Stultorum plena sunt omnia. Integer vitæ, scelerisque purus. Expers omnium. Vobis immunibus hujus esse moli dabitur. Words also betokening the cause, or form, or manner of a thing, are put after adjectives in the ablative case; as Pallidus irâ. Trepidus morte futurâ. Nomine Grammaticus, re Barbarus. Of Pronouns. PRONOUNS differ not in construction from nouns, except that possessives, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, by a certain manner of speech, are sometimes joined to a substantive, which governs their primitive understood with a noun or participle in a genitive case; as Dico meâ unius operà rempublicam esse liberatam, Cic. for Mei unius operâ. In like manner Nostra duorum, trium, paucorum, omnium virtute, for nostrum, duorum, &c. Meum solius peccatum, Cic. Ex tuo ipsius animo, for Tui ipsius. Ex suâ cujusque parte, Id. Verr. 2. Ne tua quidem recentia proximi prætoris vestigia persequi poterat. Cic. Verr. 4. Si meas præsentis preces non putas profuisse, Id. pro. Planc. Nostros vidisti flentis ocellos. Ovid. Also a relative, as qui or is, sometimes answers to an antecedent noun or pronoun primitive understood in the possessive; as, Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui filium haberem tali ingenio præditum. Terent. Construction of Verbs. VERBS for the most part govern either one case after them, or more than one in a different manner of construction. Of the Verb substantive Sum, and such like, with a nominative and other oblique cases. VERBS that signify being, as Sum, existo, fio; and certain passives, as Dicor, vocor, salutor, appellor, habeor, existimor, videor; also verbs of motion or rest, as incedo, discedo, sedeo, with such like, will have a nominative case after them, as they have before them, because both cases belong to the same person or thing, and the latter is rather in an apposition with the former, than governed by the verb; as Temperantia est virtus. Horatius salutatur poeta. Ast ego quæ divum incedo regina. And if est be an impersonal, it may sometimes govern a genitive, as Usus poetæ, ut moris est, licentia. Phædrus 1. 4. Negavit moris esse Græcorum ut, &c. Cic. Verr. 2. But if the following noun be of another person, or not directly spoken of the former, both after Sum and all his compounds, except possum, it shall be put in the dative; as Est mihi domi pater. Multa petentibus desunt multa. And if a thing be spoken of, relating to the person, it may be also in the dative; as Sum tibi præsidio. Hæc res est mihi voluptati. Quorum alteri Capitoni cognomen fuit. Cic. Pastori nomen Faustulo fuisse ferunt. Liv. Of Verbs transitive with an accusative, and the excep tions thereto belonging. VERBS active or deponent, called transitive, because their action passeth forth on some person or thing, will have an accusative after them of the person or thing to whom the action is done; as Amo te. Vitium fuge. Deum venerare. Usus promptos facit. Juvat me. Oportet te. Also verbs called neuters, may have an accusative of their own signification; as Duram servit servitutem. Longam ire viam. Endymionis somnum dormis. Pastillos Rusillus olet. Nec vox hominem sonat. Cum glaucum saltasset. Paterc. Agit lætum convivam. Horat. Hoc me latet. But these verbs, though transitive, Misereor and miseresco, pass into a genitive; as Miserere mei. Sometimes into a dative: Huic misereor. Sen. Dilige bonos, miseresce malis. Boetius. Reminiscor, obliviscor, recordor, and memini, sometimes also require a genitive; as Datæ fidei reminiscitur. Memini tui. Obliviscor carminis. Sometimes retain the accusative; as Recordor pueritiam. Omnia quæ curant senes meminerunt. Plaut. These impersonals also, interest and refert, signifying to concern, require a genitive, except in these ablatives feminine, Mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, cuja. And the measure of concernment is often added in these genitives, magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, with their compounds; as Interest omnium rectè agere. Tuà refert teipsum nosse. Vestrâ parvi interest. But verbs of profiting