The fourth declension hath two endings, us and u; us generally masculine, except some few, as hæc manus, ficus, the fruit of a tree, acus, porticus, tribus, but penus and specus hic or hæc. U of the neuter, as gelu, genu, veru; but in the singular most part defective. Proper names in os and o long, pertaining to the fourth declension Greek, may belong best to the fourth in Latin, as Androgeos, gen. Androgeo, acc. Androgeon; hic Athos, hunc Atho, Virg.; hæc Sappho, gen. Sapphus, acc. Sappho. Better authors follow the Latin form, as Dido Didonis Didonem. But Jesus Jesu Jesum Jesu Jesu. All nouns of the fifth declension are of the feminine gender, except dies hic or hæc, and his compound meridies hic only. Some nouns are of more declensions than one, as vas vasis of the third in the singular, of the second in the plural vasa vasorum. Colus, laurus, and some others, of the second and fourth. Saturnalia, saturnalium or saturnaliorum, saturnalibus, and such other names of feasts. Poëmatum, poëmatis or poëmatibus, of the second and third plural. Plebs of the third and fifth, plebis or plebei. The Declining of Adjectives. A NOUN adjective is declined with three terminations, or with three articles. An adjective of three terminations is declined like the first and second declension of substantives joined together after this manner. In like manner those in er and ur, as sacer sacra sacrum, satur satura saturum; but unus, totus, solus, alius, alter, ullus, uter, with their compounds neuter, uterque, and the like, make their genitive singular in ius, the dative in i, as unus una unum, gen. unies, dat. uni, in all the rest like bonus, save that alins maketh in the neuter gender aliud, and in the dative alii, and sometimes in the genitive. Ambo and duo be thus declined in the plural only Nom. Voc. ambo ambæ ambo Gen. amborum ambarum amborum Dat. Abl. ambobus ambabus ambobus Acc. ambos or ambo, ambas ambo. Adjectives of three articles have in the nominative either one ending, as hic, hæc, & hoc felix; or two, as hic & hæc tristis & hoc triste; and are declined like the third declension of substantives, as followeth Plural. Singular. No. hic hæc & hoc felix | Nom. hi & hæ felices, & Acc. hunc & hanc feli cem, & hoc felix Voc. ô felix. Abl. felice or felici. Singular. hæc felicia Gen, felicium Dat. Abl. felicibus Acc. hos & has felices, hæc felicia Voc. ô felices, & ò felicia. Plural. No. hic & hæc tristis & Nom. hi & hæ tristes & hoc triste Gen, tristis Dat. Abl. tristi Acc. hunc & hanc tris hæc tristia Gen. tristium Dat Abl. tristibus Acc. hos & has tristes, hæc tristia tem, & hoc triste Voc. ô tristis, & ô triste. | Voc. ô tristes, & ô tristia. There be also another sort which have in the nominative case three terminations and three articles, as bic acer, hic & hæc acris, hoc acre. In like manner be declined equester, volucer, and some few others, being in all other cases like the examples beforegoing. Comparisons of Nouns ADJECTIVES, whose signification may increase or be diminished, may form comparison, whereof there be two degrees above the positive word itself, The comparative, and superlative. The positive signifieth the thing itself without comparing, as durus hard. The comparative exceedeth his positive in significa tion, compared with some other, as durior harder; and is formed of the first case of his positive that endeth in i, by putting thereto or and us, as of duri, hic & be durior, & hoc durius: of dulci, dulcior, dulcius. The superlative exceedeth his positive in the highest degree, as durissimus hardest; and it is formed of the first case of his positive that endeth in is, by put ting thereto simus, as of duris durissimus, dulcis dul cissimus. If the positive end in er, the superlative is formed the nominative case by putting to it rimus, as pulcher pulcherrimus. Like to these are vetus veterrimus, maturus maturimus; but dexter dexterrimus, and sinister, sinisterior, sinisterrimus. All these nouns ending in lis make the superlative C by changing is into limus, as humilis, similis, facilis, gracilis, agilis, docilis docillimus. All other nouns ending in lis do follow the general rule, as utilis utilissimus. Of these positives following are formed a different sort of superlatives; of superus, supremus and summus ; inferus, infimus and imus; exterus, extimus and extremus; posterus postremus. Some of these want the positive, and are formed from adverbs; of intra, interior intimus, ultra ulterior ultimas, citra citerior citimus, pridem prior primus, prope propior proximus. Others from positives without case, as nequam, nequior, nequissimus. Some also from no positive, as ocior ocissimus. Some want the comparative, as novus novissimus, inclytus inclytissimus. From these three be derived meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, (which are called possessives,) whereof the former five be declined like adjectives of three terminations, except that meus in the vocative case maketh mi, mea, meum; nostras, vestras, with three articles, as hic & hæc nostras, & hoc nostras or nostrate, vestrate. In other cases according to