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JOHNSTON, JOHN-JOHNSTONE, JAMES.

In 1632, as already remarked, was published at | JOHNSTONE, JAMES, a clever physician and Aberdeen "Epigrammata Arturi Johnstoni ;" and in physiological writer, who was born at Annan in Scot1633 he translated Solomon's Song into Latin elegiac land in 1730. In 1750 he took the degree of doctor verse, and dedicated it to his majesty; in 1637 he of medicine, publishing a thesis "De Aeris Factitii edited the "Delicia Poetarum Scoticorum," to which | Imperio in Corpore Humano," which gained him much he was himself a large contributor, and which, says credit and some valuable friends. The following year. Dr. Johnson, would have done honour to any country. he went to reside at Kidderminster in Worcestershire, His psalms were reprinted at Middleburg in 1642, which at that time and some years afterwards was at London in 1657, at Amsterdam in 1706, at Edin- subject to a putrid fever of such peculiar malignity burgh by William Lauder in 1739, and at last on as to be called the Kidderminster fever. His name the plan of the Delphin classics at London in 1741, first became known by the successful treatment he at the expense of auditor Benson, who dedicated adopted for the cure of this dreadful disorder. Inthem to the king, and prefixed to this edition me- stead of bleeding and purging, means then in commoirs of Dr. Johnston, with the testimonies of various mon use, he then recommended bark, wine, mineral learned persons. A laboured but partial and inju- acids, free ventilation of air, and the affusion of water dicious comparison between the two translations of and vinegar; and so prominent was his success that Buchanan and Johnston was printed the same year he was inmediately introduced into considerable pracby Benson in English, entitled "A Prefatory Dis- tice. Of this fever, as it appeared in 1756, he pubcourse to Dr. Johnston's Psalms," &c., and " A Con-lished an account in 1758, which proves him to be clusion to it." This was ably answered by the learned the discoverer of the power of mineral acid vapours Ruddiman in "A Vindication of Mr. George Bu- to correct or destroy putrid febrile contagion: he orchanan's Paraphrase of the Book of Psalms," 1745. ders for this purpose vitriolic acid to be poured upon Johnston's translations of the Te Deum, Creed, common salt in a convenient vessel over a proper Decalogue, &c., were subjoined to the psalms. His heat. other poetical works are his "Parerga," and his 'Musa Aulicæ," or commendatory verses upon persons of rank in church and state at that time. Johnston is evidently entitled to very high praise as a Latin poet. Benson's comparison between Buchanan and Johnston was absurd enough, but it is not fair" little brains, subordinate springs and reservoirs of that Johnston should suffer by his editor's want of taste. Lord Woodhouselee does not think Johnston's attempt to emulate Buchanan as a translator of the psalms greatly beyond his powers; for although, taken as a whole, his version is certainly inferior, yet there are a few of his psalms which on comparison will be found to excel the corresponding paraphrase of his rival.

