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into the spinal marrow; upon which they instantly fall, and he then cuts the arteries that lead to the heart, and lets the blood discharge itself into the cavity of the breast.

There is scarcely any part of this animal that is not converted to its peculiar uses. As soon as it begins to grow old, and some time before the rut, it is killed, and the flesh dried in the air. It is also sometimes hardened with smoke, and laid up for travelling provision, when the natives migrate from one part of the country to another. During the winter, the rein-deer are slaughtered as sheep with us; and every four persons in the family are allowed one rein-deer for their week's subsistence. In spring, they spare the herd as much as they can, and live upon fresh fish. In summer, the milk and curd of the rein-deer make their chief provision; and, in autumn, they live wholly upon fowls, which they kill with a cross-bow, or catch in springs. Nor is this so scanty an allowance; since, at that time, the sea-fowls come in such abundance that their ponds and springs are covered over. These are not so shy as with us, but yield themselves an easy prey. They are chiefly allured to those places by the swarms of gnats which infest the country during summer, and now repay the former inconveniences, by inviting such numbers of birds as supply the natives with food a fourth part of the year, in great abundance.

The milk, when newly taken, is warmed in a cauldron, and thickened with rennet; and then the curd is pressed into cheeses, which are little and well tasted. These are never found to breed mites as the cheese of other countries; probably because the mite-fly is not to be found in Lapland. The whey which remains is warmed up again, and becomes of a consistence as if thickened with the white of eggs. Upon this the Laplanders feed during the summer; it is pleasant and well tasted but not very nourishing. As to butter, they very seldom make any, because the milk affords but a very small quantity, and this, both in taste and consistence, is more nearly resembling to suet. They never keep their milk till it turns sour; and do not dress it into the variety of dishes which the more southern countries are known to do. The only delicacy they make from it is with woodsorrel, which being boiled up with it, and coagulating, the whole is put into casks, or deerskins, and kept under ground to be eaten in winter.

The skin is even a more valuable part of this animal than either of the former. From that part of it which covered the head and feet, they make their strong snow-shoes, with the hair on the outside. Of the other parts they compose their garments, which are extremely warm, and which cover them all over. The hair of these also is on the outside; and they sometimes line them also with the fur of the glutton, or some other warm-furred animal of that cli

mate. These skins also serve them for beds. They spread them on each side of the fire, upon some leaves of the dwarf birch-tree, and in this manner lie both soft and warm. Many garments made of the skin of the rein-deer are sold every year to the inhabitants of the more southern parts of Europe; and they are found so service able in keeping out the cold, that even people o the first rank are known to wear them.

In short, no part of this animal is thrown away as useless. The blood is preserved in small casks, to make sauce with the marrow in spring. The horns are sold to be converted into glue. The sinews are dried, and divided so as to make the strongest kind of sewing thread, not unlike catgut. The tongues, which are considered as a great delicacy, are dried, and sold into the more southern provinces. The intestines themselves are washed like our tripe, and in high esteem among the natives. Thus the Laplander finds all his necessities amply supplied from this single animal; and he who has a large herd of these animals has no idea of higher luxury."7

37 The movements of the wandering Laplander are As camels constidetermined by those of his deer. deer comprise all the wealth of a Laplander. The tute the chief possession of an Arab, so do the reinnumber of deer belonging to a herd is from three hundred to five hundred; with these a Laplander can do well, and live in tolerable comfort. He can make year's consumption; and, during the winter season, in summer a sufficient quantity of cheese for the can afford to kill deer enough to supply him and his family pretty constantly with venison. With two hundred deer, a man, if his family be but small, can manage to get on. If he have but one hundred, his subsistence is very precarious, and he cannot rely entirely upon them for support. Should he have but fifty, he is no longer independent, or able to keep a separate establishment, but generally joins his small herd to that of some richer Laplander, being then considered more in the light of a menial, undertaking the laborious office of attending upon and watching the herd, bringing them home to be milked, and other similar offices, in return for the lander wanders through the greatest variety of wild subsistence afforded him. With this stock the Lap

and beautiful scenery; but he is little sensible to the impressions which such regions produce upon the mind of an intelligent traveller. The extremes of bodily fatigue and want leave little room for the cultivation of the mind; and the love of the sublime and beautiful of nature belongs to an advanced state of the intellect. These rich summer scenes of Lapland are wonderfully enlivened by the presence of the wanderer and his herds. Von Buch, a celebrated traveller, has well described the evening milkingtime:-"It is a new and a pleasing spectacle, to see in the evening the herd assembled round the gamme (encampment) to be milked. On all the hills around, every thing is in an instant full of life and motion The busy dogs are everywhere barking, and bringing and run, stand still, and bound again, in an indescrib the mass nearer and nearer, and the rein-deer bound able variety of movements. When the feeding animal, frightened by the dog, raises his head, and displays aloft his large and proud antlers, what a beautiful and majestic sight! And when he courses over carriage! the ground, how fleet and light are his speed and We never hear the foot on the earth, and nothing but the incessant crackling of the knee.