rule. These three, ille, iste, ipse, be of the second declension, making their genitive singular in ius, their dative in i; and the former two be declined like the adjective Some the superlative, as senex senior, juvenis junior, alius, and the third like unus, before spoken of. adolescens adolescentior. Some ending in us, frame their comparative as if they ended in ens, benevolus, maledicus, magnificus magnificentior magnificentissimus. These following are without rule, bonus melior optimus, malus pejor pessimus, magnus major maximus, parvus minor minimus; multus plurimus, multa plurima, multum plus plurimum. If a volume come before us, it is compared with magis and maximè, as pius, magis pius, maximè pius; idoneus, magis and maximè idoneus. Yet some of these follow the general rule, as assiduus assiduissimus, strenuus strenuior, exiguus exiguissimus, tenuis tenuior tenuissimus. Of a Pronoun. A PRONOUN is a part of speech that standeth for a noun substantive, either present or before spoken of, as ille be or that, hic this, qui who. There be ten pronouns, ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hie, is, qui, and quis, besides their compounds, egomet, tate, hicce, idem, quisnam, aliquis, and such others. The rest so called, as meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, cujus, and cujas, are not pronouns, adjectives thence derived. but Of pronouns such as shew the thing present are called demonstratives, as ego, tu, hic; and such as refer to a thing antecedent, or spoken of before, are called relatives, as qui who or which. Quis, and often qui, because they ask a question, are called interrogatives, with their compounds, ecquis, numquis. Declensions of Pronouns are three. Sing. Nom. ille illa illud, Gen. illius, Dat. illi. Nom. hic hæc hoc Acc. hunc hanc hoc Abl. hoc hac hoc. Gen. horum harum horum Sing. Nom. quis, qua or quæ, quid, Gen. &c. like qui. So quisquam, quisnam, compounds. Of quis are made these pronoun adjectives, cujus Eco, tu, sui, be of the first declension, and be thus cuja cujum, whose; and hic & hæc cujus and hoc declined. Singular. cujate, of what nation. Quisquis is defective, and thus declined, Nom. ego Gen, mei Plural. Nom. Acc. nos Nom. Gen. nostrum or nostri Dat. Abl. nobis Of a Verb. Dat. mibi Acc. Abl. me Voc. caret. Voc. caret. A VERB is a part of speech, that betokeneth being, THERE be four moods, which express the manner of doing; the indicative, the imperative, the potential or subjunctive, and the infinitive. The indicative mood sheweth or declareth, as laudo I praise. The imperative biddeth or exhorteth, as lauda praise thou. The potential or subjunctive is englished with these signs, may, can, might, would, could, should: or without them as the indicative, if a conjunction go before or with a con-Fuissem, es, et. Pl. emus, etis, ent. junction, Si If I shall be, or shall have been. follow; as laudem I may or can praise. Cum lauda- Futures Fuero, ris, rit, Pl. rimus, ritis, rint. rem when I praised. Cavissem, si prævidissem, I had bewared if I had foreseen. The infinitive is englished with this sign, to, as laudare to praise. : Tenses. THERE be three tenses which express the time of doing the present, the preterit or past, and the future. The present tense speaketh of the time that now is, as laudo I praise. The preterit speaketh of the time past, and is distinguished by three degrees: the preterimperfect, the preterperfect, and the preterpluperfect. Si. Pres. Infinitive. Preter and Esse, to be perfect, Fuisse, to have or had In like manner are formed the compounds; absum. adsum, desum, obsum, præsum, prosum, possum; but possum something varies after this manner. Indicat. Pres. Sing. Possum, potes, potest, Plur, possumus, potestis, possunt. The other are regular, pote The preterimperfect speaketh of the time not per- ram, potui, potueram, potero. fectly past, as laudabam I praised or did praise. The preterperfect speaketh of the time perfectly past, as laudavi I have praised. The preterpluperfect speaketh of the time more than perfectly past, as laudaveram I had praised. The future tense speaketh of the time to come, as laudabo I shall or will praise. Persons. THROUGH all moods, except the infinitive, there be three persons in both numbers, as, sing. laudo I praise, laudas thou praisest, laudat he praiseth; plur. laudamus we praise, laudatis ye praise, laudant they praise. Except some verbs which are declined or formed in the third person only, and have before them this sign, it, as tædet it irketh, oportet it behoveth, and are called impersonals. The verb which betokeneth being is properly the verb sum only, which is therefore called a verb substantive, and formed after this manner. Imperative it wants. Potent. Pres. Possum, &c. Preterimperfect, Possem Voices. IN Verbs that betoken Doing are two voices, the Active and the Passive. The Active signifieth to do, and always endeth in o, as doceo I teach. The Passive signifieth what is done to one by another, and always endeth in or, as doceor I am taught. From these are to be excepted two sorts of verbs. The first are called