or disprofiting, believing, pleasing, obeying, opposing, or being angry with, pass into a dative as Non potes mihi commodare nec incommodare. Placeo omnibus. Crede mihi. Nimium ne crede colori. Pareo parentibus. Tibi repugno. Adolescenti nihil est quod succenseat. But of the first and third sort, Juvo, adjuvo, lædo, offendo, retain an accusative. Lastly these transitives, fungor, fruor, utor, potior, and verbs betokening want, pass direct into an ablative. Fungitur officio. Alienâ frui insaniâ. Utere sorte tua. But fungor, fruor, utor, had anciently an accusative. Verbs of want, and potior, may have also a genitive. Pecuniæ indiget. Quasi tu hujus indigeas patris. Potior urbe, or urbis. Sometimes a phrase of the same signification with a single verb, may have the case of the verb after it; as Id operam do, that is to say, id ago. Idne estis an thores mihi? for id suadetis. Quid me vobis tactic est? for tangitis. Plaut. Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem? Id. The Accusative with a Genitive. HITHERTO of transitives governing their accusative, or other case, in single and direct construction: now of such as may have after them more cases than one in construction direct and oblique, that is to say, with an accusative, a genitive, dative, other accusative, of ablative. Verbs of esteeming, buying, or selling, besides their accusative, will have a genitive betokening the value | Se illis æquarunt. Expedi mihi hoc negotium: but mihi, tibi, sibi, sometimes are added for elegance, the seuse not requiring; as Suo hunc sibi jugulat gladio. Terent. Neuters a dative only; as Non omnibus dormio. Libet mihi. Tibi licet. or price: Flocci, nihili, pili, hujus, and the like after verbs of esteeming: Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, and such like, put without a substantive, after verbs of buying or selling; as Non hujus te æstimo. Ego illum flocci pendo. Æqui boni hoc facio or consulo. Quanti mercatus es hunc equum? Pluris quam vellem. But the word of value is sometimes in the ablative; as Parvi or parvo æstimas probitatem. And the word of price most usually; as Teruncio eum non emerim. And particularly in these adjectives, Vili, paulo, minimo, magno, nimio, plurimo, duplo, put without a substantive; as Vili vendo triticum. Redimite captum quam queas minimo. And sometimes minore for minoris. Nam a Cælio propinqui minore centessimis nummum movere non possunt. Cic. Att. 1. 1. But verbs neuter or passive have only the oblique cases after them; as Tanti eris aliis, quanti tibi fueris. Pudor parvi penditur. Which is also to be observed in the following rules. And this neuter valeo governeth the word of value in the accusative; as Denarii dicti quod denos æris valebant. Varr. Verbs of admonishing, accusing, condemning, acquitting, will have, besides their accusative, a genitive of the crime, or penalty, or thing; as Admonuit me errati. Accusas me furti? Vatem sceleris damnat. Furem dupli condemnavit. And sometimes an ablative with a preposition, or without; as Condemnabo eodem ego te crimine. Accusas furti, an stupri, an utroque? De repetundis accusavit, or damnavit. Cic. Also these impersonals, pœnitet, tædet, miseret, miscrescit, pudet, piget, to their accusative will have a genitive, either of the person, or of the thing; as Nostri nosmet pœnitet. Urbis me tædet. Pudet me negligentiæ. An Accusative with a Dative. VERBS of giving or restoring, promising or paying, commanding or shewing, trusting or threatening, add to their accusative a dative of the person; as Fortuna multis nimium dedit. Hæc tibi promitto. Es alienum mibi numeravit. Frumentum imperat civitatibus. Quod et cui dicas, videto. Hoc tibi suadeo. Tibi or ad te scribo. Pecuniam omnem tibi credo. Utrique mortem minatus est. To these add verbs active compounded with these prepositions, præ, ad, ab, con, de, ex, ante, sub, post, ob, in, and inter; as Præcipio hoc tibi. Admovit urbi exercitum. Collegue suo imperium abrogavit. Sic parvis componere magna solebam. Neuters have a dative only; as Meis majoribus virtute præeluxi. But some