not one of those that are attacked with this disorder are ever found to recover. Notwithstanding, it is but very lately known in that part of the world; although, during the last ten or fifteen years, it has spoiled whole provinces of this necessary creature. It is contagious; and the moment the Laplander perceives any of his herd infected, he hastens to kill them immediately, before it spreads any farther. When examined internally, there is a frothy substance found in the brain, and round the lungs; the intestines are lax and flabby, and the spleen is diminished almost to nothing. The Laplander's only cure in all these disorders is, to anoint the animal's back with tar; if this does not succeed, he considers the disease as beyond the power of art; and, with his natural phlegm, submits to the severities of fortune.

But although the rein-deer be a very hardy and vigorous animal, it is not without its diseases. I have already mentioned the pain it feels from the gnat, and the apprehensions it is under from the gadfly. Its hide is often found pierced in a hundred places, like a sieve, from this insect, and not a few die in their third year from this very cause. Their teats also are subject to cracking, so that blood comes instead of milk. They sometimes take a loathing for their food; and, instead of eating, stand still, and chew the cud. They are also troubled with a vertigo, like the elk, and turn round often till they die. The Laplander judges of their state by the manner of their turning. If they turn to the right, he judges their disorder but slight; if they turn to the left, he deems it incurable. The rein-deer are also subject to ulcers near the hoof, which unqualifies them for travelling, or keeping with the herd. But the most fatal disorder of all is, that which the natives call the suddataka, which attacks this animal at all seasons of the year. The instant it is seized with this disease, it begins to breathe with greater difficulty; its eyes begin to stare, and its nostrils to expand. It acquires also an unusual degree of ferocity, and attacks all it meets indiscriminately. Still, how-caribou, and the glutton the carajou. This aniever, it continues to feed as if in health, but it is not seen to chew the cud, and it lies down more frequently than before. In this manner it continues, every day consuming and growing more lean, till at last it dies from mere inanition; and

joints, as if produced by a repetition of electric shocks-a singular noise; and from the number of rein-deer by whom it is at once produced, it is heard at a great distance. When all the herd, consisting of three or four hundred, at last reach the gamme, they stand still, or repose themselves, or frisk about in confidence, play with their antlers against each other, or in groupes surround a patch of moss browsing. When the maidens run about with their milkvessels from deer to deer, the brother or servant throws a bark halter round the antlers of the animal which they point out to him, and draws it towards them; the animal generally struggles, and is unwilling to follow the halter, and the maiden laughs at and enjoys the labour it occasions, and sometimes wantonly allows it to get loose that it may again be caught for her; while the father and mother are heard scolding them for their frolicsome behaviour, which has often the effect of scaring the whole flock. Who, viewing this scene, would not think on Laban, on Leah, Rachel, and Jacob? When the herd at last stretches itself, to the number of so many hundreds at once, about the gamme, we imagine we are beholding an entire encampment, and the commanding mind which presides over the whole stationed in the middle." The noise which the traveller describes as "the crackling of his knee-joints," is produced by the contraction of the rein-deer's hoofs, when the foot is raised from the ground. These hoofs are not narrow and pointed, like those of the fallow deer, which finds its food upon unyielding surfaces; but they are broad and spreading; and thus, when the rein-deer crosses the yielding snows, the foot presents a large surface, and, like the snow-shoe of the Norwegians and Canadian Indians, prevents, to a certain extent, the animal sinking as deeply as it would if the hoof were small and compact.-Ed.