Neuters, and cannot take or in the passive, as curro I run, sedeo I sit; yet signify sometimes passively, as vapulo I am beaten. The second are called Deponents, and signify actively, as loquor I speak; or neuters, as glorior I boast but are formed like passives. Conjugations. VERBS both active and passive have four conjuga tions, or forms of declining, known and distinguished by their infinitive mood active, which always ende in re. In the first conjugation, after a long, as laudare t praise. In the second, after e long, as habere to have. In the third, after e short, as legere to read. In the fourth, after i long, as audire to hear. In these four conjugations, verbs are declined or formed by mood, tense, number, and person, after these examples. Verbs of the third conjugation irregular in some Tenses of the Active Voice. Singular. Volo, vis, vult, Nolo, Indicative Mood. Present Tense. The rest is wantMalo, mavis, mavult, Preterit. Volui. Nolui. Malui. Plural. Volumus, vultis, volunt. Nolumus nolunt. ing in this Tense. Malumus, mavultis, malunt. Volo and Malo want the Imperative Mood. ހ Imperative. | Plur. Nolitote. S Nolite, Indicat, Pres. Edo, edis or es, edit or est, Plur. editis or estis. Imper. Ede or es. Edito or esto. Edat, edito or esto. Plur. Edite or este. Editote or estote. Poten. Preterimperfect Tense, Ederem or essem. Verbs of the fourth Conjugation irregular, in some Eo, and queo with his compound nequeo, make eunt and queunt in the plural indicative present, and in their preterimperfect ibam and quibam; their future, ibo and quibo. Imperat. I, ito. Eat, ito. Plur. Eamus. Ite, itote. Eant, eunto. Pres. sing. Pres. plur. Habebor, Audiar, S Habeatur, habetor, Be thou praised. Laudare, laudatar. Habere, habetor. Legere, legitor. Audire, auditor. Let us be praised. Legatur, legitor. Audiatur, auditor. entur. Passive. Indic. Pres. sing. Feror, ferris or ferre, fertur, &c. Of Gerunds and Supines. THERE be also belonging to the infinitive mood at all verbs certain voices called gerunds and supines, both of the active and passive signification. The first gerund in di, as laudandi of praising or of being praised. The second in do, as laudando in prais Let them being or in being praised. The third in dum, as laudandum to praise or to be praised. praised. Laudemur. Laudamini, laudaminor. Laudentur, laudantor. Be ye praised. Habeamur. Habemini, habeminor. Habeantur, habentor. Legamur. Legimini, legiminor. Legantur, leguntor. Audiamur. Audimini, audiminor. Audiantur, audiuntor. Verbs irregular in some Tenses passive. EDOR, editur or estur: the rest is regular. The verb Fio, is partly of the third, and partly of the fourth conjugation, and hath only the infinitive of the passive form. Indicat. Pres. sing. Fio, fis, fit, plur. fimus, fitis, fiunt. Preterimperfect, Fiebam. Preterperfect it wants. Future, Fiam, &c. Imperat. Fi, fito. plur. Fite, fitote, Finant, fiunto. Poten. Pres. Fiam, &c. Preterimperfect, Fierem. Infinit. Fieri. Also this verb Fero, is contracted or shortened in some tenses, both active and passive, as Fers, fert, for feris, ferit, &c. Note that in the two latter conjugations the gerunds end sometimes in undi, do, dum, as dicendi or dicundi: but from eo always eundi, except in the compound ambiendi. Supines are two. The first signifieth actively, as laudatum to praise; the latter passively, as laudatu to be praised. Note that most neuters of the second con jugation, and volo, nolo, malo, with many other verbs, have no supine. Verbs of the four conjugations irregular in the preterperfect tense or supines. VERBS of the first conjugation form their preterper fect tense in avi, supine in atum, as laudo laudavi laudatum. Domo, tono, sono, crepo, veto, cubo, form ui, itum, as cubui cubitum ; but secui sectum, fricui frictum, mico micui: yet some of these are found regular in the preterperfect tense or supine, especially compounded, as increpavit, discrepavit, dimicavit, sonatum, dimicatum, intonatum, infricatum, and the like. Plico and his compounds form ui or avi, as explicu or explicavi, explicitum or explicatum; except suppli co, and such as are compounded with a noun, as duplico, multiplico in avi only. But lavo lavi lautum lotum or lavatum, juvo juvi, adjuvo adjuvi adjutum. Do dedi datum. Sto steti statum, in the compounds, stitum, and sometimes stato, as præstum præstit præstitum and præstatum. VERBS of the second conjugation form their preterperfect tense in ui, their supine in itum, as habeo habui habitum. Some are regular in their preterperfect tense, but not in their supines, as doceo docui doctum, misceo miscui mistum, teneo tenui tentum, torreo torrui tostum, cenIndicat. Pres. sing. Fero, fers, fert. plur.—fertis― | seo censui censum, pateo patui passum, careo carul Preterperfect, Tuli. Imperat. Fer, ferto, &c. pl. Ferte, fertote. Potent. Preterimperfect, Ferrem, &c. Infinit. Ferre. cassun and caritum. Others are irregular both in preterperfect tense and supines, as jubeo jussi jussum, sorbeo sorbui and sorps sorptum, mulceo mulsi mulsum, luceo luxi. Deo in di, as sedeo sedi sessum, video vidi visum, pran |