when in England painted fruit, flowers, and objects of still life; the last being what are called deceptions, consisting of printed titles of almanacks and other periodicals, broken glass, letters with seals, &c.; all worthless, though represented with great truth.

KAALF, or KALF, WILLIAM, was an admirable painter of still life. His pictures are generally of small dimensions and are very highly wrought, with a spirited touch, and clear and sparkling colour. They represent to deception vases and other ornamental furniture of gold and silver. In humbler objects he is equally excellent, as in the utensils of a Dutch boor's habitation and the articles usually found there, particularly the vessels of brass and copper. His management of the chiaroscuro gives value even to the meanest of his subjects. He was born at Amsterdam in 1630, and died there in 1693.

KESSEL, JAN VAN, is remarkable for the accuracy with which he painted volatile and creeping insects, shells, corals, fruit, and flowers; his younger brother Ferdinand also painted similar objects; they are found in the landscapes of both. Jan frequently made them the entire subject of a picture, painted on tin or copper, of small dimensions, and on a white ground, and occasionally of a large size, in curious devices, and signed with his name and the date; the letters and figures being formed of caterpillars and worms, and other lithe insects.

KICK, CORNELIUS, painted objects of still life in imitation of J. D. de Heem, and succeeded admirably, especially in flower and fruit pieces, which he coloured delicately and finished in a careful manner. He was born at Amsterdam in 1635, and died in 1675. His pictures are rare. See Fruit and Flowers.

LIVES, J. C. A painter of still life, of whom there is no account; but from a picture signed with his name, and having the date 1693, he appears to have been a close imitator of Jan David de Heem.

MIERHOP, or MIERKOOP, FRANCIS VAN CUYCK DE, painted fish, fruit, and other objects of still life, as well as dead game. MORELL, N, (Nicholas, ?) painted vases, bassi rilievi, and other ornaments, as accessories to his flower and fruit pieces, in a superior manner. See Fruit and Flower Painters.

P

PEUTEMAN, PETER, painted musical instruments, books, emblems of mortality, and such-like objects with great accuracy. He was born at Rotterdam in 1650, and died in 1692. Some writers call him Nicolas Peuterman.

RING, PIETER DE, flourished about the middle of the seventeenth century; in the Museum at Amsterdam is a specimen of his talent in painting still life; it represents a table covered with blue velvet, on which are placed various kinds of fruit, oysters, and other shell-fish. In some part of his pictures will be found a ring, probably intended as his signature. There are several excellent pictures by him in England, but they are generally attributed to an artist with whose name the public are more familiar.

ROESTRAETEN, PETER, or NICOLAS, born at Haerlem in 1627, was a scholar of Frank Hals, whose daughter he married. He came to England to practise portraiture, but not finding sufficient encouragement, painted silver and gold ornaments, bas-reliefs, musical instruments, &c., which he imitated with great precision, and touched with freedom and delicacy. He died at London in 1698.

ROODTSEUS, JACOB, was a scholar of Jan David de Heem, and imitated his manner very closely. He was born in 1619, and died in 1669.

RYSBRACK, G. R., painted dead animals, vegetables, and other objects of still life. His pictures show but little skill in composition; some are well coloured, others are monotonous and coarsely penciled. There is no account of him, but his name is found on works of the above description.

STEENWYCK, NICHOLAS, born at Breda in 1640, painted vases, books, musical instruments, river and sea-fish, and other objects, excellently well.

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STOMME, A picture of still life by this artist is in the Museum at Brussels. He is supposed to have been a scholar of J. D. de Heem.

STREEK, JURIAN VAN, was a painter of dead game, and also of musical instruments, books, vases, &c., which he finished neatly and with good effect of light and shadow. In many of his pictures he introduced a ball of soap, a skull, and a sepulchral lamp. He was born at Amsterdam in 1632, and died

in 1678.

TYSSENS, NICHOLAS, painted subjects in which he intro

duced objects of still life as accessories, such as dead game, fruit, flowers, and armour, which he made interesting by picturesque arrangement and management of chiaroscuro. He was born at Antwerp in 1660, and died at London in 1719.

UTRECHT, ADRIAN VAN, painted fruit and vegetables in a bold and admirable manner, much resembling the productions of Snyders. See Dead Game, Fruit and Flowers, &c.

VENNE, HUBERT VANDER, painted bas-reliefs, groups of children, vases, and other ornaments in chiaroscuro. He was born at the Hague, but there is no further account of him: he is supposed to have lived about the middle of the seventeenth century.