Besides the internal maladies of this animal, there are some external enemies which it has to fear. The bears now and then make depredations upon the herd; but of all their persecutors, the creature called the glutton is the most dangerous and the most successful. The war between these is carried on not less in Lapland than in North America, where the rein-deer is called the

mal, which is not above the size of a badger, waits whole weeks together for its prey, hid in the branches of some spreading tree; and when the wild rein-deer passes underneath, it instantly drops down upon it, fixing its teeth and claws into the neck, just behind the horns. It is in vain that the wounded animal then flies for protection, that it rustles among the branches of the forest, the glutton still holds its former position; and, although it often loses a part of its skin and flesh, which are rubbed off against the trees, yet it still keeps fast until its prey drops with fatigue and loss of blood. The deer has but one only method of escape, which is by jumping into the water; that element its enemy cannot endure ; for, as we are told, it quits its hold immediately and then thinks only of providing for its own proper security.

NOTE A.-Deer-hunting in Britain.

The great huntings of Scotland and of the border countries are well known to all the readers of our minstrelsy. The "woful hunting" of Chevy Chase has been, perhaps, one of the most popular poems of any language. This union of the chase and of war was a natural alliance; for, amongst a rude people, personal prowess in the one was the quality which most commanded success in the other. Gaston de Foix, occasionally one of the most triumphant, because one of the most cruel, treacherous, and altogether abominable heroes of the days of chivalry, was the mightiest hunter of his day. He is said to have kept sixteen hundred hounds; and he wrote a book on hunting, extremely accurate and curious in its details. All sovereigns, however, did not pursue the chase with the ardour of Gaston-Phœbus, duke of Foix, nor of James V. of Scotland. The Scottish kings used to shoot the deer from an elevated seat as the packs were driven before them-a practice de

manding as much enterprise, and altogether as rational, as what in the terms of modern sporting, is called the battue. Pennant, however, in his History of Scotland, has described a scene of more danger; and he has translated a passage from an old author, which illustrates in a graphic way the ancient modes of hunting: One of the walks retains the name of the King's seat, having been the place where the Scottish monarchs placed themselves in order to direct their shafts with advantage at the flying deer, driven that way for their amusement. A chase of this kind had very nearly prevented the future miseries of the unhappy Mary Stuart. The story is told by William Barclay in his treatise Contra Monarchomachos: it gives a lively picture of the ancient manner of hunting, and, on that account, will perhaps be acceptable to the reader in an English dress.

There can be little doubt that at one period of its history, probably when the surface, which is now morass or peat bog, or cleared and under tillage, was covered with forests, deer were abundant in most parts of Scotland. There was then, probably, a variety which is now extinct, for, in some of the bogs, horns are found of larger dimensions than any that are to be seen upon the present fallow deer, or the red deer of the mountains. The red deer are now far from numerous, and are seldom, if ever, seen on the Grampians. This has, no doubt, arisen from the grazing of sheep and cattle, by which the seclusion the red deer are so fond of has been broken in upon, both in the mountains and in the valleys. As the more lucrative occupation of the soil extends into the remoter districts, the race must further and further decrease; nor is the period at which they will "In the year 1563, the Earl of Athole, a prince of be wholly extinct, in all probability, very distant the blood royal, had, with much trouble, and vast Red deer are yet found in Mar Forest and Glenartexpense, a hunting match for the entertainment of ney; and there are still a considerable number in the our most illustrious and most gracious queen. Our west parts of Ross and Sutherland; though the expeople called this a royal hunting. I was then a young tensive and judicious improvements which, very inan, and was present on that occasion. Two thou- much to the general advantage of the country, have sand Highlanders, or wild Scotch, as you call them recently been effected, under the Marquis of Stafford, here, were employed to drive to the hunting ground have made them more rare than they were about the all the deer from the woods and hills of Athole, Bade- end of the last century. Now, unless by a person noch, Mar, Murray, and the counties about. As whom long observation has rendered familiar with these Highlanders use a light dress, and are very their haunts, the country may be traversed without swift of foot, they went up and down so nimbly, seeing even one. From their fleetness, and the that, in less than two months' time, they brought nature of the ground on which they are found, horses together two thousand red deer, besides roes and fal- and hounds are of no use in the direct chase of them, low deer. The queen, the great men, and a number as the steed would be required to leap precipices of of others were in a glen when all these deer were fifty feet, instead of gates of five bars; and the dogs brought before them. Believe me, the whole body would be constantly tumbling into gullies and ravines, moved forward in something like battle-order. This which are cleared by the deer at one bound. They sight still strikes me, and ever will strike me, for cannot be driven "with hound and horn," as was the they had a leader whom they followed close wher- case in the days of the "barons bold;" neither can ever he moved. This leader was a very fine stag, they be collected and hemmed in, after the somewhat with a very high head. This sight delighted the similar manner in which the Highland chiefs conqueen very much; but she soon had cause for fear, ducted their sports. Still there are a few places upon the earl's (who had been from his early days where a person who has been habituated to the ocaccustomed to such sights) addressing her thus:cupation, and who does not fear to ground himself Do you observe that stag who is foremost of the herd? there is danger from that stag; for if either fear or rage should force him from the ridge of that hill, let every one look to himself, for none of us will be out of the way of harm; for the rest will follow this one, and, having thrown us under foot, they will open a passage to this hill behind us.' What happened a moment after confirmed this opinion; for the queen ordered one of the best dogs to be let loose on one of the deer: this the dog pursues; the leading stag was frighted; he flies by the same way he had come there; the rest rush after him, and break out where the thickest body of the Highlanders was; they had nothing for it but to throw themselves flat on the heath, and to allow the deer to pass over them. It was told the queen that several of the Highlanders had been wounded, and that two or three had been killed outright; and the whole body had got off, had not the Highlanders, by their skill in hunting, fallen upon a stratagem to cut off the rear from the main body. It was of those that had been separated that the queen's dogs and those of the nobility made slaughter. There were killed that day three hundred and sixty deer, with five wolves, and some roes."

