5

Israel for his own people, Deut. iv. 37. "because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed after them ;" and vii. 6-8. "Jehovah thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself;" Isai. xlv. 4. "for Israel mine elect.' Nor do I mean that sense of the word election in which God, after rejecting the Jews, is said to have chose that the Gospel should be announced to the Gentiles, to which the apostle particularly alludes, Rom. ix. and xi.; nor that in which an individual is said to be selected for the performance of some office, as 1 Sam. x. 24. "see ye him whom the Lord hath chosen?" John vi. 70. "have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil?" whence those are sometimes called elect who are eminent for any particular excellence, as 2 John 1. "the elect lady," that is, most precious, and v. 13. "thy elect sister." 1 Pet. ii. 6. "a chief corner stone, elect and precious." 1 Tim. v. 21. "the elect angels." But that special election is here intended, which is nearly synonymous with eternal predestination. Election, therefore, is not a part of predestination; much less then is reprobation. For, speaking accurately, the ultimate purpose of predestination is salvation of believers,-a thing in itself desirable,whereas the object which reprobation has in view is the destruction of unbelievers, a thing in itself ungrateful and odious; whence it is clear that God could never have predestinated reprobation, or proposed it to himself as an end. Ezek. xviii. 32. "I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth." xxxiii. 11. "as I live, saith the Lord God, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked should turn from his way and live." If therefore the Deity

5

. Resolving from henceforth
To leave them to their own polluted ways;
And one peculiar nation to select
From all the rest.

Compare Samson Agonistes, 678.

6

Paradise Lost, XII. 109.

. such as thou hast solemnly elected, With gifts and graces eminently adorn'd

To some great work.

For so it should be pointed; adorn'd being used in the Latin sense of 'furnished,' 'fitted out,' ad præclarum aliquod opus ornatos; which Dryden seems not to have understood when he borrowed the expression in his translation from Lucretius, Whom thou with all thy gifts and graces dost adorn.'

have no pleasure either in sin or in the death of the sinner, that is, either in the cause or the effect of reprobation, certainly he cannot delight in reprobation itself. It follows, that reprobation forms no part of what is meant by the divine predestination.

WHEREBY GOD, &c., that is, God the Father. Luke xii. 32. "it is your Father's good pleasure." Thus, also, wherever mention is made of the divine decrees or counsel: John xvii. 2. "as many as thou hast given him." v. 6. 11, 24. "the men which thou gavest me out of the world." Eph. i. 4. "he hath chosen us in him." v. 5. "having predestinated us." v. 11. "being predestinated according to his purpose."

BEFORE THE FOUNDATION OF THE WORLD, Eph. i. iv. 2 Tim. i. 9. "before the world began." See also Tit. i. 2.

IN PITY TO MANKIND, THOUGH FORESEEING THAT THEY WOULD FALL OF THEIR OWN ACCORD. It was not simply man as a being who was to be created, but man as a being who was to fall of his own accord, that was the matter or object of predestination; for that manifestation of divine. grace and mercy which God designed as the ultimate purpose of predestination, presupposes the existence of sin and misery in man, originating from himself alone. That the fall of man was not necessary, is admitted on all sides; but if such, nevertheless, was the nature of the divine decree, that his fall became really inevitable (both which opinions, however contradictory, are sometimes held by the same persons), then the restoration of man, after he had lapsed of necessity, became no longer a matter of grace on the part of God, but of simple justice. For if it be granted that he lapsed, though not against his own will, yet of necessity, it will be impossible not to think that the admitted necessity must have overruled or influenced his will by some secret force or guidance. But if God foresaw that man would fall of his own free will, there was no occasion for any decree relative to the fall itself, but only relative to the provision to be made for man, whose future fall was foreseen. Since then the apostacy of the first man was not decreed, but only foreknown by the infinite wisdom of God, it

7 According to a part of the Sublapsarian scheme, taught by St. Augustine and maintained by the Synod of Dort.

follows that predestination was not an absolute decree before the fall of man; and even after his fall, it ought always to be considered and defined as arising, not so much from a decree itself, as from the immutable condition of a decree.

8

PREDESTINATED; that is, designated, elected: proposed to himself the salvation of man as the scope and end of his counsel. Hence may be refuted the notion of a preterition and desertion from all eternity, in direct opposition to which God explicitly and frequently declares, as has been quoted above, that he desires not the death of any one, but the salvation of all; that he hates nothing that he has made; and that he has omitted nothing which might suffice for universal salvation.

FOR A MANIFESTATION OF THE GLORY OF HIS MERCY, GRACE, AND WISDOM. This is the chief end of predestination. Rom. ix. 23. "that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy.' 1 Cor. ii. 7. 66 we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom which God had ordained before the world unto our glory." Eph. i. 6. "to the praise of the glory of his grace."