compounded with præ and ante may have an accusative; as Præstat ingenio alius alium. Multos anteit sapientia. Others with a preposition; as Quae ad ventris victum conducunt. hac studia incumbite. Cic. In Also all verbs active, betokening acquisition, likening, or relation, commonly englished with to or for, have to their accusative a dative of the person; as Magnam laudem sibi peperit. Huic habeo, non tibi. Verbs of endowing, imparting, depriving, discharging, filling, emptying, and the like, will have an ablative, and sometimes a genitive; as Dono te hoc annulo. Plurimâ salute te impertit. Aliquem familiarem suo sermone participavit. Paternum servum sui participavit consilii. Interdico tibi aquâ et igni. Libero te hoc metu. Implentur veteris Bacchi. Also verbs of comparing or exceeding, will have an ablative of the excess; as Præfero hunc multis gradibus. Magno intervallo eum superat. After all manner of verbs, the word signifying any part of a thing may be put in the genitive, accusative, or ablative; as Absurdè facis qui angas te animi. Pendet animi. Discrucior animi. Desipit mentis. Candet dentes. Rubet capillos. Egrotat animo, magis quam corpore. Nouns of Time and Place after Verbs. NOUNS betokening part of time be put after verbs in the ablative, and sometimes in the accusative; as Nocte vigilas, luce dormis. Nullam partem noctis requiescit. Cic. Abhinc triennium ex Andro commigravit. Ter. Respondit triduo illum, ad summum quatriduo periturum. Cic. Or if continuance of time, in the accusative, sometimes in the ablative; as Sexaginta annos natus. Hyemem totam stertis. Imperium de ponere maluerunt, quam id tenere punctum temporis | preposition; as, Defessus sum ambulando. A discendo contra religionem. Cic. Imperavit triennio, et decem facile deterretur. Cæsar dando, sublevando, ignosmensibus. Suet. Sometimes with a preposition; as cendo, gloriam adeptus est. In apparando consumunt Ferè in diebus paucis, quibus hæc acta sunt. Ter. diem. Rarely with a genitive; as, Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors. Lucan. Also nouns betokening space between places are put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative; as, Pedem hinc ne discesseris. Abest ab urbe quingentis millibus passuum. Terrâ marique gentibus imperavit. Nouns that signify place, and also proper names of greater places, as countries, be put after verbs of moving or remaining, with a preposition, signifying to, from, in, or by, in such case as the preposition requireth; as Proficiscor ab urbe. Vivit in Angliâ. Veni per Galliam in Italiam. But if it be the proper name of a lesser place, as of a city, town, or lesser island, or any of these four, Humus, domus, militia, bellum, with these signs, on, in, or at, before them, being of the first or second declension, and singular number, they shall be put in the genitive; if of the third declension, or plural number, or this word rus, in the dative or ablative; as, Vixit Romæ, Londini. Ea habitabat Rhodi. Conon plurimum Cypri vixit. Cor. Nep. Procumbit humi bos. Domi bellique simul viximus. Militavit Carthagini, or Carthagine. Studuit Athenis. Ruri or rure educatus est. If the verb of moving be to a place, it shall be put in the accusative; as Eo Romam, domum, rus. If from a place, in the ablative; as Discessit Londino. Abiit domo. Rure est reversus. Sometimes with a preposition; as A Brundusio profectus est, Cic. Manil. Ut ab Athenis in Boeotiam irem. Sulpit. apud Cic. Fam. 1. 4. Cum te profectum ab domo scirem. Liv. 1. 