wonderful effect produced in a confined space. The figures in his pictures are by some of the most eminent artists of the time. It is supposed that he died about 1650.

NEEFS, PETER, the Younger, was the son and scholar of the preceding, and was born at Antwerp about 1600. He painted similar subjects to those of his father, but they are not equal in the correctness of the perspective or the neatness of the finishing; they have, however, sufficient merit to entitle them to a place in good collections. He was living in 1660, as that date appears on one of his pictures.

NIKKELEN, J. (JAN or ISAAC) VAN, painted interiors of churches in the manner of Van Vliet. They are generally of small dimensions, but have a good effect of chiaroscuro. He was born at Haerlem in 1649, and died in 1716.

ORME, or DE L'ORME, A., painted interiors of churches in Holland in a manner peculiar to himself. They are in a very light tone of colour, and the sun's rays are introduced in flickering streams from the windows, which has a curious effect; the penciling is remarkably neat. There is no account of this artist, but as the churches are Dutch, and the figures by eminent Dutch painters, it may be inferred that, if not a native, he was long resident in Holland.

RADEMACKER, GERARD, among other architectural designs, painted the interior of Saint Peter's church, at Rome, with great accuracy. He was the elder brother of Abraham Rademacker, who designed the numerous views in Holland. Gerard was born at Amsterdam in 1672, and died there in 1711.

RUISDAEL, JACOB. It may seem strange to meet with the name of this great landscape painter among painters of interiors of churches; but the fact that he did execute such subjects is established by the picture in the Marquis of Bute's "Collection of the interior of the new church, as it was called, at Amsterdam, with figures by Wouwerman; and it may be conjectured that he painted others, from the number of drawings of architectural subjects by him which occasionally appear, representing interiors of abbeys in ruins, ancient chateaux, chapels, and sepulchral monuments; and also views in cities.

SAENREDAM, PIETER, born about 1597, painted exteriors of public buildings and interiors of churches in a particularly

neat manner. His perspective is true without being striking at first view, his penciling remarkably delicate, and his colouring chaste and unobtrusive. Some of his pictures have numerous figures, which appear to be by his own hand. He was the son of Jan Saenredam, the engraver, and was born in 1597, and died in 1666.

STEEN, SUSANNA VAN. A picture has been discovered bearing this name, and dated 1648. It represents the interior of a prison, with the circumstances attending the liberation of Paul and Silas. It has all the characteristics of Henry Steenwyck in the style of the architecture and accuracy of perspective. The figures in the front-ground are nearly a foot in height, and are admirable in character and expression. If the name be that of the true painter, there must be other works with the same signature in existence. It is with a view to their discovery that this is noticed.

STEENWYCK, HENRY, the Elder, painted interiors of churches by daylight and torchlight, in both of which he is excellent. He is neat and accurate in his designs, highly laboured in the execution, representing minutely the various marbles in columns, and other ornaments, in churches and palaces. There is a fine effect of chiaroscuro in his torchlight scenes. The figures are generally by his friend, Old Franck. He was born at Steenwyck in 1550: the date of his death is uncertain.

STEENWYCK, HENRY, the Younger, painted similar subjects to those by his father, but on a larger scale. His pictures may be also distinguished from his father's by having the figures by John Breughel, Van Thulden, Gonzales Coques, and others. He was born at Antwerp in 1589; it is not said when he died, but the latest date, on a known picture by him, is 1642.

STREEK, HENRI VAN, was a scholar of Emanuel de Wit. His pictures represent interiors of churches and palaces, ornamented with figures by other artists. He was master of perspective, and designed with accuracy and precision. He was born at Amsterdam in 1659, and died in 1713.

VANVITELLI, GASPAR, called dagli Occhiali, from his constantly wearing spectacles, painted architectural and perspective views at Rome, on a scale larger than was usual with Dutch painters. His delineations are correct, and his

colouring natural and agreeable; the figures are introduced with propriety, and have a good effect. His family name was Witel, but having resided long at Rome he Italianized it into Vanvitelli. He was born at Utrecht in 1647, but it is not said by whom he was instructed; he was the father of the celebrated Luigi Vanvitelli, the architect. He died at Rome in 1736.

VLIET, HENRI VAN, born at Delft in 1608, painted interiors of churches in the style of Emanuel de Wit; occasionally they are represented by torch-light, but the greater number are by day-light, and are very little inferior to his contemporary De Wit. It is said that he died in 1646, but this, as well as the date of his birth, is uncertain.

VRIES, JAN FREDEMAN DE, flourished in the middle of the sixteenth century, as an architectural designer and painter of perspective views. Towards the latter part of his life he was much employed in engraving similar subjects.

He died in 1588.

VRIES, ADRIAN DE, was probably a relative of the preceding, as he painted and engraved architectural subjects, which he signed P. A. Fred. Vris. His manner of painting interiors resembles that of B. van Bassen. It is also said that he was a modeller and sculptor of small figures, but there is no authentic account of him.

WILLINGEN, VANDER, painted interiors of churches, (according to some of the foreign guides and old catalogues ;) he lived about the same time as Peter Vander Willingen, the painter of still life; but there is nothing recorded to induce the supposition that they are identical.

WIT, or WITTE, EMANUEL DE, ranks next to Steenwyck and Neefs as a painter of interiors of churches; some, however, award him the preference for the boldness and breadth of his style. He generally chose interiors of the massive and solid kind with grand features in columns and sculptured monuments, favourable to the display of light and shadow, and brought the beams of sunshine through the lateral windows striking the principal objects, (among which are two, or more, branched brass chandeliers,) and by refraction illumining the more retired; so that his pictures, in regard to chiaroscuro, have much the effect of Rembrandt's interiors. There is generally a goodly congregation as

R

sembled; the grouping of the figures and the costume of the parties are picturesque, and increase the spectator's pleasure: a dog is always an intruder among them. De Wit was born at Alkmaer in 1607, and died in 1692.

INTERIORS AND CONVERSATIONS.

BABEUR, THEODORE, painted conversations and concerts, card-players and convivial enjoyments; the figures are generally half lengths, painted in a free and bold manner. He was a scholar of Peter Neefs. See Interiors of Churches.

BADENS, FRANCIS, born at Antwerp in 1571, is spoken of favourably as a painter of conversations and subjects of gallantry. He was an excellent colourist, and his style is more Italian than Flemish.

BENTUM, JUSTUS VAN.

See Scholars of Schalcken. BERGEN, NICOLAS VAN, born at Breda in 1670, painted interiors and conversations, in which he imitated the manner of Rembrandt. He died in 1699.

BISET, CHARLES EMANUEL, born at Antwerp in 1633, painted gallant assemblies, concerts, and other conversation subjects; these he designed and composed with taste, and painted with a neat and flowing pencil, but his colouring is frequently too grey, which produces a cold effect. As he resided for a long time at Paris, his pictures have more of the manners of French society than of his native country.

Bosch, or BosSCHE, BALTHASAR VANDER, born at Antwerp in 1675. His subjects are interiors of saloons and galleries richly decorated with statues, pictures, and other works of art, enlivened with figures habited in the costume of the time; also sculptors' and painters' studios, in which the artist is introduced, surrounded by his own and other masters' works. His pictures are ingeniously composed, painted with a broad free pencil, well coloured, and generally signed with his name. He died in 1715.

BRACKENBURG, RENIER, painted interiors and domestic