The quantity of deer in Great Britain has, of course, diminished with the progress of agricultural improvement. During the last century numerous forests were enclosed in England, which were formerly stocked with red deer, fallow deer, and roebucks; which, existing in an almost wild state, tempted those who lived within their range to a constant life of depredation. What the deer-stealers of the old times were, are the poachers now; and the temptation, in either case, presents a fearful cause of crine and misery.

in a morass, and will submit to the other pleasures of "stalking," may occasionally find a roe. The most certain time is when the state of the weather is such as to force the herds to the well-heads, where there is brushwood near to cover the marksman,

The largest forest set apart for red deer which exists in Scotland is the forest of Athole, where a hundred thousand English acres are given up to them; and upon this large tract neither man, woman, child, sheep, or oxen are allowed to trespass, with the exception of those parties who are permitted to partake of the mysteries of deer-stalking. The sportsmen, seldoin more than two in each party, set forth accompanied by a keeper who acts as general; and they are followed by two or three Highlanders, carrying spare rifles, and leading the deer-hounds. The party is preceded by the keeper, who is about twenty or thirty yards in advance, attentively examining the face of every hill with his telescope, to discover the deer that may be grazing upon it. Upon detecting a herd, a council of war is held, and the plan of operations determined upon. It is necessary to proceed with much caution, as, independent of the strong sense of smelling, seeing, and hearing, which these animals are endued with, there is always one of the herd, generally a hind, or female deer, stationed as sentinel; and upon the least suspicion being excited, the signal is given, and they are off Great care is therefore taken in the approach to advance up the wind, and to conceal the party by tak ing advantage of the inequalities of the ground, preserving the strictest silence. It frequently happens that the sportsmen are obliged to make a circuit of some miles to get near them undetected; at other times they may find that they are in a situation from which they cannot extricate themselves unseen; in

that case they must lie down till the herd move into a more favourable position for their purpose. Hav ing arrived as near to them as is possible without detection, the sportsmen, after a careful examination of their rifles, still concealing themselves as much as possible, fire, and continue firing and loading as ong as they remain within practicable distance. Eleven out of a herd of fifteen have been known to be killed by one person: the accidental circumstance of an echo, the sound being heard on one side and the flash appearing on the other, so puzzled the deer that they stood still, till the four last gathered courage and made off. When wounded, large hounds, of a breed between the greyhound and the bloodhound, are let loose upon the track of their blood, and they never leave it till they have brought the animal to bay, generally in some stream, where they keep him till the sportsinan comes up and despatches him by shooting him through the head. It is necessary for the hunter to be very cautious in approaching him when at bay, and always to keep him down the stream from where he stands; for, if he breaks his bay, he is very likely to attack his pursuer, gore him with his horns, or trample him to pieces with his feet. This is, of all European sports, the most noble and interesting, as any person, who has tried and understands it, will testify, heightened as it is by the wildness and beauty of the scenery, the pure invigorating effect of the mountain air, the picturesque dress and appearance of the Highlanders, and the eager interest they take in a pursuit so peculiar to their own hills and so congenial to their habits.