The first sketches of Dr. Johnstone's physiological inquiry into the uses of the ganglions of the nerves were published in the "Philosophical Transactions." They were afterwards enlarged and printed separately. In this inquiry he considers ganglions as nervous power, the immediate sources of the nerves sent to organs moved involuntarily, and the check or cause which hinders our volitions from extending to them. In a word, ganglions limit the exercise of the soul's authority in the animal œconomy, and put it out of our power, by a single volition, to stop the motions of the heart, and in one capricious moment irrecoverably to end our lives." But his physioloJOHNSTON, JOHN, an eminent naturalist, who gical researches did not stop here. In a treatise on was born at Sambter in Great Poland in 1603, and the Walton water, which in quality strongly resemreceived the greater part of his education in his own bles the Cheltenham, he has pointed out the procountry; but in 1622 he came to England, and from bable functions of the lymphatic glands, supposing thence he went to Scotland, where he studied with them to be organs destined to purify, digest, and great diligence in the university of St. Andrew's till animalize the matters selected and absorbed by the 1625. He afterwards studied at Leyden and Cam-lacteals and other lymphatics; thus fitting them for bridge. He undertook the education of the two sons their union with the blood and the nutrition of the of the count de Kurtzbach and accompanied them to body. Holland. While he resided with his pupils at Ley- At Kidderminster Dr. Johnstone continued to act den he took his degree as doctor of physic; and when in a wide sphere of country practice till the death of he came a third time to England the same honour his eldest son, a physician fast rising into eminence, was conferred on him by the university of Cambridge. who fell a martyr to humanity in attending the priHe died in June 1675, in the seventy-second year of soners at Worcester infected with jail-fever; and the his age. He is known in the literary world by a coincidence of the death of his dearest friend, the number of works in the different departments of na- Rev. Job Orton, induced him to remove to Worcestural history, particularly "Thaumatographia Natu- ter, where he continued to practise till a few days ralis in Classes Decem Divisa," "Historia Naturalis previous to his death. He had been subject to pulde Piscibus et Cetis," "Historia Naturalis de Qua- monary complaints in his youth, which had been drupedibus," "Historia Naturalis de Insectibus," averted by temperance and caution. In his later "Historia Naturalis de Avibus," "Syntagma Den-years they recurred, and during the spring of 1801 drologicum," and "Dendrographia." He published also some historical works of considerable value. JOHNSTONE, BRYCE, a learned Scottish divine, who was born at Annan in Dumfriesshire in 1747. He is best known as the author of a theological work entitled "A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine," and also of "A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Dumfries, with Observations on the Means of its Improvement." He died in 1805.

he had bled himself rather too profusely. In his last attack, which was aggravated by excessive fatigue and exertion, his weakness was such as to forbid the repetition of more than one bleeding, and his strength gradually decayed leaving his intellect clear and unimpaired, and he expired on the 28th of April, 1802, after a short and in no wise painful struggle, having sat up and conversed with his family, till within a few hours of the awful change, cheerful, patient, and resigned.

JOHNSTONE, JOHN--JONAS, GRIFFITH.

JOHNSTONE, JOHN, a talented comic actor, | who was born at Kilkenny in 1749. He made his first appearance on the stage at Dublin in the opera of “Lionel and Clarissa." He afterwards removed to London and played for several seasons at Covent Garden theatre. There he devoted himself to the study of Irish characters, in the representation of which he succeeded beyond most if not all his contemporaries. He closed a theatrical career of half a century by the performance of the part of Dennis Brulgruddery at Covent Garden theatre in 1820, and his. death took place on the 27th of December, 1828. JOMELLI, NICOLO, a celebrated composer and musician, who was born in 1714 at Aversa in the Neapolitan dominions. At the age of twenty-two he produced his first opera entitled "L'Errore Amoroso," which was performed with very great applause at the Florentine theatre in Naples. He afterwards went to Bologna, where he remained till 1746, when he returned to Rome and composed " Didone," which had great success. The Italians declared that they had never heard more beautiful airs, accompaniments better adapted to the words, richer or purer harmony, or a more correct and elegant style, which was majestic without inflation, grand without inequality, and always full of sentiment and melody. These praises, which were repeated by all the journalists of the day, reached Naples, and the countrymen of Jomelli expressed a desire that he should return and allow them in their turn the pleasure of applauding his works. He instantly acceded to their request, and composed his opera of “Eumene,” which had great success.

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returned to Rome, where, on the vacancy of the place of chapel-master of the church of St. Peter, he was elected to that office, and from the year 1750 until 1753 composed much sacred music for his choir. The reputation of this composer extended on every side; his abilities had never appeared so brilliant as on his third stay at Rome. He was now again engaged in Germany, and that country and Italy appear to have emulously disputed his compositions. The duke of Wurtemburg, one of the greatest musical connoisseurs of his day, being anxious to possess as chapel-master him who had during two years enchanted Austria, made very liberal offers to Jomelli, who accepted them, and during the fifteen years that he resided at that court he composed his finest operas. We have yet to speak of his sacred music. He was naturally excited to attempt this style at Rome, where it is especially cultivated and rewarded, and where his public situation called for sacred composition. On his third residence in that city he composed about thirty works, and amongst others a Hymn for the Feast of the Apostles," which is still sung every year on the festivals of St. Peter and St. Paul.

