1417, when Henry V., for political reasons, carried | royal family of England; and on his return to Scothim with him into France in his second expedition. land, finding that the duke of Albany and his son In all these fortresses, his confinement, from his own had alienated many of the most valuable possessions account of it, was so severe and strict that he was of the crown, instantly caused the whole of that family not so much as permitted to take the air. In this and their adherents to be arrested. The latter were melancholy situation, so unsuitable to his age and nearly all discharged; but the late regent, his two rank, books were his chief companions, and study sons, and his father-in-law, were executed, and their his greatest pleasure. He rose early in the morning, estates confiscated to the crown. James afterwards immediately applied to reading, and continued his procured the enactment of many wise laws in his studies, with little interruption, till late at night. parliaments, which tended to improve the state of James having received a good education in his early society; but at the same time his desire of increasing youth under the direction of Walter Wardlaw, bishop the revenues of the crown caused him to commit of St. Andrew's, by this close application to study many unjust acts, which gave great offence to his became a universal scholar and an excellent poet and nobles. musician. That he wrote as well as read much, we In 1436 he gave his daughter Margaret in marriage have his own testimony, and that of all our historians to the dauphin of France, and sent with her a splenwho lived near his time. Bowmaker, the continua- did train and a vast body of troops. The English, tor of Fordun, who was his contemporary, and per- who had in vain attempted to prevent this union by sonally acquainted with him, spends ten chapters in negotiation, now endeavoured to intercept the Scotch his praises and in lamentations on his death; and, fleet in its passage, but they missed their object, and amongst other things, says, that his knowledge of the princess arrived in safety at Rochelle. James, the scriptures, of law, and philosophy, was incredible. exasperated at this act of hostility, declared war against Hector Boece states that Henry IV. and V. furnished England, and summoned the whole array of his kingtheir royal prisoner with the best teachers in all the dom to assist in the siege of Roxburgh, which, howarts and sciences; and that, by their assistance he ever, he abandoned upon an intimation of a conspimade great proficiency in every part of learning and racy being formed against himself by his own people. the fine arts; that he became a perfect master in He now retired to the Carthusian monastery of Perth, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, music, and natural philo. which he had himself founded, where he lived in sophy, and was inferior to none in divinity and law. privacy, but this, instead of preventing, facilitated He observes further, that the poems he composed in the success of the plot formed against his life. The his native tongue were so beautiful that you might chief actors in this tragedy were Robert Graham, and easily perceive he was born a poet; but that his Latin Walter earl of Athol, the king's uncle. The former poems were not so faultless, for though they abounded was actuated by revenge for the sufferings of some in the most sublime sentiments, their language was of his family, the latter by the hope of obtaining the not so pure, owing to the rudeness of the times in crown for himself. The assassins obtained by bribery which he lived. This prince's skill in music was re-admission into the king's apartments; the alarm was markable. Walter Bower, abbot of Inchcolm, who raised, and the ladies attempted to secure the chamwas intimately acquainted with the prince, assures us ber-door; one of them, Catharine Douglas, thrust that he excelled all mankind in that art both vocal her arm through a staple, which was dreadfully broken and instrumental, and that he played on eight differ- by the force of the assailants. The instant they got ent instruments (which he names), and especially on admission, they dragged the king from his conthe harp, with such exquisite skill that he seemed to cealment, and put him to death on the 20th of Febe inspired. King James was not only an excellent bruary, 1437, in the forty-fourth year of his age. The performer, but also a good composer, both of sacred assassins were immediately pursued and taken priand secular music; and his fame on that account soners, and being condemned, died by the most rewas extensive and of long duration. Above a cen- fined tortures. Mr. Galt has given a powerful pictury after his death, he was celebrated in Italy as the ture of the whole conspiracy and its results in one of inventor of a new and pleasing kind of melody, which his most popular novels. had been admired and imitated in that country. This appears from the following testimony of Alessandro Tassoni.-"We may reckon among us moderns, James, king of Scotland, who not only composed many sacred pieces of vocal music, but also of himself invented a new kind of music, plaintive and melancholy, different from all other, in which he hath been imitated by Carlo Gesualdo, prince of Venosa, who in our age hath improved music with new and admirable inventions."

JAMES II., king of Scotland, in 1437 succeeded his father, being then not seven years of age, and was killed at the siege of Roxburgh in 1460.

