Carnivorous tribes of animals, 148-151;
nutrition of, 161; teeth of, 179,

182.

Carpenter-Bee, 703.

Cartilage, structure of, 47; nutrition of,
48; transformation of, into bone, 52.
Casein, 15.

Cat, electricity of, 418.
Cauda equina, 460.

Cells, nature of, 32; multiplication of,
33; new production of, 34, 393; inde-
pendent condition of, 35; origin of all
organisms from, 379; differentiation of
functions of, 380.

Cells of Bee, 712, 713; royal, 714, 716.
Cementum of Teeth, 54.
Centipede, 93, 103; reflex actions of,
443.

CEPHALOPODA, general characters of,
121; circulation in, 291; respiration
in, 316; nervous system in, 448; re-
production of, 753.

Cercaria-larva of distoma, 743.
Cerebellum, 449; development of, in
different classes, 452-456; in Man,
458; functions of, 480, 481.
Cerebro-spinal nerves, 458-461.
Cerebrum, 449; development of, in
different classes of Vertebrata, 452--
456; in Man, 458; development of,
correspondent with intelligence, 452,
718; functions of, 483--485; effects
of removal of, 465.

Cerumen of ear, 375.
Chaetodon rostratus, 476.
Chalazæ of egg, 755.
Cheese, 377.

Chemical constitution of organized
bodies, 4; of albumen, 13, 14; of casein,
15; of syntonin, 16; of fibrin, 17, 18;
of gelatin, 19; of chondrin, 20; of
bone, 51; of teeth, 54.
Cheselden's case, 507.
Childers, speed of, 660.
Chimpanzee, 173, 674.

Cholesterin, 364.

Chondrin, 20.

Cholic acid, 364.

Chorda dorsalis, 53, 757.

Chorion, 761.

Choroid coat, 533,

Chromatic aberration, 548, 549.

Chrysalis, 97, 309, 745.

Chyle, 171, 213, 222; change of, in lac-

teals, 222, 223; delivery of into blood-
vessels, 221.

Chylification, 171, 212-215.

Chyme, 171, 211.

Cicada, sound of, 679.

Cicatricula, 755, 756.
Cilia, 45, 143, 319, 329.
Ciliary processes, 536.

CIRCULATION, 253; purposes of, 228,
253, 254: complete double, 282;
greater, 253; lesser, 253, 268; pecu-

595

liarity of, in liver, 267; mechanism of,
269, 270.
Circulation, course of, in warm-blooded
animals, 282; in foetus, 283, 762; in
Reptiles, 284,285; in Fishes, 286; in Am-
phibia, 287, 288; in Invertebrata, 289;
in Mollusca, 290; in Cephalopoda, 291;
in Crustacea, 292; in Insects, 293; in
Spiders, 293; in Worms, 294; in Tuni-
cata and Echinodermata, 295; in Zoo-
phytes and Sponges, 295.

Cirrhipeda, general structure of, 102; de-
velopment of, 749.

Claspers of monkeys, 643, 674.
Clavicle, 634, 636.

Climbing perch, 318.

Coagulation of albumen, 14; of fibrin,
17; of blood, 236-238; of chyle, 222.
Coagulable lymph, 391.

Cochlea of ear, 518-520.
Cockchafer, digestive apparatus of, 358.
Cod, brain of, 453.

Cod-liver oil, use of, 386.
Cœcum, 214.

Cold sustained by animals, Introd., 405.
Cold-blooded animals, temperature of,
403-406.

Coloured shadows, 569.

Colouring matter, formed by cells, 359,
360, 533.

Colourless corpuscles of blood, 234.
Colours, want of power to distinguish,
468; complementary, 568-570.
Comatula, development of, 741.
Combustion in animal body, 157, 305,
306, 412, 413.

Commissures of nervous system, 434,
458.

Complementary colours, 568-570.
Compound eyes of Articulata, 572-575.
Polypes, 124, 127.

Tunicata, 114.

CONCHIFERA, 113; respiration in, 316;
luminosity of, 396; nervous system
of, 437.

