COLLECTION OF FOOD BY BEES.

545

able instinct on the part of the Queen; and this is further manifested in the fact, that she never deposits eggs in the comb which fills the glasses that are sometimes placed on the top of a hive, as in fig. 287, the temperature of these glasses being necessarily lower than that of the interior of the hive.-The "royal cells," as they are termed, in which the larvæ of the young queens are reared, are different in form from the rest (fig. 288); sometimes they lie in the midst of them; but most commonly they project from the sides or edges of the comb.

715. The food which the Bees collect is of two kinds,the honey of flowers for themselves, and the pollen for their larvæ. The honey, which they suck-up by means of their proboscis-like tongues (fig. 289), seems to undergo some change

Fig. 290.

Fig. 289.-BEE'S MOUTH.

HIND LEG OF WORKER.

in their digestive cavity; and the part not required for nourishment is afterwards returned from the stomach, and deposited in one of the cells, which, when filled, is sealed with a covering of wax. The pollen is gathered by rubbing the body either against the anthers, or against other parts of the flower over which it may have been scattered by their bursting; and when the surface of the body has been sufficiently dusted with its fine particles, these are collected from it by little brushes with which the feet of the Bee are furnished, and are worked-up into small pellets, which the Insect carries home in basket-shaped hollows, of which there is one on each hind-thigh (fig. 290). The pollen or farina thus collected is worked-up with honey in a mass, to which the name of "bee bread" has been given; and with this the larvæ are

N N

546

ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF QUEENS.

nourished, until the time when they are about to pass into the pupa state. The mouth of the cell is then sealed by a waxen cover; and the larva spins a delicate silken cocoon, within which it undergoes its metamorphosis. In the chrysalis state it remains quite inactive for some days; and during the latter part of this period, when it is rapidly approaching the condition of the perfect Insect, its development is aided by the heat supplied by the "nurse-bees," whose remarkable instinct has been already described (§ 411).

716. One of the most curious features in the whole economy of Bees is the manner in which they manufacture new Queens, when from any cause (as by the intentional removal of her from the hive) their sovereign has been lost. In order to understand the process, it is necessary to be aware that the ordinary working-bees may be regarded as females, with the reproductive organs undeveloped; and it appears to depend on the manner in which they are treated in the larva state, whether the egg shall be made ultimately to produce a queen or a working-bee. For if, when the queen has been removed, the royal cells (which are usually among the last constructed) be not sufficiently forward, and contain no eggs, the bees select one or more worker-eggs or larvæ, remove the egg or larva on either side of it, and throw the three cells into one. The larva thus promoted is liberally fed with "royal jelly," a pungent food prepared by the working-bees for the exclusive nourishment of the queen larvæ; and in due time it comes forth a perfect queen. This change is doubtless owing to the peculiar effect of the food; and it is remarkable that it should operate, not only in developing the reproductive organs, but also in altering the shape of her tongue, jaws, and sting, in depriving her of the power of producing wax, and in obliterating the hollows just referred-to, which would otherwise have been formed upon her thighs.

Manifestations of Intelligence.

717. The amount of reasoning power possessed by some among the lower animals, may be considered as very much upon a par with that exhibited by an intelligent child, about the time when it is learning to speak. One of its first exercises is in the connexion or association of ideas, which is the

INTELLIGENCE OF LOWER ANIMALS.

547

source of the faculty of Memory, and thus becomes the foundation of that power of profiting by experience, which is manifested in the actions of animals that are distinguished for Intelligence. Such a power is well shown in the following instance, related to the Author by an eye-witness. A Wren built its nest in the slate-quarries at Penrhyn, in such a situation as to be liable to great disturbance from the occasional explosions. It soon, however, learned to quit its nest and fly to a little distance, on the ringing of the bell which warned the workmen. This action, having been noticed, was frequently shown to visitors, the bell being rung when there was not to be an explosion; so that the poor bird suffered many needless alarms. It seems gradually to have learned, however, that the first notion it had formed, by the association of the ringing of the bell with the explosion, was liable to exceptions, and to have formed another more correct; for it was observed, after a time, that the wren did not leave its nest, unless the ringing of the bell was followed by the moving-away of the workmen.-A similar process of association, carried rather further, but still quite simple enough to be readily believed, is shown in two Dogs, which have been taught by their master to play at dominoes, and which go through the game with another person (under circumstances which render the idea of collusion with their master impossible) with the utmost regularity and correctness; not only playing rightly themselves, but watching to see that their adversary does so too. This, also, is a feat which a very young child might be taught to perform.-A third instance has reference to the patient endurance of bodily pain, in opposition to the instinctive tendency to struggle against the infliction of it, and evidently occasioned by a voluntary effort on the part of the animal, made by it in obedience to the dictates of its reason. Dr. Davy mentions having seen an Elephant, in India, that was suffering under a deep abscess in its back, which it was necessary to lay open in order to effect a cure. "He was kneeling down, for the convenience of the operator, not tied; his keeper was at his head. He did not flinch, but rather inclined towards the surgeon, uttering a low suppressed groan. He seemed conscious that what was doing was intended for his good; no human being could have behaved better; and so confident were the natives that he

