zone, they are very fond of the water; and in the midst of their pursuit, often plunge in, in order to cool themselves. The negroes of Guinea, and the Indians of Malabar, where buffaloes are in great abundance, take great delight in hunting and destroying them however, they never attempt to face the buffalo openly; but generally climbing up the tree, shoot at him from thence, and do not come down till they find they have effectually despatched him. When they are tamed, no animal can be more patient or humble; and though by no means so docile as the cow kind, yet they go through domestic drudgeries with more strength and perseverance. Although these animals be chiefly found in the torrid zone, yet they are bred in several parts of Europe, particularly in Italy, where they make the food and the riches of the poor. The female produces but one at a time, in the same manner as the cow; but they are very different in the times of gestation; for the cow, as we know, goes but nine months; whereas the buffalo continues pregnant for twelve. They are all afraid of fire; and, perhaps, in consequence of this, have an aversion to red colours that resemble the colour of flame; it is said that in those countries where they are found in plenty, no person dares to dress in scarlet. In general they are inoffensive animals, if undisturbed; as indeed all those which feed upon grass are found to be; but when they are wounded, or when even but fired at, nothing then can stop their fury; they then turn up the ground with their forefeet, bellow much louder and more terribly than the bull, and make at the object of their resentment with ungovernable rage. It is happy, in such circumstances, if the person they pursue has a wall to escape over, or some such obstacle; otherwise they soon overtake, and instantly destroy him. It is remarkable, however, that although their horns are so very formidable, they in general make more use of their feet in combat, and rather tread their enemies to death than gore them. Having thus gone through the history of these animals, it may be proper to observe, that no names have been more indiscriminately used than those of the bull, the urus, the bison, and the buffalo. It therefore becomes such as would have distinct ideas of each to be careful in separating the kinds, the one from the other, allowing the cow for the standard of all The urus, whether of the large enormous kind of Lithuania or the smaller race of Spain, whether with long or short horns, whether with or without long hair in the forehead, is every way the same with what our common breed was before they were taken from the forest, and reduced to a state of servitude. The bison and all its varieties, which are known by a hump between the shoulders, is also to be ranked in the same class. This animal, whether with crooked or straight horns, whether they be turned towards the cheek, or totally wanting, whether it be large or diminutive, whatever be its colour, or whatever the length of its hair, whether called the bonasus by some, or the bubalus by others, is but a variety of the cow kind, with whom it breeds, and with whom of consequence it has the closest connexion. Lastly, the buffalo, though shaped much more like the cow, is a distinct kind by itself, that never mixes with any of the former; that goes twelve months with young, whereas the cow goes but nine; that testifies an aversion to the latter; and, though bred under the same roof, or feeding in the same pasture, has always kept separate; and makes a distinct race in all parts of the world. These two kinds are supposed to be the only real varieties in the cow kind, of which naturalists have given so many varieties. With respect to some circumstances mentioned by travellers, such as that of many kinds defending themselves, by voiding their dung against their pursuers; this is a practice which they have in common with other timid creatures when pursued, and arises rather from fear than a desire of defence. The musky smell also by which some have been distinguished, is found common to many of these kinds, in a state of nature; and does not properly make the characteristic marks of any. The particular kind of noise also, which some of them are known to make, which rather resembles grunting than bellowing or lowing, is but a savage variety, which many wild animals have, and yet lose when brought into a state of tameness. For these reasons, Mr. Buffon, whom I have followed in this description, is of opinion, that the zebu, or little African cow, and the grunting, or Siberian cow, are but different races of the bison; as the shape of the horns, or the length of the hair, are never properly characteristic marks of any animal, but are found to vary with climate, food, and cultivation. In this manner the number of animals of the cow kind, which naturalists have extended to eight or ten sorts, are reduced to two; and as the utmost deference is paid to the opinion of Mr. Buffon in this particular, I have taken him for my guide. Nevertheless, there is an animal of the cow kind, which neither he nor any other naturalist that I know of, has hitherto described, yet which makes a very distinct