Conjunctival membrane, 537.
Consonants, 689, 690.

Consumption, nature and treatment of,
386.

Contractility of muscular fibre, 579,
590; dependent on its nutrition, 591.
Contractions of heart, 269, 271, 581, 587.
of muscles, energy of, 592
-594; use of, in organic functions,
595; in locomotion, 595.

Convex surfaces, influence of, on light,
529-531.

Convolutions of brain, 456, 458.

Convulsive movements, 473, 474; energy
of, 592.

Cooling effects of evaporation, 372, 373.
Coral-forming animals, 131-134.
Cornea, 533; structure of, 46.
Corpora striata, 458.

Corpus callosum, 458.

QQ 2

Crusta petrosa of teeth, 54.

CRUSTACEA, general characters of, 99-
101; formation of shell of, 170; teeth
of, in stomach, 202; circulation in,
292; respiration in, 315; liver of, 356;
luminousness of, 396; reproduction of
claws in, 389; generation of, 748;
development of, 101, 748.

Crystalline lens, 536; reproduction of,
390; change of form of, 551.
Cutis, structure of, 37; sensibility of,
490, 491.

Cuttle-fish, 111; ink of, 359.

Cynips, agamic reproduction of, 746.
Cysticercus, development of, 742.

D.

Daphnia, reproduction of, 748.

Death, of the body, 67; apparent, 66.
of parts, continually taking place,
65, 68.

Death-watch, 677.

Death's-head Moth, 678.

Decay of dead animal matter, 54, 160.
Decay continually taking place in living
body, 65, 68.

Deer, foot of, 652.
Defecation, 171, 216.

Degeneration of tissues, from want of
use, 30.

Deglutition, 171, 192-196, 470.
Dentine, 54.

Development, first stages of in ovum,
736, 737; of Polypes, 738, 739; of Me-
dusæ, 740; of Echinodermata, 741; of
Entozoa, 742, 743; of Annelida, 744;
of Insects, 745-747; of Crustacea, 748;
of Cirrhipeda, 749; of Rotifera, 750; of
Arachnida, 751; of Mollusca, 752; of
Vertebrata, 756-762.

Diaphragm, 328; deficiency of, in Birds

and Reptiles, 327; peculiar to Mam-
mals, 330; action of, in respiration,
331-333.

Diet, natural, of Man, 163-165.
Differentiation of structure and function,
380.

DIGESTION, several stages of, 171; gas-
tric, 204-211; intestinal, 212-215.

Digestive cavity, characteristic of Ani-
mals, 8; different forms of, 197-203;
formation of, in embryo, 759.
Direction of action of muscles, 606-611.
visual objects, 558.

Dislocations, 604.

Distance, adaptation of the eye to, 550,
551; mode of estimating, 563-565.
Distoma, development of, 743.
Division of labour in living organisms, 2.
Dogs, intelligence of, 717.

Doris, circulation in, 290; respiration in,
316.

Dorsal vessel of Articulata, 293.

Double vision, 559.

Draco volans, 668.

Drowning, 338; treatment of, 339.
Drum of the ear, 516.

Duration of luminous impressions, 567.
Dytiscus, 444.

E.

Ear, simplest forms of, 512, 514; of Man,
external, 515; middle, 516, 517; in-
ternal, 518-521; bones of, 516.
Earthworm, 104, 142, 389, 400, 404, 597.
ECHINODERMATA, 118, 119; circulation
in, 295; luminousness of, 396, deve-
lopment of, 741.

Echinus, 118; teeth of, 189.

Egg of Birds, structure of, 755; shell of,
its permeability to gases, 760.
Elastic fibrous tissue, 23, 29.

Elasticity of arteries, 274, 275; of foot,
649; of vertebral column, 631.
Elateride, luminousness of, 397; leap-
ing power of, 662.

Electricity, animal, sources of, 416, 417;
in Cat, 418; in Fishes, 419-423; of
muscle and nerve, 424; analogy of to
nervous agency, 488, 585.