JAMES III., king of Scotland, succeeded his father in 1460, in the seventh year of his age. The most striking feature in the character of this prince, unjustly represented as tyrannical by several historians, was his fondness for the fine arts, and for those who excelled in them, on whom he bestowed more of his confidence than became a king in his circumstances. After the death of Robert III. James was immedi-This excited in his fierce and haughty nobles a dislike ately proclaimed king of Scotland, but during the reign of Henry IV., and the whole of Henry V., he was kept in confinement, to prevent the strength of Scotland from being united to that of France against the English arms. At length, under the regency of the duke of Bedford, James was restored to his kingdom, having been eighteen years a prisoner in this country. James soon after his restoration married Joanna Beaufort, daughter of the duchess of Clarence, a lady of distinguished beauty, descended from the

and contempt of their sovereign, and indignation against the objects of his favour; which produced the most pernicious consequences, and ended in a rebellion that proved fatal to James, who was slain in 1488.

JAMES IV., king of Scotland, succeeded his father in 1488. He was a remarkably brave prince, but taking part with Louis XII. against Henry VIII. of England, he was slain in the battle of Flodden Field in 1513. This king is acknowledged to have

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fatigable industry to portraits in oil, though he some times practised in miniature, and also in history and landscapes. His largest portraits were somewhat less than life. His earliest works are chiefly on board, afterwards on a fine linen cloth smoothly prepared with a proper tone to help the harmony of his shadows. His excellence is said to consist in deli

JAMES, DR. ROBERT-JANE OF FLANDERS. JAMES, DR. ROBERT, an English physician of great eminence, and particularly distinguished by the preparation of a most excellent fever-powder, was born at Kinverston in Staffordshire, in 1703; his father being a major in the army, and his mother a sister of Sir Robert Clarke. He was of St. John's college in Oxford, where he took the degree of A. B., and afterwards practised physic at Sheffield, Lich-cacy and softness, with a clear and beautiful colourfield, and Birmingham, successively; then he removed to London, and became a licentiate in the college of physicians. In the metropolis he applied himself to writing as well as practising physic, and in 1743 published a "Medicinal Dictionary." Soon after he published an English translation, with a supplement by himself, of "Ramazzini de Morbis Artificum." In 1746 appeared "The Practice of Physic." In June 25, 1755, when the king was at Cambridge, James was admitted by mandamus to the doctorship of physic. In 1778 were published, a "Dissertation upon Fevers," and a " Vindication of the Fever Powder," with a short "Treatise on the Disorders of Children," and a very good print of Dr. James. This was the eighth edition of the dissertation, of which the first was printed in 1751, and the purpose of it was to set forth the success of this powder, as well as to describe more particularly the manner of administering it. The Vindication was posthumous and unfinished, for he died March 23, 1776, while he was employed upon it. Dr. James was married, and left several sons and daughters.

JAMES, WILLIAM.—This writer is best known as the author of a valuable work entitled "The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by France in February 1793 to the Accession of George IV. in January 1820;" a new edition was afterwards published with considerable improvements, including diagrams of all the principal actions. This work was published in six volumes octavo, and contains much useful and valuable information. It however involved its author in an action at law and much unpleasant controversy, and he died in very embarrassed circumstances on the 28th of May, 1827.

JAMES, DU VORAGINE, a celebrated Dominican, who was born in 1260. He was provincial and counsellor of his order, and afterwards appointed archbishop of Genoa by Pope Nicholas IV., in 1292. He ruled his church with great wisdom and prudence, held a provincial council in 1293, and died in July 1298. He left a "Chronicle of Genoa," published in the collection of Italian authors by Muratori; a great number of Sermons, and other works; among the most celebrated is a collection of legends of the saints, known by the name of "The Golden Legend."

JAMES DE VITRI, a learned member of the catholic church, who was born early in the thirteenth century near Paris. He first became canon of Ognies, then pastor of Argenteuil, attended the crusades, and was made bishop of Acre. Gregory IX. created him cardinal in 1230, and gave him the bishopric of Frescati. He was afterwards legate in France, Brabant, and the Holy Land; in all which offices his talents were remarkable. He left many works, the most curious and most sought after among which is an "Eastern and Western History," in Latin.