In 1768 Jomelli returned to his beloved native country after a long absence, not foreseeing a disgrace which was destined to embitter the rest of his hitherto happy life, and which he had never before undergone. On his arrival at Naples he composed " Armida" for the theatre of San Carlos, which was enthusiastically applauded. In 1770 he wrote "Demofoonte;" this unfortunately gave less pleasure, and hoping to be more successful he gave in 1773 "Ifigenia," which was ill sung and failed. Jomelli was so affected by this misfortune that he had a paralytic stroke. Immediately on his recovery he composed a beautiful cantata on the birth-day of a prince of Naples. This was soon followed by his last and greatest work, the sublime "Miserere" for two voices; for which his friend, the poet Mattei, wrote Italian words, and which is sung wherever good music is known and cultivated.

Jomelli died at Naples in the year 1774. His obsequies were publicly celebrated by all the musicians of that city. A mass for two choirs was performed, expressly composed for the occasion by Sabbatini.

JONAS, ARNGRIM, a learned islandic writer, historian, and antiquary. His works relate principally to Iceland, among them we may particularly mention his "Brevis Commentarius de Islandia, quo scriptorum variorum errores deteguntur ac quorundam convitiis in Islandos occurruntur." He died in 1640, in the ninetieth year of his age.

Venice had not yet seen the new composer whose fame was spread throughout Italy, and Jomelli felt that the suffrage of the Venetians was necessary to fill the measure of his reputation. He therefore in compliance with their wishes proceeded to Venice, where his opera of " Merope" caused such delight that the government appointed him master of the conservatory for girls. Here he composed a "Laudate" for two choirs of eight voices, which excited the greatest admiration. In 1748 Jomelli returned to Naples and gave "Ezio." Recalled to Rome in the following year, he composed " Artaserse," some "Intermezzi," and the oratorio of "La Passione," at the request of his patron, Cardinal York. Jomelli had by this time obtained in Italy all the laurels she could bestow; in 1749 therefore he repaired to Vienna, to display his genius in a court where Metastasio was the poet. Jomelli imagined that if he had pleased at Naples, whose school abounds with great masters, at Rome where taste is so refined, and at Venice where had existed the greatest abilities which can honour harmony, he should succeed in obtaining the same advantage at Vienna, and above all in meriting the friendship of Metastasio and becoming his composer. He was not deceived. On his arriving in that capital he produced" Achille in Sciro," which was equally well received by the court and the city. From this moment the most sincere and lasting friendship was concluded between the greatest lyric poet and the greatest musician of Italy. Metastasio felt at once that Jomelli was the composer best adapted to set his verses. After remaining nearly two years at the JONAS, GRIFFITH, a miscellaneous writer, who court of Vienna, which was rendered particularly bril-was born in 1721. He was the author of a great liant by the presence of Maria Theresa, equally celebrated as a sovereign and for her love of the arts, and who presented Jomelli with a diamond ring, he

JONAS, CARL, a celebrated composer and pianist, who was born at Berlin in 1770, and was so fortunate as to be patronised in his youth by the princess Amelia of Prussia, who procured him instructions on the piano and in composition from the celebrated Fasch. After the death of his patroness, the king of Prussia interested himself for young Jonas and sent him to the university of Halle, from which town in 1793 he published his work entitled "Ariette pour le Piano Forte avec quinze Variationes," which composition was highly spoken of by the German critics.

number of works, in addition to which he edited the "London Chronicle," and was coadjutor with Dr. Johnson in the "Literary Magazine," and with

42

JONES, EDWARD—JONES, INIGO.