VICTOORS, LODOVICK, is supposed to be the member of the family of Victoors that painted fish, fowls, and objects of still life. See the enlarged edition of Bryan's "Dictionary of Painters and Engravers," in the notes to Victoors, and also Exteriors and Markets, in the Classifications.

VOET, CHARLES BOSCHART, painted flowers, fruit, plants, birds, and objects of still life, which are correctly designed and very highly finished. He died at the Hague in 1745. See Fruit and Flowers.

WILLINGEN, PETER VANDER, painted gold and silver vases, books, musical instruments, and other objects of still life. His pictures are highly finished, and have a natural effect. He was born in 1607, and, it is supposed, died in 1665.

WIT, JACOB DE, is celebrated for his admirable bas-reliefs of children, painted in chiaroscuro, or Camaieu.

XAVERY, JACOB, who was a scholar of De Wit, painted similar subjects in imitation of his master.

ZOON, or SON, JAN VAN, painted Turkey carpets, curtains fringed with gold, vases, flowers, fruit, and dead game, in a free and picturesque manner, with rich transparent colouring. He was born, it is said, at Antwerp in 1650, and died in 1700; but writers differ respecting both.

FLOWER AND FRUIT PAINTERS.

ADRIANSEN, ALEXANDER. His flower and fruit pieces are tastefully arranged and have the freshness of nature in their colouring. He also painted fish in an admirable manner. See Still Life.

AELST, EVERT, or EVERARD VAN, painted still life, fruit and flowers. He frequently painted on a white ground, which produces a singular though not unpleasing effect.

AELST, GUILLAUME VAN, the nephew of Everard, excelled in fruit and flower painting as well as in dead game and objects of still life. His pictures are highly esteemed, being richly coloured, and finished with the delicacy of Weenix.

AELST, PAUL VAN, was a good painter of fruit and flowers, but more noticeable as a copyist of the works of Jan de Mabeuse. He lived in the middle of the sixteenth century.

AKEN, F. VAN, painted fruit, flowers, fish, and other objects of still life. There is no published account of him, but his pictures have his name or monogram.

AST, BARTHOLOMEW VANDER, was a laborious painter of small pictures of fruit, flowers, insects, and shells, in the manner of Breughel; the individual objects are correctly represented, and are interesting, but the composition is not well arranged, and appears discordant. He lived in the first quarter of the seventeenth century.

BOEL, PETER, was a scholar of Snyders, and as such painted dead game and animals; but he painted fruit and flowers from nature and coloured them beautifully. See Animals and Dead Game.

BORCHT, HENRI VANDER, an antiquary patronized by the

Earl of Arundel, painted fruit and flowers with considerable reputation. He was born at Brussels in 1583, and died at Antwerp in 1660.

Bos, LOUIS JANSSEN, designed, grouped, and coloured flowers beautifully; they are generally placed in globular bottles of water very transparent, and reflecting the light on the convexity. Dew-drops hang on the leaves, and butterflies and other insects flutter or creep in form and manner truly natural. He was born in 1450, and died in 1507.

BOSCH, JACQUES VANDER, painted fruit pieces with great neatness, truth, and transparency. His objects are generally peaches, nectarines, cherries, and grapes; they are well arranged, and have the bloom and freshness of nature. He was born at Amsterdam in 1636, and died in 1676.

BOSCHAERT, NICHOLAS, had a very delicate pencil, and a nice taste in the arrangement of his fruit and flowers. Other contemporary artists have much of the credit due to him, from having obtained his assistance in the embellishment of their pictures, and which gives them great additional value. He was born at Antwerp in 1696, and it is supposed died in 1746.

BRANDT, ALBERT JONAS, who was a pupil of Morel and the younger Van Os, ranks among the fine modern flower and fruit painters of Holland. There is a specimen of his talent in the Museum at Amsterdam. He died in 1821.

BREUGHEL, ABRAHAM, though a Fleming by birth, may be considered as a Neapolitan painter, from having resided a long time at Naples, where his pictures of fruit and flowers are chiefly to be met with; they are more in the Italian than Flemish style.

Breughel, Jan, was very eminent as a landscape and flower painter. His works in the latter branch of art are distinguished by brilliancy of colouring, and spirit and crispiness in the penciling. His earlier pictures of flowers, shells, insects, &c., are generally of small dimensions, and frequently on copper. As he advanced in reputation, his ability was in great request by the most eminent artists of the day, and he is found as a coadjutor of Rubens and others, painting the landscapes, or embellishing them with his richly glowing floral ornaments. His finest productions are therefore to be found connected with the works of