JAMESONE, GEORGE, an excellent painter, justly termed the Vandyck of Scotland, he was the son of Andrew Jamesone, an architect, and born at Aberdeen in 1586. He studied under Rubens, at Antwerp; and, after his return, applied with inde

ing; his shades not charged, but helped by varnish, with little appearance of the pencil. When King Charles I. visited Scotland in 1633, the magistrates of Edinburgh, knowing his majesty's taste, employed this artist to make paintings of the Scottish monarchs, with which the king was so pleased that, inquiring for the painter, he sat to him and rewarded him with a diamond ring from his own finger. It is observable that Jamesone always drew himself with his hat on, either in imitation of his master, Rubens, or from his having been indulged in that liberty by the king when he sat to him. Many of Jamesone's works are in both the colleges of Aberdeen, and the Sybils there he is said to have drawn from living beauties in that city. His best works are from the year 1630 to his death, which took place at Edinburgh in 1644.

JAMYN, AMADIS, a celebrated French poet in the sixteenth century. He is esteemed the rival of Ronsard, who was his contemporary and friend, and died about 1585. He wrote, in addition to his poetical works," Philosophical Discourses to Pasicharis and Rodanthe," with seven academical discourses, and a "Translation of the Iliad of Homer, begun by Hugh Sabel, and finished by Jamyn; with a translation into French verse of the three first books of the Odyssey."

JANE OF FLANDERS, a remarkable lady, who seems to have possessed in her own person all the excellent qualities of both sexes. She was the wife of John de Mountfort, a competitor for the dukedom of Brittany upon the death of John III. This duke, dying without issue, left his dominions to his niece Jane, married to Charles de Blois nephew to the king of France; but John de Mountfort, brother to the late duke though by a second marriage, claimed the duchy, and was received as successor by the people of Nantes. The greatest part of the nobility swore fealty to Charles de Blois, thinking him best supported. This dispute occasioned a civil war; in the course of which John was taken prisoner, and sent to Paris. This misfortune would have entirely ruined his party had not his interest been supported by the extraordinary abilities of his wife, Jane of Flanders. Bold, daring, and intrepid, she fought like a warrior in the field; shrewd, sensible, and sagacious, she spoke like a politician in the council; and, endowed with the most amiable manners and winning address, she was able to move the minds of her subjects by the force of her eloquence, and mould them exactly according to her pleasure. She was at Rennes when she received the news of her husband's captivity; but that disaster, instead of depressing her spirits, served only to rouse her native courage and fortitude. She forthwith assembled the citizens; and, holding in her arms her infant son, recommended him to their care and protection in the most pathetic terms, as the male heir of their ancient dukes, who had always governed them with gentleness and indulgence, and to whom they had ever professed the most zealous attachment.

She declared herself willing to run all hazards with In the year 1640 the two universities of Louvain them in so just a cause, pointed out the resources and Douay thought fit to condemn the opinions of that still remained in the alliance of England, ear- the Jesuits on grace and free-will. This having set nestly beseeching them to make one vigorous effort the controversy on foot, Jansenius opposed to the against an usurper, who, being forced upon them doctrine of the Jesuits the sentiments of St. Augusby the intrigues of France, would, as a mark of tine, and wrote a treatise on grace, which he entitled his gratitude, sacrifice the liberties of Brittany to "Augustinus." This treatise was attacked by the his protector. The people, moved by the affecting Jesuits, who accused Jansenius of maintaining danappeal and animated by the noble conduct of the gerous and heretical opinions, and afterwards, in princess, vowed to live and die with her in defend- 1642, obtained of Pope Urban VIII. a formal coning the rights of her family, and their example was demnation of the treatise wrote by Jansenius, when followed by almost all the Britons. The countess the partisans of Jansenius gave out that this bull was went from place to place, encouraging the garrisons spurious, and composed by a person entirely devoted of the several fortresses, and providing them with to the Jesuits. After the death of Urban VIII., the every thing necessary for their support; after which affair of Jansenism began to be more warmly controshe shut herself up with her son in Hennebon, where verted, and gave birth to an infinite number of poshe resolved to wait for the succours which Edward lemical writings respecting grace. And what occaIII. had promised to send to her assistance. Charles sioned some mirth, was the titles which each party de Blois, accompanied by the dukes of Burgundy gave to their writings; one writer published "The and Bourbon, and many other noblemen, took the Torch of St. Augustine," another found "Snuffers field with a numerous army, and having reduced for St. Augustine's Torch,” and Father Veron formed Rennes, laid siege to Hennebon, which was defended A Gag for the Jansenists," &c. In the year 1650 by the countess in person. This heroine repulsed sixty-eight bishops of France subscribed a letter to the assailants in all their attacks with the most un- Pope Innocent X. to obtain an inquiry into, and condaunted courage, and observing one day that their demnation of, the five following propositions extracted whole army had left the camp to join in a general from Jansenius's "Augustinus:" 1. "Some of God's storm, she led a detachment from a postern-gate of commandments are impossible to be observed by the three hundred horse, set fire to their tents and bag-righteous, even though they endeavour with all their gage, killed their sutlers and servants, and raised so power to accomplish them. 2. In the state of cormuch alarm that the enemy gave over their assault, rupted nature, we are incapable of resisting inward and getting betwixt her and the city walls cut off her grace. 3. Merit and demerit, in a state of corrupted retreat. Thus intercepted, she put the spurs to her nature does not depend on a liberty which excludes horse, and, without halting, galloped directly to necessity, but on a liberty which excludes constraint. Brest, which lay at the distance of two-and-twenty 4. The Semipelagians admitted the necessity af an miles from the scene of action. There, being sup- inward preventing grace for the performance of each plied with a body of five hundred horse, she imme- particular act, even for the beginning of faith, but diately returned, and fighting her way through one they were heretics in maintaining that this grace was part of the French camp, was received into Henne- of such a nature that the will of man was able either bon, amidst the acclamations of the people. Soon to resist or obey it. It is Semipelagianism to say after this the English succours appeared, and obliged that Jesus Christ died or shed his blood for all manthe enemy to raise the siege. kind in general."