class, and may be added as a third species. This animal was shown some years ago in London, and seemed to unite many of the characteristics of the cow and the hog; having the head, the horns, and the tail of the former; with the bristles, the colour, and the grunting of the latter. It was about the size of an ass, but broader and thicker; the colour resembling that of a hog, and the hair bristly, as in that animal. The hair upon the body was thin, as in the hog; and a row of bristles ran along the spine, rather shorter and softer than in the hog kind. The head was rather larger than that of a cow; the teeth were entirely resembling those of that animal, and the tongue was rough in like manner. It fed upon the root of the fine races which cover the pampas near Buenos Ayres, and in Cuba; while the large English ox supplied that of the United States. Breeds with small and middle-sized horns exist in the Crimea, and in a great part of Germany, Sweden, France, England, Italy, and Spain; and the polled races, or hornless cattle-originally, as it would appear, a German breed, "ne armentis quidem honor aut gloria frontis," according to Tacitus-have spread to Iceland and Norway, where they are often fed on dried fish. They are now abundant in ScotSpain, whence they may have been transported to land, and exist in France, and about Penaranda in form the poiled breed of Assomption in Paraguay. They are also common in Abyssinia and Madagascar. The following is a short account of the principal British breeds, derived from the several above-no hay; and consequently its internal conforma- | from thence to South America, it probably furnished tion must have resembled that of the cow kind more than the hog, whose food is always chosen of a kind more succulent. The eyes were placed in the head as with the cow, and were pretty nearly of the same colour; the horns were black and flattish, but bent rather backwards to the neck, as in the goat kind; the neck was short and thick, and the back rather rising in the middle; it was cloven-footed, like the cow, without those hinder claws that are found in the hog kinds. But the greatest variety of all in this extraordinary creature, which was a female, was, that it had but two teats, and consequently, in that respect, resembled neither of the kinds to which, in other circumstances, it bore so strong a similitude. Whether this animal was a distinct kind, or a monster, I will not pretend to say: it was shown under the name of the bonasus; and it was said, by the person who showed it, to have come from India: but no credit is to be given to interested ignorance; the person only wanted to make the animal appear as extraordinary as possible; and I believe would scarcely scruple a lie or two to increase that wonder in us, by which he found the means of living. NOTE A. Varieties of Domestic Cattle. The breeds of the Kisghuise and Calmuck Tartars, those of Podolia and Ukraine, of European Turkey, of Hungary, and of the Roman States, are among the largest varieties of cattle known. They are nearly all distinguished by ample horns, spreading sideways, then forwards and upwards, with dark points. Their colour is a bluish-ash passing to black. That in the Papal dominions is not found represented on the ancient bas-reliefs of Rome, but was introduced most probably by the Goths, or at the same time with the buffalo. Italy possesses another race, presumed to have existed in the Pagan times, valued for its fine form and white colour. It is not so large, but the horns are similarly developed. Tuscany produces this race, and droves of them were transplanted to Cuba and imported into Jamaica. Ancient Egypt nourished a large, white breed, which, however, is not the most common upon the monuments of that country, where the cattle are usually represented with large irregular marks of black or brown upon a white ground. In Abyssinia there is also a large white breed; but the greater number are variously coloured. The Caffres and Hottentots rear a fire race, likewise marked with large brown or black clouds: some are of extraordinary size, with the horns directed forwards and upwards. It is from these that their Backely, or war-oxen, are chosen. They are quick, persevering, extremely docile, and governed by the voice or a whistle of the owners with surprising intelligence. They thrive most on the saline pastures; and that kind of food may cause the peculiarly fetid smell of their breath noticed by Barrow. The long horns of some of this breed are often trained by the Namaguas and other tribes, so as to twist in spiral curves or other fanciful forms. Denmark rears a breed of large stature, which most likely produced the tall Dutch race, of which we have seen one weighing a thousand pounds. From this race sprung the Holstein, which was the parent of the old unimproved English breeds. The Vandals or Goths may have conducted it into Spain, and left its traces in the large breeds of Salamanca. Transported ticed races. 