8. Construction of Passives. A VERB passive will have after it an ablative of the doer, with the preposition a or ab before it, sometimes without, and more often a dative; as Virgilius legitur a me. Fortes creantur fortibus. Hor. Tibi fama petatur. And neutro-passives, as Vapulo, veneo, liceo, exulo, fio, may have the same construction; as Ab hoste venire. A gerund in dum is used in manner of an accusative after prepositions governing that case; as, Ad capien dum hostes. Ante domandum ingentes tollent animos. Virg. Ob redimendum captivos. Inter cœnandum. Gerunds in signification are ofttimes used as participles in dus; Tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causâ. Cic. Orationem Latinam legendis nostris efficies pleniorem. Cic. Ad accusandos homines præmio ducitur. A gerund in dum joined with the impersonal est, and implying some necessity or duty to do a thing, may have both the active and passive construction of the verb from whence it is derived; as Utendum est ætate. Ov. Pacem Trojano a rege petendum. Virg. Iterandum eadem ista mihi. Cic. Serviendum est mihi amicis. Plura dixi, quam dicendum fuit. Cic. pro Sest. Construction of Verb with Verb. WHEN two verbs come together, without a nominative case between them, the latter shall be in the infinitive mood; as Cupio discere. Or in the first supine after verbs of moving; as Eo cubitum, spectatum. Or in the latter with an adjective; as Turpe est dictu. Facile factu. Opus scitu. But if a case come between, not governed of the former verb, it shall always be an accusative before the infinitive mood; as Te rediisse incolumem gaudeo. Malo me divitem esse, quam haberi. And this infinitive esse, will have always after it an accusative, or the same case which the former verb governs; as Expedit bonos esse vobis. Quo mihi commisso, non licet esse piam. But this accusative agree eth with another understood before the infinitive; as Expedit vobis vos esse bonos. Natura beatis omnibus esse dedit. Nobis non licet esse tam disertis. The same construction may be used after other infinitives neuter or passive like to esse in signification; as Maximo tibi postea et civi, et duci evadere contigit. Val. Max. 1. 6. Sometimes a noun adjective or substantive goverus an infinitive: as Audax omnia perpeti. Dignus amari. Consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere. Cæs. Minari Sometimes an accusative of the thing is found after a passive: as Coronari Olympia. Hor. Epist. 1. Cy-divisoribus ratio non erat. Cic. Verr. 1. clopa movetur. Hor. for saltat or egit. Purgor bilem. Id. Construction of Gerunds and Supines. GERUNDS and supines will have such cases as the verb from whence they come; as Otium scribendi literas. Eo auditum poetas. Ad consulendum tibi. A gerund in di is commonly governed both of substantives and adjectives in manner of a genitive; as Causa videndi. Amor habendi. Cupidus visendi. Certus eundi. And sometimes governeth a genitive plural; as Illorum videndi gratiâ. Ter. Gerunds in do are used after verbs in manner of an ablative, according to former rules, with or without a Sometimes the infinitive is put absolute for the preterimperfect or preterperfect tense: as, Ego illud sedulo negare factum. Ter. Galba autem multas similitudines afferre, Cic. Ille contra hæc omnia ruere, agere vitam Ter. Construction of Participles. PARTICIPLES govern such cases as the verb from whence they come, according to their active or passive signification; as, Fruiturus amicis. Nunquam audita mihi. Diligendus ab omnibus. Sate sanguine divum. Telamone creatus. Corpore mortali cretus. Lucret. Nate dea. Edite regibus. Lævo suspensi loculos tabulasque lacerto. Hor. Census equestrem summam. Id. Abeundum est mihi. Venus orta mari. Exosus bella. Virg. Exosus diis. Gell. Arma perosus. Ovid. But Pertæsus hath an accusative otherwise than the verb; as Pertœesus ignaviam. Semet ipse pertæsus. Suet. To these add participial adjectives ending in bilis of the passive signification, and requiring like case after them; as Nulli penetrabilis astro lucus erat. Participles changed into adjectives have their construction by the rules of adjectives, as Appetens vini. Fugitans litum. Fidens animi. An Ablative put absolute. Two Nouns together, or a noun and pronoun with a participle expressed or understood, put absolutely, that is to say, neither governing nor governed of a verb, shall be put in the ablative; as Authore senatu bellum geritur. Me duce vinces. Cæsare veniente hostes fugerunt. Sublato clamore prælium committitur. Construction of Adverbs. Ex and ecce will have a nominative, or an accusative, and sometimes with a dative; En Priamus. Ecce