Smollet and Goldsmith in the "British Magazine." | was painted some years after by Rubens; and in June

He was also the author of a considerable number of small books for children. He died in 1786.

JONES, EDWARD, a Welsh poet, who enjoyed the honour of being bard to George the Fourth while prince of Wales. He was principally distinguished for his performance on the harp, which was excellent, and as being the author of "Musical and Poetical Relics of the Welsh Bards," besides other works of considerable merit. He died in 1821.

1633 an order was issued requiring him to repair St. Paul's, and the work was begun soon after at the east end, the first stone being laid by Dr. Laud, then bishop of London, and the south by Inigo Jones. While he was raising these noble monuments of his fame as an architect, he gave no less proofs of his genius in the machinery employed in masques and interludes, which entertainments were much practised in his time. Several of these representations are still extant in the works of Chapman, Davenante, Daniel, and particularly Ben Jonson. The

JONES, HENRY, a dramatic writer of some eminence, who was a native of Drogheda in Ireland. He was warmly patronised by many of his country-subject was chosen by the poet, and the speeches men, but his want of economy and good principle finally involved him in ruin, and he died in great distress in April 1770. His principal work was his tragedy of the "Earl of Essex."

JONES, INIGO.-This celebrated architect was born in the year 1572, in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's, London, of which city his father was a citizen. At an early age he put his son apprentice to a joiner, a business that requires some skill in drawing, and | in that respect suited well with his inclination, which naturally led him to the art of designing. He distinguished himself early by his skill in landscape | painting, which recommended him to the favour of William earl of Pembroke, at whose expense he travelled over Italy and various parts of Europe. The improvements he made abroad gave such an eclat to his reputation, that Christian IV., king of Denmark, sent for him from Venice, which was the chief place of his residence, and made him his architect-general. He had been some time possessed of this post when that prince, whose sister Anne had married King James I., made a visit to England. This was in 1606, and Inigo Jones being desirous to return to his native country, took that opportunity of coming home in the train of his Danish majesty. The magnificence of King James's reign, in dress, buildings, &c., is frequently spoken of by English historians. This last furnished him with an opportunity of exercising his talents; the queen appointed him architect, and not long after he was taken in the same character into the service of Prince Henry, and shortly after the king gave him the reversion of the place of surveyor-general of his majesty's works.

In the interim, his master Prince Henry dying in 1612, he made a second visit to Italy, and continued some years there improving himself in his favourite art. On his return he found that the office of his majesty's works having in the time of his predecessor contracted a debt of several thousand pounds, the privy-council sent for Inigo Jones to give his opinion what course might be taken to ease his majesty of it, the exchequer being empty. Mr. Jones considering well the exigency, not only voluntarily offered to serve without receiving one penny of the profits of his office until the debt was fully discharged, but also persuaded his fellow-officers, the comptroller and paymaster, to do the same, by which means the whole arrears were absolutely cleared.

In 1620 he was appointed one of the commissioners for repairing St. Paul's cathedral in London. Upon the death of King James he was continued in his post by King Charles I. He had furnished the designs for the palace of Whitehall in his former master's time, and that part of it, the banqueting-house, was now carried into execution. It was designed for the reception of foreign ambassadors, and the ceiling

and songs were also of his own composing; but the invention of the scenes, ornaments, and dresses of the figures, was the contrivance of Inigo Jones; he acted in concert with Ben Jonson for a while, but about the year 1614 a quarrel took place between them, which provoked Jonson to ridicule his associate under the character of Lanthern Leatherhead a hobbyhorse-seller, in his comedy of "Bartholomew-fair." And the rupture seems not to have ended but with Jonson's death; a few years before which in 1635, he wrote a most virulent satire, which he called "An Expostulation with Inigo Jones," and afterwards, "An Epigram to a Friend," and also a third, inscribed to "Inigo, Marquis Would-be."