1. The Long-horned or Lancaster breed, distinguished by long horns and thick firm hides, long close hair, large hoofs, and depth of the fore-quarter. They give in proportion less milk but more cream. They are of various colours, but in general finched, that is, with a white streak along the spine, and a white spot inside of the houghs. The Improved Leicester is a slight variety originally bred at Canly near Coventry, 2. The Short-horned, sometimes called the Dutch, includes the varieties named the Holderness, Teeswater, Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland. This is the most improved breed. It usually produces twenty-four quarts of milk per day, and butter to three firkins per season. Their colours are much varied, but generally red and white mixed, or what the breeders call fleeked. These oxen commonly weigh from sixty to one hundred stone, 14lb to the stone. They have been fed to 130, and particular ones to 150 stone, the fore-quarters only. 3. The Middle-horned, comprehending the Devon, Hereford, and Susser, most esteemed for draught, active and hardy, do not milk so well as the former, but fatten early. The Devons to be pure, must be of a high red colour without white spots; a light dun ring round the eye, and the muzzle of the same colour; fine in bone, and clear neck; thin faced, the tail set on high. The cows of this breed weigh from 30 to 40 stone, and the oxen from 40 to 60. The North Devon is the most esteemed for its flesh. The Sussex and Hereford are larger, of a deep red colour, well-made, and bone not larger. An ox weighs from 60 to 100 stone. 4. The Polled breeds-of which the most esteemed is the Galloway-are straight in the back, wellmoulded, with soft hair, black or dark brindled. They weigh generally about 40 stone, before they are regularly fattened. They travel well, and reach the London markets without deterioration.-The Suf folk Duns are a variety of this race, introduced from Scotland, and crossed. 5. The Highland race consists of several varieties, of which the West Highland, Argyleshire, or Skye, form the most valuable. Of these the Kyloe from the Hebrides, are so named, because in their progress to the south, they cross the kyloes or ferries in the mainland and Western Islands. The bulls are of middle size, of a black dark-brown, or reddishbrown colour without white; head small; muzzle fire; horns rather slender and of a waxy green. They weigh about 50 stone.-The other variety is the Norlands. Their hides are coarse, the make narrow and long-legged.-The Orkney or Shetland is of a diminutive size; an ox weighing only about 60lbs a quarter; and a cow 40. They are of all colours, and their shapes generally bad; but they give a quantity of excellent milk, and fatten rapidly. 6. The Fifeshire appears to be an improved breed of the Highland crossed with the Cambridgeshire They are black, spotted, or gray. The horns are small, white, and very erect.-The Aberdeenshire is a variety of them. 7. The Welsh have two breeds. Of these one is large, and dark-brown with some white, denoting a cross from the long-horned. They have long and slender legs; the horns are white and turned upwards. The other breed is lower, well-formed, black, with little white, and good milkers. 8. The Alderney, or more properly Guernsey, is small, mostly yellow, or light red, with white about the face and limbs. They have crumpled horns. The true Alderney is distinguished by a yellow colour within the ears, at the root of the tail, and of the tuft at the end of it. They give excellent milk and fine beef The numerous and important advantages which man derives from the domestic animals, have led all nations from their earliest origin to regard them with the most scrupulous attention. On referring back to the first ages of which we have any authentic records, we see the chiefs of tribes, the patriarchs and first sovereigns, paying a special attention to the management of cattle, and founding on this solid basis, not only their own prosperity, but that of their contemporaries and descendants. The sacred books and the most ancient historians furnish repeated examples of these facts, which are too well known to be repeated here. At this remote period, when man, just formed by the Divine Power, entered upon the dawn of his civilization, the domestic animals were considered not only as the most firm support of agriculture, but they yielded the most valuable materials for commerce. As the principal wealth of the times consisted in domestic animals, these naturally became the first medium of exchange between nations. Cattle were therefore the first money that existed, as they were the first article which possessed exchangeable value. We have a confirmation of this fact in the circumstance, that the first acknowledged representatives of mercantile value, the earliest metallic money which passed current, was decorated with an image of these animals, indicating that it maintained an equal value. They were also the earliest offerings presented by most nations to their deities; and the ancient Egyptians worshipped the bull (Apis) with the highest veneration. If we turn to that nation which has left us the most extensive and important written monuments of its experience in the different branches of rural economy, we shall find the ancient Romans applying themselves with remarkable zeal to the