tibi status noster. En habitum. Ecce autem alterum. Adverbs of quantity, time, and place require a genitive; as Satis loquentiæ, sapientiæ parum satis. Also compounded with a verb; as Is rerum suarum satagit. Tunc temporis ubique gentium. Eo impudentiæ processit. Quoad ejus fieri poterit. To these add Ergo signifying the cause; as Illius ergo. Virg. Virtutis ergo. Fugæ atque formidinis ergo non abiturus. Liv. Others will have such cases as the nouns from whence they come; as Minime gentium. Optime omnium. Venit obviam illi. Canit similiter huic. Albanum, sive Falernum te magis oppositis delectat. Hor. as Quasi non norimus nos inter nos. Tanquam feceris ipse aliquid. Ne of forbidding, to an imperative or subjunctive; as Ne sævi. Ne metuas. Certain adverbs of quantity, quality, or cause; as Quam, quoties, cur, quare, &c. Thence also qui, quis, quantus, qualis, and the like, coming into a sentence after the principal verb, govern the verb following in a subjunctive; as Videte quàm valdè malitiæ suæ confidat. Cic. Quid est cur tu in isto loco sedeas? Cic. pro Cluent. Subsideo mihi diligentiam comparavi, quæ quanta sit intelligi non potest, nisi, &c. Cic. pro Quint. Nam quid hoc iniquius dici potest. Quam me qui caput alterius fortunasque defendam, priore loco discere. Ibid. Nullum est officium tam sanctum atque solenne, quod non avaritia violare soleat. Ibid. Non me fallit, si consulamini quid sitis responsuri. Ibid. Dici vix potest quam multa sint quæ respondeatis ante fieri oportere. Ibid. Docui quo die hunc sibi promisisse dicat, eo die ne Romæ quidem eum fuisse. Ibid. Conturbatus discedit neque mirum cui hæc optio tam misera daretur. Ibid. Narrat quo in loco viderit Quintium. Ibid. Recte majores eum qui socium fefellisset in virorum bonorum numero non putarunt haberi oportere. Cic. pro Rosc. Am. Quæ concursatio percontantium quid prætor edixisset, ubi cœnaret, quid enunti asset. Cic. Agrar. 1. Of Conjunctions. CONJUNCTIONS Copulative and disjunctive, and these four, Quam, nisi, præterquam, an, couple like cases; as Socrates docuit Xenophontem et Platonem. Aut dies est, aut nox. Nescio albus an ater sit. Est minor natu quàm tu. Nemini placet præterquam sibi. Except when some particular construction requireth Adverbs are joined in a sentence to several moods of otherwise; as Studui Romæ et Athenis. Emi fundum centum nummis et pluris. Accusas furti, an stupri, an utroque? verbs. Of time. Ubi, postquam, cum or quum, to an indicative or subjunctive; as Hæc ubi dicta dedit. Ubi nos laverimus. Postquam excessit ex ephebis. Cum faciam vitula. Virg. Cum canerem reges. Id. Donec while, to an indicative. Donec eris fælix. Donec until, to an indicative or subjunctive; Cogere donec oves jussit. Virg. Donec ea aqua decocta sit. Colum. Dum while, to an indicative. Dum apparatur virgo. Dum until, to an indicative or subjunctive; as Dum redeo. Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit æstas. Dum for dummodo so as, or so that, to a subjunctive; Dum prosim tibi. Quoad while, to an indicative. Quoad expectas contubernalem. Quoad until, to a subjunctive. Omnia integra servabo, quoad exercitus huc mittatur. Simulac, simulatque to an indicative or subjunctive; as Simulac belli patiens erat, simulatque adoleverit @tas. They also couple for the most part like moods and tenses, as Recto stat corpore, despicitque terras. But not always like tenses; as Nisi me lactasses, et vanâ spe produceres. Et habetur, et referetur tibi a me gratia. Of other conjunctions, some govern an indicative, some a subjunctive, according to their several significations. Etsi, tametsi, etiamsi, quanquam, an indicative; quamvis and licet, most commonly a subjunctive; as Etsi nihil novi afferebatur. Quanquam animus meminisse horret. Quamvis Elysios miretur Græcia campos. Ipse licet venias. Ni, nisi, si, siquidem, quod, quia, postquam, posteaquam, antequam, priusquam, an indicative or subjunctive; as Nisi vi mavis eripi. Ni faciat. Castigo te, non quòd odeo habeam, sed quòd amem. Antequam dicam. Si for quamvis, a subjunctive only. Redeam? Non si me