Electric organs, structure of, 421, 422;
copiously supplied with nerves, 423.
Elephant, trunk of, 172, 493; molar
teeth of, 102; tusks of, 177; intelli-
gence of, 717.

Embryo, origin of, 737, 757; develop-
ment of, 757-762; circulation in, 283,
758, 762; respiration in, 760.
Emotions, 477, 478; influence of on
muscles, 590; on organic functions,
461.

Enamel, structure and composition of,
54; arrangement of, 182.
Encrinites, 118.

Endosmose, action of, on blood cor-
puscles, 232.

Entomostraca, agamic reproduction of,
727, 748.

Entozoa, 105; development of, 742, 743.
Ephemera, 315.

Ephippial eggs of Daphnia, 748.

Epidermis, structure of, 38; use of, 492.
Epidermic appendages, 38.
Epiglottis, 193, 681.

Epileptic fits, 473.
Epithelium, structure of, 40; action of,
in secretion, 41, 42, 355.
Eunice, 314.

Eustachian tube, 516, 517.
Evaporation from surface, 370-373;
cooling effects of, 372, 373.
EXCRETION, objects of, 345-351; mate-
rials of, formed in the blood, 351; effects
of retention of, 351.
Exhalation of moisture from the lungs,
343; from the skin, 371-374; amount
of, 374.

Eye, an optical instrument, 532, 543-
553; structure of, in Man, 533-536;
muscles of, 538; motions of, 538, 539;
aberration corrected in, 547, 549;
adaptation of to distance, 550, 551;
limits of vision by, 554; common sen-
sibility of, 571; long and near-sighted,
552, 553; peculiar structure of, in
Articulata, 573-575; deficient in some
Vertebrata, 572; rudiments of, in the
lower animals, 575.
Eyelids, uses of, 537.

F.

Face, bones of, 690-623; muscles of,
624.

Facial angle, 719, 720.

Fat, structure and uses of, 46, 412; de-
position of, 157, 162; of blood, 232,
241.

Fatigue, sense of, 595.

Fertilization of ovum, 732, 734, 736.
Fibre, muscular (see Muscular Fibre).
Fibres, of nerves (see Nerves).
Fibrin, composition and properties of,
17,18; uses of in blood, 236-240.
Fibrous membranes, 29.

tissues, general uses of, 12; for-
mation of, 22; general characters of,
22-30; nutrition of, 384, 390.
Fibro-cartilages, 47.
Fins of fishes, 666.
Fire-flies, 397.

FISHES, general structure of, 88-91;
teeth of, 188; circulation in, 286; re-
spiration in, 317, 318; air-bladder of,
324; luminousness of, 396; heat of,
405; electricity of, 419-424; nervous
system of, 453; organs of smell of,
509; vertebral column of, 629, 630;
movements of, 666, 667; reproduction
of, 754, 755, 759.

Fission, multiplication of cells by, 33;
of Infusoria by, 135, 725.
Flea, leaping powers of, 594, 662.
Flesh-fly, voracity of larva of, 141.
Flight, action of, 667-672; impossible
in Man, 673.

Flying Fish, 667.

Lemur, 668.

597 ·

Food of Animals, 7, 8; derived from
Plants, 144-147; from Animals, 148-
150; chemical nature of, 153, 154, 164;
mineral ingredients of, 166, 167.

demand for, 140, 141; economy

of, 165.
Food-yolk, 736, 752, 754.
Foot, structure of, 648, 649.
Foraminifera, 128, 131.

Freezing of animal bodies, 67, 405.
Frog tribe, 86, 87; blood-discs of, 230;
metamorphosis of, 86, 87; change of
circulating system in, 287-289; respi-
ration of, 325; experiments on nervous
system of, 466, 468; eggs of, 755; de-
velopment of, 756.

Fulgoride, luminousness of, 400; sound
emitted by, 679.

Functions of living beings, 2; nutritive,
6; animal, 6; relation of organic and
animal, 425-427.