JANSSENS, the names of three painters so highly distinguished in their various branches of art, that it will be necessary to notice them in detail.

JANEWAY, JAMES, a nonconformist divine of considerable talent, who was born in 1636 in Hertfordshire. He took his degree of M. A. at Oxford, but was ejected from the established church soon after Janssens, Abraham, was born at Antwerp in 1569. the restoration for nonconformity. He became very He was contemporary with Rubens, and also his comcelebrated as a preacher and writer, but his applica-petitor, and in many of the finest parts of the art was tion was too great for his health, and he died in March accounted not inferior to that celebrated master. 1674. His most popular work is entitled "A Token Sandrart, who had seen several of his works, asfor Children," which has often been reprinted. sures us that he not only gave a fine roundness and JANSEN, CORNELIUS, bishop of Ypres, one relief to his figures, but also such a warmth and clearof the most learned divines of the seventeenth cen-ness to the carnations that they had all the look of tury, and principal of the sect called from his name real flesh; and his colouring was as durable as it was Jansenists. He was born in Holland of catholic beautiful, retaining its original lustre for a number parents and studied at Louvain. Being sent, to of years. His best performance is said to be a Resurtransact some business of consequence relating to rection of Lazarus. the university, into Spain, the catholic king, viewing Janssens, Victor Honorius, was born at Brussels with a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, in 1664, and was a disciple of Volders, under whose prevailed on him to write a book to prove to the direction he continued for seven years; in which time pope that the French were not good catholics since he gave many proofs of a genius far superior to those they made no scruple of forming alliances with who were instructed in the same school. He afterprotestant states. Jansen performed this task in wards went to Rome, where he attended particularly his "Mars Gallicus," and was rewarded with a to the works of Raphael; he designed after the anmitre, being promoted to the see of Ypres in 1635. tique, and sketched the beautiful scenes around that He had, among other writings, before this, main-city. He associated with Tempesta, the celebrated tained a controversy against the Protestants upon landscape-painter, for several years, and painted the the points of grace and predestination; but his figures in the works of that great master as long as "Augustinus" was the principal labour of his life, they resided together.

on which he spent above twenty years.

Janssens composed historical subjects both of a

JARDINE, GEORGE-JARDYN, KAREL DU.

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small and a large size; but he found the demand for their improvement. But, aware that truths might his small pictures so considerable that he was induced be heard without attention, or without awakening to paint most frequently in that size. During eleven the powers of the understanding, and that the forma years he continued at Rome, which barely sufficed tion of intellectual and moral habits is the first object for his finishing those pictures for which he was en- of education, he devised a practical system of examingaged; nor would he have been even then at liberty ations and exercises, which he gradually improved had he not limited himself to a certain number, and to an extent that has seldom been witnessed. By determined not to undertake more. Returning to a discriminating selection of topics, he directed his stuBrussels, his performances were as much admired dents to the subjects most deserving their considerathere as they had before been in Italy; but having tion, while he awakened their curiosity, sustained married and become a father, he was compelled to their attention, and exercised in due proportion every change his mode of painting in small, and to under-faculty of their minds. The youths were thus kept take only those of the large kind, as being more lucra- continually alive to objects of study, and subjects tive, more expeditious, and also more agreeable to naturally dry and uninteresting were, from the manhis genius and inclination. He adorned most of the ner in which they were illustrated, rendered attracchurches and palaces of his own country with his tive, and prosecuted with avidity and enthusiasm. compositions. The invention of this artist was fruit- Hence the logic class of the university, though a ful; he designed correctly, his colouring is natural class of labour, was always looked forward to with and pleasing, his pencil free, and the style of his a feeling of elevated expectation, and the period of heads possess great beauty and elegance. its attendance was generally recollected by the student as among the busiest but the happiest years of his academical course.