His rough treatment of Jones was not approved of at court, which we learn from the following passage in a letter from James Howell to Jonson :-"I heard you censured lately at court (says he), that you have lighted too foul upon Sir Inigo, and that you write with a porcupine's quill dipped in too much gall. Excuse me that I am so free with you; it is because I am yours in no common way of friendship." But Jonson not attending properly to his friend's hint, Howell wrote him the following letter upon the same subject:

"Father Ben,

"The fangs of a bear and the tusks of a wild boar do not bite worse and make a deeper gash than a goose-quill sometimes; no, not the badger himself, who is said to be so tenacious of his bite that he will not give over his hold till he feels his teeth meet and his bones crack. Your quill hath proved so to Mr. Inigo Jones; but the pen wherewith you have so gashed him, it seems, was made rather of a porcupine than a goose-quill, it is so keen and firm. · Anser, apes, vitulus, populos et regna gubernant. "The goose, the bee, and the calf, (meaning wax, parchment, and pen), rule the world;" but of the three, the pen is most predominant. I know you have a commanding one, but you must not let it tyrannize in the manner you have done lately. Some give out there was hair in it, or that your ink was too thick with gall, else it would not have so bespattered and shaken the reputation of a royal architect; for reputation, you know, is like a fair structure, long a-rearing, but quickly ruined. If your spirit will not let you retract, yet you should do well to repress any more copies of the satire: for to deal plainly with you, you have lost some ground at court by it; and, as I hear from a good hand, the king, who hath so great a judgment in poetry (as in all other things else), is not pleased therewith. Dispense with this freedom of

"Your respectful son and servitor, "J. H."

Westminster, 3 July, 1635.

JONES, JOHN-JONES, JOHN, LL.D.

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Jonson at length paid so much attention to his the sides of it are the exact measure of the great friend Howell's advice, that he entirely suppressed pyramid of Egypt. It was intended to have been the satire against Inigo above referred to. However built all in the same style, but there were not at it has been since printed from the manuscript of the the time a sufficient number of people of taste to aclate Mr. Vertue the engraver, and is inserted in the complish so great a work. edition of Ben Jonson's works published in 1756. In the mean time Mr. Jones received great encouragement from the court, so that he acquired a handsome fortune. But it was much impaired by the losses which he suffered in consequence of his loyalty; for as he had a share in his royal master's prosperity, so had he also in his misfortunes. Upon the meeting of the long parliament in November 1640 he was called before the house of peers, on a complaint exhibited against him by the parishioners of St. Gregory's in London for damages done to that church in repairing St. Paul's cathedral. The church being old, and standing very near the cathedral, was thought to be a blemish to it, and therefore was taken down, pursuant to the king's direction and orders of the council in 1639, in the execution of which the surveyor was chiefly concerned. But, in answer to the complaint, he pleaded the general issue; and when the repairing of the cathedral ceased in 1642, some part of the materials remaining, were by order of the house of lords delivered to the parishioners of St. Gregory's towards the rebuilding of their church. This prosecution put Inigo to a considerable expense, and as he was both a royalist and a catholic, in 1646 he paid 5451. for his delinquency and sequestration. And Mr. Walpole informs us, that he, and Stone the statuary and architect, buried their joint stock of ready money in Scotland Yard; but an order being published to encourage the informers of such concealments, and persons being privy to the spot where the money was hid, it was taken up and re-buried in Lambeth Marsh.