training and management of cattle. We have an evidence of this fact in the term jumenta, which they applied generally to all kinds of cattle, derived from juvare, to help. There is also the term pecunia, money, from which we have derived our English adjective pecuniary, and the Latin term peculium, from which we have derived our peculation, alike derived from pecus, which the Romans applied to cattle in general. Cato the elder, the first of their agriculturists who has transmitted his precepts to our times, on being asked by some persons to point out that particular branch of rural speculation which should command their first attention, if they wished to acquire wealth in the quickest possible manner, is said to have replied, "Manage your cattle well;" and on being again asked, what was the next best object of their attention, if they wished to derive only a tolerable return for their labour, he replied, "Manage your cattle tolerably well.' In the countries of civilized Europe, we find that a large portion of the wealth of their inhabitants consists in cattle; and we can commonly form a good notion of their respective degrees of agricultural prosperity, as well as of the comforts of the cultivator, by noticing the number and quality of the domestic animals. " Although much has recently been done to illus trate what has been called the Bovine tribe of animals, more familiarly known as oxen, yet much still remains to be effected. The whole group is, by most naturalists, following Baron Cuvier, classed as one genus, namely, that of bos, and all the associate animals are considered merely as so many species and varieties. This renders the genus very extensive, almost too much so for convenient study; and, besides, so many and such marked differences abound, that it seems expedient to carry the subdivision somewhat further. This, accordingly, has been done by some eminent zoologists; and hence, in addition to the ovibus genus of M. de Blainville, at present composed, we believe, of the musk-ox alone, three sub-genera have been proposed, viz., the bos or genuine oxen, with their innumerable varieties in almost every part of the world; the bison, including the American bison, and several other animals; and, thirdly, the bubalus or buffalo group, some of which are familiar domesticated animals, whilst others are wild. It should here be observed that this term wild, as applied to cattle, is used in widely different senses. As is well known, the domestic Spanish breed was transported to South America soon after its discovery. There they found a most congenial climate and soil, and the race soon exceeded the requirements of the settlers, and ranged in innumerable thousands over the fertile Pampas. These cattle, far removed from the haunts of man, soon became estranged from him, acquired new tastes and habits, and in many respects exhibited a perfect contrast to their still domesticated relatives. Nor is this to be considered as a solitary occurrence. Under such circumstances the cattle are denominated wild cattle, and they acquire many claims to the appellation. But though their habits are changed, their nature, it appears, is not; and experience has shown that by a little trouble, and patient management, even the adult animals may, in a few weeks, be afresh brought under the control of man. Very different, however, is it with some other varieties distinguished as wild cattle, such, for example, as the African buffalo, which it would appear is as little susceptible of sub. jugation and domestication as the jaguar or the tiger. This common appellation applied in a twofold sense, together with the fact that certain changes are usually superinduced on the external appearance, greatly augments the difficulty of arriving at positive conclusions concerning the specific distinctions of many of the animals that are subjected to our examination. NOTE B.-The Bison. Among the bisons are found indications of an ancient and colossal species existing at one time in Europe and Northern Asia, and even in America, attested by the repeated discovery of enormous skulls in the diluvian strata of the earth, on the vegetable mould, and even beneath, among the remains of the mastadon and rhinoceros. The name aurochs, applied to the bison by the Germans, is evidently the origin of the Latin urus; but Cuvier, following up with his usual research the observations of Herberstein, establishes beyond a doubt, that the true urus may still have existed in some parts of Massovia, by the name of thur, in the time of the last-mentioned author, although it is now extinct in Europe and Western Asia, and its name transferred to the bison of the ancients, which the Poles at this day still distinguish by the appellation of zubr, and the ancient Germans called wizend and bisam. It is distinguished by an elevated stature, measuring 6 feet at the shoul der, and 10 feet 3 inches from the nose to the tail. 2. The Gaur. (Bos Gaurus.) The gaur is a species of bison, which, from all accounts, appears to be among the largest now living. The head of the gaur exhibits nearly all the characters of a domestic ox, but the forehead is more arched and raised; the horns