obsecret. Si also conditional may sometimes govern both verbs of the sentence in a subjunctive; as Respiraro si te videro. Cic. ad Attic. Quando, quandoquidem, quoniam, an indicative; as Dicite quandoquidem in molli consedimus herbâ. Quoniam convenimus ambo. Cum, seeing that, a subjunctive; as Cum sis officiis Gradive virilibus aptus. Ne, an, num, of doubting, a subjunctive; as Nihil refert, fecerisne, an persuaseris. Vise num redierit. Interrogatives also of disdain or reproach understood, govern a subjunctive; as Tantum dem, quantum ille poposcerit? Cic. Verr. 4. Sylvam tu Scantiam vendas? Cic. Agrar. Hunc tu non ames? Cic. ad Attic. Furem aliquem aut rapacem accusaris? Vitanda semper erit omnis avaritiæ suspicio. Cic. Ver. 4. Sometimes an infinitive; as Mene incœpto desistere victam? Virg. Ut that, lest not, or although, a subjunctive; as Te oro, ut redeat jam in viam. Metuo ut substet hospes. Ut omnia contingat quæ volo. Of Prepositions. Of Prepositions some will have an accusative after them, some an ablative, some both, according to their different signification. An accusative these following, Ad, apud, ante, adversus, adversum, cis, citra, circum, circa, circiter, contra, erga, extra, inter, intra, infra, juxta, ob, ponè, per, propè, propter, post, penes, præter, secundum, supra, secùs, trans, ultra, usque, versus: but versus is most commonly set after the case it governs, as Londinum versus. And for an accusative after ad, a dative sometimes is used in poets; as It clamor cœlo. Virg. Cœlo si gloria tollit Æneadum. Sil. for ad cœlum. An ablative these, A, ab, abs, absque, cum, coram, de, e, ex, pro, præ, palàm, sine, tenus, which last is also put after his case, being most usually a genitive, if it be plural; as Capulo tenus. Aurium tenus. These, both cases, In, sub, super, subter, clam, procul. In, signifying to, towards, into, or against, requires an accusative; as Pisces emptos obolo in cœnam seni. Animus in Teucros benignus. Versa est in cineres Troja. In te committere tantum quid Troes potuere? Lastly, when it signifies future time, or for; as Bellum in trigesimum diem indixerunt. Designati consules in annum sequentem. Alii pretia faciunt in singula capita canum. Var. Otherwise in will have an ablative; as In urbe. In terris. Sub, when it signifies to, or in time, about, or a little before, requires an accusative; as Sub umbram properemus. Sub id tempus. Sub noctem. Otherwise an ablative. Sub pedibus. Sub umbrâ. Super signifying beyond, or present time, an accusative; as Super Garamantas et Indos. Super cœnam, Suet. at supper time. Of or concerning, an ablative; as Multa super Priamo rogitans. Super hac re. Super, over or upon, may have either case; as Super ripas Tiberis effusus. Sæva sedens super arma. Fronde super viridi. So also may subter; as Pugnatum est super subterque terras. Subter densâ testudine. Virg. Clam patrem or patre. Procul muros. Liv. Patria procul. Prepositions in composition govern the same cases as before in apposition. Adibo hominem. Detrudunt naves scopulo. And the preposition is sometimes repeated; as Detrabere de tuâ famâ nunquam cogitavi. And sometimes understood, governeth his usual case; as Habeo te loco parentis. Apparuit humana specie. Cumis erant oriundi. Liv. Liberis parentibus oriundis. Colum. Mutat quadrata rotundis. Hor. Pridie compitalia. Pridie nonas or calendas. Postridie idus. Postridie ludos. Before which accusatives ante of post is to be understood. Filii id ætatis. Cic. Hoe noctis. Liv. Understand Secundum. Or refer to part of time. Omnia Mercurio similis. Virg. Understand per. Of Interjections. CERTAIN interjections have several cases after them. O, a nominative, accusative, or vocative; as O festus dies hominis. O ego lævus, Hor. O fortunatos. 0 formose puer. Others a nominative or an accusative; as Heu prisca fides! Heu stirpem invisam! Proh sancte Jupiter! Proh deum atque hominum fidem! Hem tibi Davum! Yea, though the interjection be understood; as Me miserum! Me cœcum, qui hæc ante non viderim Others will have a dative; as Hei mihi. Væ misero mihi. Terent. |