English community at Zurich, and Jewel, hurried as he was, consumed fifty-seven days on his journey home. The aspect of Oxford wounded him sorely. All religion, virtue, and learning had, he says, disappeared; the judges of Cranmer had fallen into every uncleanness, and the university had plunged after them without chance of recovery. The following, from a letter to Peter Martyr, has reference to this matter.

"Brooke, Bishop of Gloucester, a beast of most impure life and yet more impure conscience, a short time before his death exclaimed in a most woful manner that he was now condemned by his own judgment. Your friend Smith, the renowned patron of chastity, has been taken in adultery, and on that account, a most unusual thing in any other case, while Mary was yet living, by a new and unprecedented method of proceeding, was ordered to retire from the theological chair. Bruerne too has been compelled for a similar offence, only the more flagitious, to relinquish the professorship of Hebrew. I write nothing about Marshall, for fear of defiling my paper. You have before heard respecting Watson. But why, say you, do you make mention of such persons? Simply, that you may learn by what kind of judges it was fitting that Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer should be condemned."

It will be seen that Jewel would, on occasion, employ strong language. In the original of the above Brooke of Gloucester is a "bestia impurissimæ vitæ;" so in another letter we find that Christopher of Chichester, that brawling Bishop, "rabulum episcopum," is dead. The fact is that there was no more lack of courtesy in these expressions than was compensated for by truth, and besides it was the rough but honest fashion of the day to call things by their right names. There is not a letter throughout the correspondence in these volumes that does not testify to the gentleness and sincerity of Jewel's nature. Offenders come in for something of rugged civility, it is true, but let the writer be speaking of or to a friend worthy of his love, and straightway there is an expansion of heart, a warmth of affec

tion, and a true earnesthess of esteem, that win our admiration. His serene temper is seldom disturbed; in his most anxious moments he has thought for others. Nelson, as he sailed towards the French fleet off Trafalgar, could write home directions for preventing little Horatia from falling into the horse-pond; so Jewel, in the midst of storms, could think of the "perry for one who loved the beverage; and, as for vigorous language, he falls far short of St. Bernard in distributing it, without reference to the pain it might give, when occasion required. There is something now and then even frolicsome in his expression--as where he laughs at the supposed infirmities of old age in Julius, and declares that he could give him any thing to serve him -"Yea, even a halter"-with all his heart. We can ourselves almost hear that "brawling" child who used to annoy his quiet at Zurich, and of whom there is a graphic reminiscence in one of the postscripts. But how the reminiscence is sugared to the mother by the tender kiss, the “basiolum," sent to the noisy little fellow, whom he loved despite of his boisterousness and then what gallant messages to the matron, and how the gravity of the puritan is mingled therein with the gay courtesy of the cavalier!

Soon after his return to England he was engaged in a controversy with the out-going Marian prelates, upon the lawfulness (which he maintained) of celebrating public worship in a language intelligible to all. Subsequently he was employed with others in visiting the dioceses, and finally he was elected Bishop of Salisbury, on the 21st of August, 1559.

Elizabeth loved to listen to the old Paul's Cross preacher. Both his sermons, and the report made by him of the reforming visitation above alluded to, furnish traces, however, of superstitious belief, even in the strong mind of him who could so readily detect, expose, and denounce superstition in his fellows. The gigantic intellect, that looked down with scorn upon the fables and fictions that had almost buried beneath them the remnant of Christianity that tarried with Rome, yielded a full credence to the existence and malignity of witches.

"Witches and sorcerers, within these

last few years, are marvellously increased within your grace's realm. These eyes have seen most evident and manifest marks of their wickedness. Your grace's subjects pine away, even unto the death; their colour fadeth, their flesh rotteth, their speech is benumbed, their senses are bereft. Wherefore your poor subject's most humble petition to your highness is that the laws touching such malefactors may be put in due execution; for the shoal of them is great, their doing horrible, their malice intolerable, the examples most miserable, and I pray God they never practice further than upon the subject."

Perhaps this last phrase is the key to Jewel's meaning. The Romanists of the day were constantly prophesying the method and period of the Queen's death, and it was against this sort of sorcery, the more perilous from being purely political, that he would have had the law vigilant and justice prepared. Still there was a disposition of mind in him testifying to an alacrity for belief in the marvellous.

His spirit was sorely vexed at the crucula, the little silver cross, which

the Queen retained in her chapel; but, on the other hand, Marians and Arians were disappearing. The young men will fly off from religion, the young clergy will cling to those relics of the Amorites, the vestments; but then Sir William Petre, a rigid Romanist, sends his friendly regards to Peter Martyr, and even in that there is something cheering. There was a time of sore trial; but at last he remarks with self-gratulation that religion could at length be exercised in peace, adding, as a significant commentary, "the Marian Bishops are in the Tower." He only cared for their safe keeping, he would not have purchased the peace at the cost of a fiery persecution. It is amusing to hear him, in London, sigh at the Queen being "a long way off in Kent." The following from Salisbury, in August, 1562, is enough to make us sigh also.