Upon the restoration of Charles II. he was continued in his post by that monarch. But it was only an empty title at that time, nor did Jones live long enough to make it any better. Grief, misfortunes, and age, put an end to his life at Somerset House on the 21st of July, 1651, and on the 26th of the same month he was buried in the church of St. Bennet's, Paul's wharf, where a monument was erected to his memory, which was destroyed in the fire of London. Inigo Jones was not only the greatest architect in England, but the most eminent in his profession at that time in Europe. Among the works of this great master are the following;-the banqueting house, Whitehall, already mentioned; the new buildings fronting the gardens at Somerset House; and the church and piazza of Covent Garden. These have been much admired by the connoisseurs in architecture; and in particular it has been said of the church, that it is one of the most simple and at the same time most perfect pieces of architecture that art can produce. Horace Walpole was, however, of a different opinion. He says, "The arcade of Covent Garden and the church are two structures of which I want taste to see the beauties. In the arcade there is nothing remarkable; the pilasters are as errant and homely stripes as any plasterer would make; and the barn-roof over the portico of the church strikes my eyes with as little idea of dignity or beauties as it could do if it covered nothing but

a barn."

Lincoln's Inn Fields was originally laid out by the masterly hand of Inigo Jones, and it is said that

The garden front of Wilton House, the seat of the earl of Pembroke, and also some other parts of that noble edifice; the queen's house at Greenwich; the Grange in Hampshire, the seat of the earl of Northington; Cashiobury, in Hertfordshire, and Gunnersbury, near Brentford, were also designed by him. JONES, JOHN, an American physician, was born at Long Island in 1729. After receiving his education at a private school in the city of New York, he commenced the study of medicine, and afterwards visited Europe, to improve his professional knowledge. He obtained the degree of doctor of medicine from the university of Rheims, and, having subsequently spent some time at Leyden, concluded his medical tour by a visit to Edinburgh. Returning to America, Dr. Jones settled in New York, where he was speedily introduced to an extensive practice, and acquired particular reputation as an operator. When medical schools were instituted in the college of New York, Dr. Jones was appointed professor of surgery, upon which branch he delivered several courses of lectures, diffusing a taste for it among the students, and explaining improvements as practised in Europe, of which the American faculty were hitherto ignorant. Having for a considerable time been afflicted with the asthma, he embarked for London, where he experienced some alleviation of his complaint.

In the year 1775 Dr. Jones published his "Plain Remarks upon Wounds and Fractures," a work particularly useful to the country at that period. Many persons had been of necessity chosen to act as surgeons in the continental army, who were ignorant of the recent improvements in the profession, and found in this work a valuable assistant. When the British troops took possession of New York, Dr. Jones, notwithstanding the assurances of protection from the royal commander, retired into the country, relinquishing his lucrative practice in the city. He was soon after chosen to a seat in the senate of New York, and subsequently entered the medical department of the army. The hardships of a military life injured his delicate health, and obliged him to abandon the service for his private practice. Having fixed his permanent residence at Philadelphia, he was elected in 1780, one of the physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital. Upon the institution of the college of physicians of Philadelphia in 1787, Dr. Jones was elected vice-president, and contributed to the first volume of its Transactions an interesting paper on Anthrax. He was the intimate friend and physician of Dr. Franklin, whom he attended in his last illness, and published a brief account of his death. In 1790 he attended General Washington, then president of the United States of America, when very ill at New York. When the seat of the federal government was removed to Philadelphia, the president appointed Dr. Jones physician to his family. In June 1791 he contracted a fever, which, added to his previous disorder, put a period to his life on the 23rd of that month, in the sixty-third year of his

JONES, JOHN PAUL.

at the dissenting lege, Hackney. He afterwards | American commissioners or the French ministry. removed to Plymouth Dock, and subsequently held The Ranger was then placed under his orders, with a similar situation as pastor of a unitarian congre- discretion to cruise where he pleased, with this regation at Halifax in Yorkshire. He however finally striction, however, that he was not to return to took up his residence in London, where he employed France immediately after making attempts upon the himself in writing and private tuition. He died in coast of England, as the French government had not January 1827. Among his numerous publications yet declared itself openly as the ally of the United are his "Ecclesiastical Researches," his "Illustra-States. In April 1778 he sailed on a cruise, during tions of the Four Gospels, founded on Circum- which he laid open the weakness of the British coast. stances peculiar to our Lord and his Evangelists;" and a Greek and Latin grammar, besides several other valuable works on theology, and several on education.