Fallow deer are much more abundant in Scotland, not only in enclosed parks, but at large, over the country. They are found in many of the lowland plantations in Forfar and Perthshire; which seems to indicate that a restoration of the woods would lead to an increase of their numbers. Those that are found in the situations alluded to, have, no doubt, been produced by individuals which had escaped from the parks. In summer they are not often seen; but when the winter is severe, they sometimes invade the cottage gardens, in troops of six or eight together.

In a state approaching that of nature, they are most plentiful in the central part of the Grampians, from which it is probable that they may extend their numbers into all those mountain districts, where planting has been preferred to grazing. They are most numerous on the southern part of the bleak, and, generally speaking, naked ridge of Minigny, which lies between the glen of Athole on the south, and Badenoch on the north; and between the lofty summits of Ben-y-glac on the east, and the pass of Dalnavardoch on the west. The greater part of this ridge is the property of the Duke of Athole, although many deer are found on the lands of the Duke of Gordon and others, towards the east. The deer are seldom on the summits; but generally in the glens of the Tilt and Bruar. Those deer are often seen in herds of upwards of a thousand; and when, in a tract where there is no human abode for 20 or 30 miles, a long line of bucks appears on a height with their branching horns relieved upon the clear mountain sky, the sky is very imposing. During the rutting season the deer are in the fastnesses of the glens; and though they are there more frequently heard, they are not so numerously seen as in their milder moods.

NOTE B.-The Elk.

The elk is a native of Europe, America, and Asia as far as Japan. It feeds on twigs and branches of trees, and marsh plants; goes on its hoofs with a stumbling gait; its skin is hard, almost able to resist a musket ball; its horns are palmate, with short beams, frerently without beams; ears long and large, upright

and slouching; its upper lip is broad, square, and deeply furrowed, hanging over the mouth; nose broad; nostrils large; its neck is short and slouching, with an upright mane; its eyes are very small, and from the corner of them a deep slit, common to all the deer kind, as well as the antelopes; its tail is very short: spacious hoofs, large and loose, making a rattling noise when travelling. The legs of elks are so long, and their necks so short, that they cannot graze on level ground, like other animals, but are obliged to browse on the tops of large plants, and the leaves or branches of trees. In all their actions they appear very uncouth.

In summer-time the elks frequent the margins of rivers and lakes, getting into the water in order to avoid the innumerable multitudes of moschettoes and other flies that pester them during that season. They are often killed by the Indians while they are crossing rivers, or swimming from the mainland to islands. When pursued in this situation, they are the most inoffensive of all animals, never making any resistance; and the young ones are so simple that, in North America, Mr. Hearne saw an Indian paddle his canoe up to one of them, and take it by the pole without the least opposition; the poor harmless animal seeming, at the same time, as contented alongside the canoe as if swimming by the side of its dam, and looking up in the faces of those who were about to become its murderers with the most fearless innocence, using its fore-feet, almost every instant, to clear its eyes of the numerous moschettoes which alighted upon it.

He

Elks are the easiest to tame and domesticate of any of the deer kind. They will follow their keeper to any distance from home; and at his call will return with him, without the least trouble, and without even attempting to deviate from the path. An Indian, at the factory at Hudson's bay, had, in the year 1777, two of them so tame, that when he was on his passage to Prince of Wales' Fort, in a canoe, they always followed him along the bank of the river; and at night, or any other occasion, when he landed, they generally came and fondled on him in the same manner as the most domestic animal would have done, and never attempted to stray from the tents. did not, however, possess these animals long; for he one day crossed a deep bay in one of the lakes, in order to save a very circuitous route along it banks, and expected the creatures would, as usual, follow him round: but unfortunately at night they did not arrive; and as the howling of wolves was heard in the quarter where they were, it is supposed they had been devoured by them, for they were never afterward seen. M. D'Obsonville had a moose-deer in his possession, while in the East Indies. He procured it when only ten or twelve days old, and kept it about two years without ever tying it up. He even let it run abroad, and sometimes amused himself with making it draw in the yard, or carry little burdens. It always came when called, and he found few signs of impatience, except when it was not allowed to remain near him. When he departed from the island of Sumatra he gave it to Mr. Law of Lauristan, the governor-general, an intimate friend. This gentleman sent it to his country house, where, being kept alone, and chained, it became so furious as not to be approached without danger; even the person who every day brought his food was obliged to leave this at some distance. After some months' absence (says M. D'Obsonville), I returned: it knew me afar off, and as I observed the efforts it made to get at me, I ran to meet it; and never shall I forget the impression which the caresses and transports of this faithful animal made upon me.'