548

RELATION OF INTELLIGENCE TO CEREBRUM.

would behave as he did, that they never thought of tying him," It were much to be wished, that all human beings would imitate this docile Elephant's self-control. It is sometimes manifested, however, even in Infancy; the painful operation of lancing the gums being often sustained without a cry, from the consciousness of the benefit derived from it.

718. It has been stated that the relative amount of Intelligence in different animals bears a pretty constant proportion to the size and development of the Cerebral hemispheres (§ 452). That size alone, however, does not produce the difference, is evident from a number of facts. As we advance from the lower to the higher Vertebrata, we observe an obvious advance in the complexity of the structure of the brain. In proportion to the increase in the number and depth of the convolutions by which its surface is extended (§ 456), do we find an increase in the thickness of the layer of grey or vesicular matter (§ 61), which seems to be the real centre of all the operations of the organ. The arrangement of the white or tubular tissue (§ 60), which forms the interior of the mass, also increases in complexity; and as we ascend from the lower Mammalia up to Man, we trace a great increase in the number of the fibres which establish communications between different parts of the surface. Still there can be no doubt that the size of the Cerebrum, compared with that of the Spinal Cord and of the Sensory Ganglia at its summit, usually affords a tolerably correct measure of the intelligence of the animal; and that, even in comparing together different Men, we shall find the same rule to hold good, when due allowance has been made for the comparative activity of their general functions, such as is expressed by the word temperament. Thus, two men, having brains of the same size and general conformation, may differ greatly in mental vigour, because the general system of one performs its functions much more actively and energetically than that of the other. For the same reason, a man of small brain, but whose general habit is active, may have a more powerful mind than another whose brain is much larger, yet whose system is inert, his perceptions dull, and his movements languid. But of two men alike in these respects, and having the same general configuration of head, it cannot be doubted that the one with the larger brain will surpass the other. It is a striking fact, that

SIZE OF BRAIN-FACIAL ANGLE.

549

almost all those persons who have been eminent for the amount of their acquirements, or for the influence they have obtained by their talents for command over their fellow-men, have had large brains: this was the case, for example, with Newton, Cuvier, and Napoleon.

719. The size of the brain, and especially of its anterior lobes (which seem particularly connected with the higher reasoning powers), as compared with that of the face, may be estimated pretty correctly by the measurement of the facial angle; as proposed by Camper, an eminent Dutch naturalist. This is done by drawing a horizontal line (cd, figs. 291 and 292), between the entrance to the

b

d

ear and the floor of the nose, so as to pass in the direction of the base of the skull; this is met by another line (a, b) which passes from the most prominent part of the forehead to the front of the upper jaw. It is evident that this last will be more inclined to the former, so as to make a more acute angle with it, in proportion as the face is more developed and the forehead more retreating; whilst it will approach more nearly to a right angle, if the forehead be prominent, and the muzzle project but little. Hence this facial angle will indicate, with tolerable correctness, the proportion which the brain bears to the face,-the instrument of intelligence, to the receptacle of the organs of sense.

Fig. 291.-SKULL OF EUROPEAN.

a

720. Of all animals, there are none in which the facial angle is so open as in Man; and great variations exist in this respect, even among the different human races. Thus, in European heads, the angle is usually about 80° (fig. 291). The ancient Greeks, in those statues of Deities and Heroes to which they wished c to give the appearance of the greatest intellectual power, made it 90°, or

b

even more, by the projection they Fig. 292.-SKUll of Negro. gave to the forehead. On the other

d

hand, in the Negro races, it is commonly about 70° (fig. 292);