are strong and rough, not bent back as in the buffalo; the top of the forehead is covered with white woolly hair; the rest of the hair is smooth, close, and shining, of a dark-brown colour, almost black; the eyes are smaller than in the ox, and pale blue; the muscles of the legs and thighs are very prominent and strong. But the most remarkable character of the gaur, that which should distinguish it from all other ruminants, consists in a series of spinous processes along the back, beginning at the last vertebræ of the neck, and shortening gradually till they are lost half-way down the spine. The foremost are at least six inches higher than the ridge of the back. These gaurs live in families of ten or twenty, graze on the meadows, and feed on leaves and buds of trees. Buffaloes fear their presence, and never invade their localities. Although the existence of this animal is more questionable in Africa, yet Pliny's Ethiopian bull with blue eyes might refer to this species; and even the white variety, as large as a camel, known in Madagascar by the name of Bouri, may be the same. Pennsylvania or in Kentucky, and only seen beyond the Mississippi. On the Ohio and Missouri they still exist in great numbers. The Indians shoot them or encompass a herd by firing the grass, when a number are destroyed without difficulty. In the northern parts they drive them into a kind of staked avenues, or keddah, while the snow is on the ground, and kill them from a tree in the centre of the recess, and from around it. 4. The Yak. (Bos Poephagus.) This animal was originally noticed by Elian under the above name, and since described by Pallas, who preferred as a specific designation grunniens or grunting; but it should rather be groaning, as its voice has no similarity with the grunt of a hog. The yak bears some resemblance to a buffalo in the form of the head; but it is shorter, more convex, and thicker about the muzzle. The ears are wide and horizontal; the eyes large; the muzzle is small, and the nostrils almost transverse. The lips are tumid; the forehead is rather flat; the top of the head convex between the ears, and covered with frizzled woolly 3. The American bison. (Bos Americanus.) This hair; the neck of the male thick; the withers elespecies is commonly known by the name of buffalo, vated but not hunched; the mammæ are placed in a and was long confounded with the bison of Europe, transverse line, and the body furnished with fourteen though it is anatomically more remote from it than pair of ribs. The hair of the forehead whirls, and the yak, notwithstanding the great external similar- is close; that on the neck, back, and sides, is long, ity between them. This species is distinguished by woolly, pendant in winter, but shorter on the sides small horns, round, lateral, black, very distant, turn- in summer and in low warm situations. From the ed sideways and upwards. The height at the shoul- shoulders, along the spine, there is a streak of hair der is about 5 feet, and at the croup 4; length from generally grayish, and turned forwards; the tail, nose to tail 8 feet. But these dimensions must be con- furnished with long and finer hairs than in the siderably increased in some individuals, this animal horse, reaches to the heels. The stature of the being reported sometimes to weigh 1,600 and even animal varies, the smaller being only 7 feet long, and 2,000 pounds. The structure of the animal is heavy 3 feet 10 inches at the shoulder." But there are in front, but meagre and weak behind. The body larger varieties. The horns are round, smooth, is long, having fifteen pair of ribs, and only four coc-pointed, lateral, bending forwards and upwards, black cigian vertebræ. The eyes are round and dark; the or white with black tips, or even pure white. There chaffron is short; the forehead broad, and the muz- are some hornless. The colour varies greatly, but zle wide. Upon the summit of the head there is a in general it is black; many have their fine tails pure vast quantity of long woolly hair, hanging over the white, as also the ridge on the shoulders, which is face, ears, and horns; the neck is a little arched, abundantly covered with light frizzled hair. Like the and the withers are greatly elevated. Upon the rest of the bisontes, the yaks are more fond of mounface the hair is rather curled, but on the cheeks, tainous woods and valleys, than the open plains, throat, neck, shoulders, breast, and upper arms, very keeping on the south side in winter, and on the north long. The back, flanks, croup, thighs, and legs, are in summer. They are said to be fond of wallowing covered with close short hair. The tail, about eigh-in water, and to swim well The mountains of teen inches long, is terminated by a long tuft of Bhotan and Thibet offer a principal asylum to the coarse hair. The colour in winter is a purplish wild species. Here they appear to enjoy the vicinity brown-black, turned rusty by the effects of the sun of the snow; but they are also spread over a great and weather, so as to become light brown in sum- part of China, and even to Central India, where they mer. The female is smaller; its horns are less, seem to be without