An attempt has been made at New York to render the elk useful in agricultural labours, which has been attended with success. Mr. Chancellor Livington, the President of the New York Society, had two of

these animals broken to the harness. Though they had only been twice bitted, and were two years old, they appeared to be equally docile with colts of the saine age. They applied their whole strength to the draught, and went on a steady pace. Their mouths appeared very tender, and some care was necessary to prevent them from being injured by the bit. If upon trial it is found that elks can be rendered useful in harness, it will be a considerable acquisition to the Americans. As their trot is very rapid, it is probable that, in light carriages, they would outtravel the horse. They are also less delicate in their food than that animal, becoming fat on hay only. They are long-lived, and more productive than any beast of burden.

The methods of hunting the elk in Canada are curious. The first and most simple is, before the lakes or rivers are frozen, multitudes of the natives assemble in their canoes, with which they form a vast crescent, each point touching the shore; whilst another party on the shore surrounds an extensive

tract; they are attended by dogs which they let loose and press towards the water with loud cries. The animals alarmed by the noise, fly before the hunters, and plunge into the lake, where they are killed by the people in the canoes with lances and clubs. Another method requires a greater degree of preparation and art; the hunters enclose a large space with stakes and branches of trees, forming two sides of a triangle. The bottom opens into a second enclosure, which is fast on all sides; at the opening are hung numbers of snares, made of the slips of raw hides. They assemble as before in great troops; and with all kinds of hideous noises, drive into the enclosure not only the moose, but various other kinds of deer, with which that country abounds. Some, in forcing their way through the narrow pass, are caught in the snares by the neck or horns; whilst those who escape these, meet their fate from the arrows of the hunters, directed at them from all quarters. They are likewise frequently killed with the gun.

BOOK IV.

QUADRUPEDS OF THE HOG KIND.

CHAP. I.

INTRODUCTION.

ANIMALS of the hog kind seem to unite in themselves all those distinctions by which others are separated. They resemble those of the horse kind in the number of their teeth, which, in all, amount to forty-four, in the length of their head, and in having but a single stomach. They resemble the cow kind in their cloven hoofs, and the position of their intestines; and they resemble those of the claw-footed kind in their appetite for flesh, in their not chewing the cud, and in their numerous progeny. Thus this species serves to fill up that chasm which is found between the carnivorous kinds and those that live upon grass, being possessed of the ravenous appetite of the one, and the inoffensive nature of the other. We may consider them therefore, as of a middle nature, which we can refer neither to the rapacious nor the peaceful kinds, and yet partaking somewhat of the nature of both. Like the rapacious kinds, they are found to have short intestines; their hoofs also, though cloven to the sight, will, upon anatomical inspection, appear to be supplied with bones like beasts of prey;

1 The animals of this tribe have four front teeth

in the upper jaw, which converge at their points; and generally six in the lower jaw, which project. The canine teeth, or tusks, are two in each jaw; those in the upper jaw short, those in the lower jaw extending beyond the mouth. The snout is prominent, moveable, and has the appearance of having been abruptly cut off; the hoofs are cloven.-Ed.

and the number of their teats also increase the similitude on the other hand, in a natural state they live upon vegetables, and seldom seek after animal food, except when urged by necessity. They offend no other animal of the forest, at the same time that they are furnished with arms to terrify the bravest.

THE WILD BOAR,

Which is the original of all the varieties we find in this creature, is by no means so stupid nor so filthy an animal, as that we have reduced to tameness; he is much smaller than the tame hog, and does not vary in his colour as those of the domestic kind do, but is always found of an iron gray inclining to black; his snout is much longer than that of the tame hog, and the ears are shorter, rounder, and black; of which colour are also the feet and the tail. He roots the ground in a different manner from the common hog; for as this turns up the earth in little spots here and there, so the wild boar ploughs it up like a furrow, and does irreparable damage in the cultivated lands of the farmer. The tusks also of this animal are larger than in the tame breed, some of them being seen almost a foot long. These, as is well known, grow from both the under and upper jaw, bent upwards circularly, and are exceedingly sharp at the points. They differ from the tusks of the ele

2

2 Buffon, vol. ix. p. 147.

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