Gall-bladder, 362.
Galloping, 660.

G.

Galvanic electricity, discovery of, 583.
Ganglia, 61 (see Nervous System).
of special sense, functions of,
475-479.

olfactive and optic, 453-456.
Gases, poisonous, 335, 344.
GASTEROPODA, 107, 108, 112; palate of,

189; circulation in, 290; respiration in,
316; nervous system of, 438; develop-
ment of, 752.

Gastric follicles, 204.

juice, 204; properties of, 207-
210; artificial, 210.
Gavial, teeth of, 186.

Gelatin, chemical compostion of, 19;
use of as food, 159; present in blood,
380.

Gelatinous nerve-fibres, 60.

principles of food, 153; des-
tination of, 159.
Gemmation, multiplication by, of Plants,
724; of Infusoria, 725; of Zoophytes,
726; of Medusæ, 726, 741; of Echino-
dermata, 726, 741; of Articulata, 727,
744; of Mollusca, 728; of Vertebrata,
729; antagonism of, to Generation,
735; (see Agamic Reproduction.)
Gemmules of polypes, 738.
GENERATION, sexual, essential nature
of, 730-733; antagonism of, to gem-
mation, 735; simplest form of, 734.
Germ-cells of plants, 724; of animals,
732.

Germ-yolk, 736, 752, 754.

Globules of Blood (see Blood).
Globulin, 232.

Glosso-pharyngeal nerve, 459, 470.
Glottis, 193, 681.

Glow-worms, 398–401.

Gluten of bread, composition of, 153.
Glycine, 364.

Glycocholic acid, 364.

Gnat, larva of, 321.

Goat-moth, larva of, 141.

Goldfinch, nest of, 704.

Gout, nature and cure of, 348, 349.
Granulation, repair of wounds by, 392.
Gravel, 348, 367.

Gregory, Dr., case of, 349.

Grey substance of nerves, 430, 431.
Guiding Sensations, importance of, 478.
Gymnotus, electricity of, 419–424.

H.

Habitual actions, 479.

Hæmatin, 232.

Hairs, structure of, 38.

Hall, Dr. Marshall, his treatment of
asphyxia, 339.

Hamster, instinct of, 699.

Hands, use of, in prehension, 172, 173; in
locomotion, 674; structure of, 641-
644.

Hare, leaps of the, 661.

Hartz forest, devastated by Insects, 147.
Haversian canals of bone, 49, 50; forma.
tion of, 52.

Head, definition of, 111; bones of, 617-

623; muscles of, 624.
Healing of wounds, 391, 392.

Hearing, sense of, 510-524; improved
by cultivation, 525.

Heart, 245; structure of, in Man, &c.,
256, 257; respiratory and systemic,
281; action of, 269, 270, 581, 583;
valves of, 272, 273; number of pulsa-
tions of, 271; development of, 758,
762.

structure of, in Reptiles, 284; in
Fishes, 286; in Mollusca, 290; in
Cephalopoda, 291; in Crustacea, 292;
in Insects, 293.
Heat, sustainable by Animals, Introd.,
372, 373.

generated by Animals, 403-415;
of Invertebrata, 404; of Fishes, 405;
of Reptiles, 406; of Birds, 407; of
Mammals, 407; of Man, 407; of young
animals, 408, 409; of Insects, 410,
411.

Heat, animal, dependent on combustion
of carbon and hydrogen, 412, 413; on
supply of oxygen, 413; maintained by
respiration, 414; influence of nervous
system on, 415.

Hemispheres of Brain, 449.

Herbivorous animals, 144-147; nutri-
tion of, 162; teeth of, 179, 182.
Hiccup, 341.

Hinge-joint, 603.

Hippuric acid, 367.

Holothuria, 118, 119; reparative power
of, 389; development of, 741.

Horse, foot of, 652; intelligence of, 695.
Howling Monkeys, 684.

Humble-bee, heat produced by, 410.
Hunger, sense of, 140, 205..
Hyalæa, 112.

Hybernation, 309.