woolly hair, but still marked by and the quantity of hair on the anterior parts much the white feet. We are inclined to consider the smaller. white species of wild cattle in the Ramghur mountains as a variety of this species. The yak inhabits also the Altaic mountains, and supplies milk to the Calmucks, and the Mongolian and Doukta Tartars The Chinese name them Si-nun or water-ox, and adorn their caps with the fringes of the hair. These animals are in the habit of standing with the feet much more under them than domestic cattle, and then they appear as if their body was shorter. They reside in winter as much as possible in the woods of temperate North America, ascending the mountains and penetrating into New Mexico. To- 5. The Gayal is nearly the size and shape of an wards summer, they migrate northwards, and in English bull, with a dull heavy appearance; but at their passage both in spring and autumn, occasionally the same time, of a form equal in strength and acform herds of several thousands. They are not tivity with the wild buffalo. It has short horns, naturally dangerous, but irritable; we have seen which are distant at the bases, and rise in a gentle them leap over fences four feet high, and defend curve directly out and up. The head at the upper themselves against bull-dogs with much spirit and part is very broad and flat, and contracted suddenly more activity than the domestic bull; they turn with towards the nose, which is naked like that of the great quickness, and being covered by their shaggy common cow. From the upper angles of the forehair, dogs seldom seize them firmly. Young animals head proceed two thick short horizontal processes acquire a certain temporary docility, and might be of bone, which are covered with a tuft of lighter used to the plough: but the elevation of the shoul-coloured hair; on these are placed the horns, shorter ders, and their weakness about the loins, will never allow such profitable use to be made of them as of the domestic ox. Besides, the females do not retain their milk long, and yield a smaller quantity, which is said to smell musky. Formerly the species was known to the eastward of the Apalachian mountains, but they are no longer found in the remote parts of than the head, and lying nearly on the plane of the forehead, towards the tips rounded, and ending in a sharp point. The eyes resemble those of a common ox; the ears are much longer, broader, and blunter than those of that animal; the neck is very slender near the head, at some distance from which a dewlap commences, but this is not so deep nor so much un dulated as in the zebu. The dewlap is covered with strong longish hair, so as to join a kind of mane on the lower part of the neck; but is not very conspicuous, especially when the animal is young. In place of the hump, the gayal has a sharp ridge, which commences on the hinder part of the neck, slopes gradually up till it comes over the shoulder joints, and then runs horizontally along a third part of the back, and terminates with a sudden slope. The height of this ridge makes the neck appear much depressed, and also adds greatly to the clumsiness of the chest, which, although narrow, is very deep. The sternum is covered by a continuation of the dewlap; the belly is protuberant, but in its hinder part is greatly contracted; the rump has a more considerable declivity than that of the European ox, but less than that of the zebu. The tail is covered with short hair, except near the end, where it is tufted, but descends no lower than the shins. The legs, especially the fore ones, are thick and clumsy; the false hoofs are much larger than those of the zebu; the hinder parts are weaker in proportion than the forehead; and owing to the construction of the belly, the hinder legs, although, in fact, the shortest, appear to be the longest. The whole body is covered with a coat of short hair. The general colour is brown in various shades, which very often approaches to black, but it sometimes is rather light. The legs and belly are usually white, as also the tip of the tail. The head is about 1 foot 8 inches long, and the distance between the roots of the horns 10 inches. The total length from nose to tail is about 9 feet 6 inches; height at the shoulders, 4 feet 9 inches; height at the loins, 4 feet 4 or 5 inches. The voice of the gayal has no resemblance to the grunt of the Indian ox; it is a kind of lowing, but not near so loud as that of the European ox. The Cucis or Lunetas, a people inhabiting the hills to the eastward of Chayaon (Chitagong), have herds of the gayal in a domestic state. By them it is called Shial; whence probably its name of Gayal. It is possible that the wild cattle of Siam noticed by Colonel Syms under the name catin, are of this species. The head and supported by strong and solid limbs. is large; the forehead, though narrow, is remarkably strong and convex: the chaffron straight, flat, prolonged, and terminated by a broad muzzle; the horns being flat or bending laterally, with a certain direction to the rear, and therefore not very applicable in goring; the ears are rather large, never erect, funnel-shaped; the eyes large; they have