"There has been throughout the whole of this present year, an incredibly bad

season both as to the weather and the state of the atmosphere; neither sun, nor moon, nor winter, nor spring, nor summer, nor autumn, has performed its appropriate office. It has rained so abundantly, and almost without intermission, as if the heavens could hardly do anything else. Out of this contagion monstrous

births have followed, infants with hideously deformed bodies, some being quite without heads, some with heads belonging to other creatures, some born without arms, legs, or shin bones. Some were mere skeletons entirely without flesh, almost as the image of death is generally represented. Similar births have been produced in abundance from swine, mares, cows, and domestic fowls."

All this is, of course, to be taken with considerable deductions. Most, if not all, of these prodigies were engendered in the fertile brains of the Roman Catholics; and were invented to serve as the necessary marvels that should attend on the death of the Queen. Under the conviction that the predicted time was come, (in this very year 1562,) the two young Poles, the nephews of the Cardinal, rushed into that sweeping conspiracy for which them. The Queen was much more Elizabeth so magnanimously forgave

troubled by other monstrous simulacra than those noticed above. The country was overrun with hideous portraits, her self, and this so touched the woman horrible counterfeit presentments of

in her that it was not thought beneath the Queen's dignity to issue an order in council for the purpose of suppressing these unflattering likenesses of England's Majesty. As for the people, they speedily had little leisure to trouble themselves about either prodigies or portraits. The English army that had surrendered Havre, which Warwick had seized as the promised compensation for the loss of Calais, was on its way home. It did not return possessionless. It brought back with it the plague, and desolation sat at thousands of the hearths of Britain,

of plagues, and of the marvels in naAmid the plots and rumours of plots, ture, which were made to give sanction to conspiracy, Jewel produced, still in 1562, a greater marvel than them all,

his " Apologia Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ." The vast amount of learning alone exhibited in that unparalleled work was satisfactorily accounted for by the enemies of the author by supposing, nay by asserting, that he was assisted by an evil genius! His adversaries had been provoked to this by the audacity with which Jewel had denied at Paul's Cross the antiquity of Romish tenets, and by his subsequent chal

lenge, on seven-and-twenty points of difference, to produce any one sufficient sentence out of any ancient father or general council, from Holy Scripture, or from the primitive Church, that agreed with the Romish doctrine. He offered to make submission to Rome, if his challenge were satisfactorily answered. Straight upon this defiance appeared the " Apologia," which, for the benefit of the people at large, the mother of Lord Bacon translated into vigorous Anglo-Saxon. The Apology received the sanction of Convocation and the approval of the State, and copies were ordered to be kept in every church; an order which might find fitting obedience now, not indeed literally, but by the issue of one of those popular editions which should render it a facility of access to the humblest hearth whereat religion dwells and truth is valued.

This work is one continued argumentative triumph from its opening phrase to the "Finis." It shows the necessity for, and the lawfulness of, the Reformation, the orthodoxy of the Church which thence arose, the validity of her orders and sacraments, and the duty imperative on all those who loved the uncorrupted truth to abandon Rome. But, above all, this work is for ever glorious for its defence of common and universal Protestanism, -recognizing the Christianity of communities of good men presbyterianly organized, as well as that of the people of England, who had followed what he considered the better form of episcopacy. It is pleasant to find that Canterbury" of to-day has the same spirit of Christian charity which influenced " Salisbury" nearly three hundred years ago.

Allusion is made by the biographer of Jewel to the charge of having falsified some of his quotations. Mr. Ayre does not notice who was the chief accuser on this point. It was Dodd (or rather Hugh Tootle, for Dodd was an assumed name), the author of the Romanist Church History. Dodd affirms that the falsification was so proved that many Protestants seceded in consequence to the Church of Rome. If this latter were the case, they were but the dupes of clever deluders. Jewel made his quotations from manuscripts which he had, for

the most part, seen; the Romanists referred to printed editions from which designing editors had purposely omitted the passages which gave force to the arguments of their great adversary.

The Apology was of course simultaneously attacked by hosts of assailants; who, however, ultimately yielded their cause to the championship of Harding, an old acquaintance of Jewel's, and a seceder to Rome. Neither the gallantry nor the power of Harding can be disallowed. Jewel undervalued neither, and by so doing he exhibited more distinctly his own irresistible might. In his "Defence," in reply to the Romish champion, he accepts every one of his points, and foils them all. Foot by foot, inch by inch, he drives in his enemy; he beats down his defences, disarms him, and after a sharp turn at wrestling flings him on the ground, and, with a cheerful laugh, leaves him there in his ultimate worthlessness. By the Apology and Defence, the immortality of the writer in the hearts of Englishmen has long been secured; and editions like this before us will serve to maintain in continual freshness that which, even without them, could not altogether fade.

It is well known that Jewel had no fondness for the vestments. These offended many, and his object was to conciliate all. When, however, the Lower House of Convocation refused, by a vote of fifty-nine to fifty-eight, to curtail ceremonies and make other concessions to the ultra-reformers in the Church, Jewel manifested a leading trait in his character by lending ready obedience to the law, and enforcing it strictly on others. His fixedness on this point, inwardly reluctant as he was, is declared in his correspondence. Obedience to the law was an imperative requirement, but with such obedience he chided no man who sought to obtain a change in the law itself. The same spirit impelled him when he wrote his congratulatory address on the accession of Mary. The style of that document, wherein every word bears evidence of having been thoughtfully weighed, is indicative of allegiance to the Queen, while in it there is no trace of affection for the woman. There were many features too in the conduct of Elizabeth with respect to the Church, which met from