Hydatina, multiplication of, 750.
Hydra, 121; referred to, 131, 296, 577;
propagation of, by buds, 122, 726; by
artificial division, 122; by eggs, 123,
734; development of ovum of, 738.
Hydrogen, combustion of, in animal body,
343.

Hydropathic system, 374.
Hydrophobia, 474.

Hydrozoa, 124, 125; development of,
726, 738.

Hyoid bone, 625, 680.

Hysteric disorder, 474.

Ink, of cuttle-fish, 359.
Insalivation, 179, 190, 191.

INSECTS, general characters of, 97; diges-
tive apparatus of, 202; circulation in,
293; respiration in, 308, 321, 322; repa-
rative powers of, 389; secreting appa-
ratus in, 358; luminousness of, 397-
401; heat of, 410, 411; nervous system
of, 440-446; instincts of, 483, 484, 667
-716; antennæ of, 498, 499; eyes of,
573-575; muscular power of, 594, 662;
wings of, 670; production of sounds by,
676, 679; reproduction of, 745, 746.
Instinctive actions, 692; predominance
of, in Articulata, 96; characters of,
694; examples of, 696-716; corre-
spondence of, with ganglia of special
sense, 475-479; irrationality of, 709.

through, 215; digestion continued in,
213, 214; relative length of, 213.
Worms, 105; development of,

742, 743.
Invertebrata, 92; absorption in, 225;
nature of circulating fluid in, 225, 235;
heat of, 404; skeletons of, 598, 599.
Involuntary movements, 589, 590.
Iris, 533, 534.

Iron, a constituent of animal bodies, 166,
167; of red corpuscles of blood, 232.
Ivory, structure and composition of, 54.
Iulus, 103.

599

Light, emitted by living animals, 394-
402; by dead bodies, 402.

propagation of, 526; refraction of

527-532.

Lime, amount of, in bones, 49; in teeth,
54; in egg-shell, 169; in shells of
Mollusks, 169; in shells of Crustacea,
170.

sources of, in animal bodies, 166-

170.
Limulus, 100.

Lingual nerve, 500.

Liquids, reception of, 173.

Liquor sanguinis, 229, 232, 236-241, 385,
387, 391.

Lithic acid, 346, 348, 367.

Liver, structure of, 356, 358, 363; circu-
lation in, 267, 363; assimilating action
of, 224; secreting action of, 364-366;
formation of sugar by, 366.

objects of its excretion, 346, 350.
Living beings, distinctive characters of,
1-5.

Lizard tribe, 84; reparative powers of,
390.

Lobster, 100; circulation in, 292.

Lock-jaw, 473.

Locomotion, reflex movements of, 471;
organs of, 596.

Locusts, voracity of, 146; multiplication
of prevented, 149.

Long-sighted eyes, 552, 553.

Luminousness, animal, 394-400; uses of,
401; from decomposition, 402.

Lungs, rudimentary in Fishes, 324; in
Reptiles, 325; in Birds, 326, 327; in
Mammals, 326-333.

Lymnæus, parasites of, 743.

Lymph, coagulable, 391.

Lymphatics, 219, 220.

Mactra, 113.

Madrepore, 127.

M.

Malapterurus, electric, 419, 422.
Malpighian bodies of kidney, 369.
MAMMALS, general structure of, 77; di-
gestive apparatus in, 197-199; blood-
discs in, 229; circulation in, 281, 282;
respiration in, 328-333; heat of, 407;
nervous system of, 456; reproduction
in, 756, 761.

Mammary glands, structure of, 376.
Man, food of, 163; stomach of, 197;
heart of, 256, 257; arterial system of,
258; quantity of air required by, 334
-337; reproduction of lost parts in,
390; repair of injuries in, 391-393;
heat of, 407; nervous system of, 456-
462; peculiar characters of soul of,
721, 722.

Mantis, actions of, 444.

Mantle of Mollusca, 107.
Marmot, hybernation of, 309.

Marrow of bones, 49.

Spinal (see Spinal Cord).