no hunch on the back, but a small dewlap on the breast. The females bear an udder with four mammæ, two of which are sometimes not developed; the tail is long and slender; the back rather straight; the hide black, more or less covered with hair of an asby or blackish colour; sometimes it is brown or white. They avoid hills, preferring coarse plants of the forest and such as grow in a swampy regions, to those of open plains; they love to wallow and lie for hours sunk deep in water; they swim well, or rather float on the surface, and consequently pass the broadest rivers without hesitation; their gait is heavy, and unwieldy, and run almost always with the nose horizontal, being principally guided by their sense of smelling; but this attitude prevents their seeing beneath them, and conceals their horns. In their combats, they usually strike or butt with the forehead, endeavour to lift the opponent on their horns, and when thrown to crush him with their knees: they trample on the body, and their vindictive fury is so lasting, that they will return again and again to glut their vengeance upon the same inanimate corpse; they herd together in small flocks, or live in pairs, but are never strictly gregarious in a wild state; they have a tenacious memory, and they low in a deep to e. The females bear calves two years following, but remain sterile during the third; gestation is said to last twelve months, but it appears not to exceed ten, they propagate at four and a half years old, and discontinue after twelve. Parturition (in Europe) takes place in the spring, and never exceeds one calf. Dr. Pallas asserts that they breed with domestic cattle, but that the produce usually dies: their life may extend to twenty-five years. Although in a domestic state they are not remark. 6. Beside the above existing species, it may be pro-able for docility or attachment to their keepers, yet per to mention the fossil bisons. The Broad-headed Fossil Bison of Dr. Harlan, as described by Cuvier, differs little in the skull from that of the bison, except in its greater dimensions. The forehead is arched, broader than high; the horns are attached two inches before the line formed by the union of the facial and occipital surfaces, which latter form an obtuse angle; the plane of the occiput represents a semicircle. The horn is 21 inches in circumference at its base. A fragment of this size was found in Kentucky, and similar skulls have been discovered near Melnick in Bohemia, in Italy, and on the Rhine, in Russia, Siberia, and probably over the whole northern hemisphere. The Bos Bombifrons of the same American author is described by Mr. Wistar from a skull presented by Mr. Jefferson to the American Philosophical Society. The top of the head between the horns is strongly arched and projecting; the facial line forming rather an acute angle with the occipital surface. The horns first project laterally from the sides of the head, and then curve downwards; they are placed on the skull at a considerable distance anterior to the union of the facial and occipital surfaces. The specimen injured and wanting the face and jaws was found in Bigbonelick near the falls of the Ohio. The affinity seems to be nearest to the Tartaric Yak. See the Animal Kingdom' of Cuvier. Supplement to the order Ruminantia. By Major Smith. NOTE C.-The Buffalo. Buffaloes in general are animals of a large stature, resembling a bull, low in proportion to their bulk, | a feeling of this kind, mixed no doubt with instinctive antipathy, is exemplified in an anecdote related by Mr. D. Johnson. "Two biparies, or carriers of grain and merchandise on the backs of bullocks, were driving a loaded string of these animals from Palamow to Chitrah: when they were come within a few miles of the latter place, a tiger seized on the man in the rear, which was seen by a guallah (herdsman), as he was watching his buffaloes grazing: he boldly ran up to the man's assistance, and cut the tiger very severely with his sword; upon which he dropped the biparie, and seized the herdsman. The buffaloes observing it, attacked the tiger, and rescued the herdsman; they tossed him about from one to the other, and, to the best of my recollection, killed him. Both the wounded men were brought to me; the biparie recovered, and the herdsman died." This anecdote reveals, if not attachment, great antipathy and courage; and it is well known that neither the tiger nor the lion are inclined to prey upon the buffalo, whose vengeance is probably kept alive by occasional depredations upon their young, and Indian herdsmen do not scruple to pass the night in the most dangerous jungle, seated upon the back of some one favourite animal. Their extreme hostility to red colours is often remarked in India: the same antipathy is observed at the Cape and in Europe. A general officer, now living, relates, that while a young man he was employed in surveying in Hungary, and happening to use a small plane table, the back of which was covered with red morocco: as he walked from one station to another, he sometimes carried it with the paper against his breast, and the crimson colour in front. On a sudden, he perceived at a con |