Few classes have ever displayed such order and such attention to business, with so little exercise of severity. Strict in discipline, but perfectly impartial, wise and affectionate in all that he required, the students submitted with cheerfulness to his directions, and loved, while they revered, their instructor. Their welfare habitually occupied his thoughts; and to improve the means of education was the ruling passion of his life. Warmly attached to the interests of those entrusted to his charge, he embraced every opportunity of imparting to them the admonitions of a father, of cherishing religious principle by reminding them of their higher duties, and guarding them against the dangers to which they were exposed. In the same spirit he attended with them on the public services of religion, directed them to exercises suited to the evenings of the Sabbath, and enforced the sacred instructions which on that day they had received. The private life of this venerable man was distin

Janssens, Cornelius, an eminent portrait-painter, who was born at Amsterdam, and resided in England for several years, where he was engaged in the service of King James I., and painted several excellent portraits of that monarch, as also of his children and of the principal nobility of his court. He had not the freedom of hand nor the grace of Vandyck; but in other respects he was accounted his equal, and in the finishing of his pictures superior. His paintings are easily distinguished by their smooth, clear, and delicate tints, and by that character of truth and nature with which they are strongly marked. He generally painted on board; and, for the most part his draperies are black, probably because the opposition of that tint made his flesh colours appear more beautifully bright, especially in his female figures. It is said that he used a quantity of ultramarine in the black colours, as well as in his carnations, which may be one great cause of their preserving their original lustre even to this day. Frequently he painted in a small size in oil, and often copied his own works in that style. His fame began to be somewhat ob-guished by active and well-directed benevolence, scured on the arrival of Vandyck in England; and the civil war breaking out some time after, induced him to return to his own country, where his paintings were in the highest esteem. He died in 1685. JARDINE, GEORGE.-Of the many eminent men who have adorned the universities of Scotland few have enjoyed so large a share of public respect as this eminent professor. Endowed with a vigorous and active mind, with great soundness of judgment, possessing a deep sense of the importance of his office, and an ardent desire to promote the improvement of his students, he devoted himself to his public duties with a zeal, and a faithfulness, which have never been surpassed, and but rarely equalled. Directed by that discernment of what was most useful and best suited to the circumstances of his pupils, for which through life he was distinguished, he, soon after his appointment in 1774, introduced those changes in the mode of public teaching which rendered his class so long a model of academical instruction. Retaining what was most important in ancient logic, and communicating a due knowledge of its peculiarities, he dismissed from his course of lectures all its unprofitable subtleties, directing the attention of the students to such views of the human mind, its powers and operations, as might lead to their proper exercise, and furnish the best means of

with great judgment, prudence, and perseverance, in all his undertakings. Affectionately tender in his family, susceptible of the strongest attachment, compassionate to the unfortunate, and ever exerting himself to promote the welfare of those around him, few men have possessed more warmly or more extensively the affections of his friends. Even to the last his mind retained a great portion of its usual elasticity and vigour. The academical society, which he had so long adorned, preserved to the end a firm hold of his regard; and, ever zealous for the welfare and honour of the university of Glasgow, it occupied a great portion of his thought even in the latest days of his life. Within its walls his character will ever be remembered with grateful reverence, and his name will descend to posterity as the name of one who, by his labours, has raised its reputation and acquired a lasting title to the gratitude of his country. Professor Jardine died in January1827, aged eighty-five.

JARDYN, KAREL DU, an eminent landscapepainter, who was born at Amsterdam in 1640, and became a disciple of Nicholas Berchem. He travelled to Italy, and arriving at Rome he gave himself up alternately to study and dissipation. Yet amidst this irregularity of conduct his proficiency in painting was surprising, and his works fetched a very high price. With an intention to visit his native city he