ACCORDING TO HIS PURPOSE IN CHRIST. Eph. iii. 10, 11. "the manifold wisdom of God, according to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord." i. 4, 5.

he hath chosen us in him; having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ." v. 11. “in him, in whom also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestinated according to his purpose." This is the source of that love of God, declared to us in Christ. John iii. 16. "God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son." Eph. ii. 4, 5. “for his great love wherewith he loved us.... by grace ye are saved." 1 John iv. 9, 10. "in this was

manifested the love of God towards us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world," &c. Hence there was no grace decreed for man who was to fall, no mode of reconciliation with God, independently of the foreknown

8 Calvin distinguishes between preterition and condemnation, both which acts, according to his system, are included in reprobation. Preterition is the passing by the reprobate, and withholding from them the means of grace. Condemnation is the act of condemning those who are passed by, for the sins which they commit.

sacrifice of Christ; and since God has so plainly declared that predestination is the effect of his mercy, and love, and grace, and wisdom in Christ, it is to these qualities that we ought to attribute it, and not, as is generally done,2 to his absolute and secret will, even in those passages where mention is made of his will only. Exod. xxxiii. 19. "I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious," that is, not to enter more largely into the causes of this graciousness at present, Rom. ix. 18. "he hath mercy on whom he will have mercy,' by that method, namely, which he had appointed in Christ. It will appear, moreover, on examination of the particular texts, that in passages of this kind God is generally speaking of some extraordinary manifestation of his grace and mercy. Thus Luke xii. 32. "it is your Father's good pleasure." Eph. i. 5, 11. "by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will: in whom also we have obtained an inheritance.... after the counsel of his own will." James i. 18. " of his own will,"—that is, in Christ, who is the word and truth of God,—"begat he us with the word of truth."

66

THOSE WHO SHOULD BELIEVE, AND CONTINUE IN THE FAITH. This condition is immutably attached to the decree, nor does it attribute mutability either to God or to his decrees; 2 Tim. ii. 19. "the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his :" or according to the explanation in the same verse, all who name the name of Christ, and depart from iniquity;" that is, whoever believes the mutability is entirely on the side of them who renounce their faith, as it is said, 2 Tim. ii. 13. "if we believe not, yet he abideth faithful; he cannot deny himself." It seems, then, that there is no particular predestination or election, but only general, or in other words, that the privilege belongs to all who heartily believe and continue in their belief,—that none are predestinated or elected irrespectively, e. g. that Peter is not elected as Peter, or John as John, but inasmuch as they are believers, and continue in their belief,and that thus the general decree of election becomes per

in thee

As from a second root, shall be restor'd

As many as are restor'd, without thee none.

2 So Toletus, Malvenda, Grotius.

VOL. IV.

Paradise Lost, III. 287.

E

sonally applicable to each particular believer, and is ratified to all who remain stedfast in the faith.

This is most explicitly declared by the whole of Scripture, which offers salvation and eternal life equally to all, under the condition of obedience in the Old Testament, and of faith in the New. There can be no doubt that the tenor of the decree as promulged was in conformity with the decree itself,— otherwise the integrity of God would be impugned, as expressing one intention, and concealing another within his breast. Such a charge is in effect made by the scholastic distinction which ascribes a twofold will to God; his revealed will, whereby he prescribes the way in which he desires us to act, and his hidden will, whereby he decrees that we shall never so act; which is much the same as to attribute to the Deity two distinct wills, whereof one is in direct contradiction to the other. It is, however, asserted that the Scriptures contain two opposite statements respecting the same thing;-it was the will of God that Pharaoh should let the people go, for such was the divine command,-but it was also not his will, for he hardened Pharaoh's heart. The truth however is, that it was God alone who willed their departure, and Pharaoh alone who was unwilling; and that he might be the more

2 Voluntas Dei in varias species distingui solet, ut absolutam et conditionatam; antecedentem et consequentem; signi et beneplaciti, &c.

Voluntas signi dicitur cum Deus verbo suo significat quid velit aut nolit ab hominibus fieri, et mandatis ejus continetur; beneplaciti vero, qua Deus apud se premit et occultat id quod vult facere.' Curcellæi Institutio, ii. 9. 6, 7. Thomas Aquinas and his disciples frame another distinction to elude the text in Timothy (1 Tim. ii. 4.) and tell us of a will revealed, and of another hidden, which is, many times at least, contrary to that revealed a distinction rejected by our 17th Article, which directs us to follow, not this supposed hidden will of God, but that which is expressly declared in his word.' Glocester Ridley's Sixth Sermon on the Divinity and Operations of the Holy Ghost, Compare Taylor's Ductor Dubitantium, Book i. chap. 2.

3 If it be affirmed, that God, as being Lord, may do as he will, yet we must know that God hath not two wills, but one will; much less two contrary.' Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, Prose Works, III. 222. And again; It is wondered how there can be in God a secret and revealed will; and yet what wonder, if there be in man two answerable causes? But here there must be two revealed wills grappling in a fraternal war with one another, without any reasonable cause apprehended.' Ibid. 225.