rear-admirals, in 1880 all were dead excepting Rear-Admiral David D. Porter, then the admiral of the navy. ford," Under this law, as senior rear-admiral, Farragut hoisted his plain square blue flag at New Orleans, on the mainmast-head of the "Hartford." He received his commission August 12, 1862, and the next morning, on the hoisting of the colors, his flag was run up for the first time at the main, when it was saluted by the whole squadron; soon after which the flag-ship "Hartaccompanied by the "Brooklyn," proceeded down the river, the remaining ships the squadron dipping their ensigns as the "flagship" passed. This was the first admiral's flag hoisted at the main in our navy. Subsequently the law was amended, and Farragut, as a rearadmiral, retrograded his flag to the mizzen, thence, on his promotion to vice-admiral, advanced it to the fore, and on his promotion to admiral, July 25, 1866, raised it again high up on the main. On the 21st of December, 1864, the grade of vice-admiral was first introduced into our navy, and Farragut was our first vice-admiral. On his promotion to a full "admiral," July, 1866, Rear-Admiral David D. Porter was made a viceadmiral, and on the death of Farragut, August, 1870, he was made admiral of the navy, and Stephen C. Rowan vice-admiral. Under existing laws, on the death of the present admiral and vice-admiral those grades become extinct in our navy, and rear-admiral will be the highest rank. At present there are in the United States navy one admiral, one vice-admiral, and eleven rearadmirals on the active list, and forty-two on the retired list, who have been retired for long and faithful service. An admiral may command a fleet or fleets. A vice-admiral may command a fleet, or a division of a fleet under the admiral; be commander-in-chief of a squadron; or may command a naval station. A rear-admiral may command a fleet or squadron, a squadron or division under an admiral or vice-admiral; be chief of staff of a naval force under an admiral or vice-admiral; or may command a naval station. George H. Preble, RearAdmiral U.S.N. Admiral. The epithet of admiral was formerly applied to any large or leading ship, without regard to flag, and is still used in the whaleand cod-fisheries. The first vessel to arrive in any port in Newfoundland retains this title during the season, the second becomes the viceadmiral, and the third the rear-admiral. Admiral. A shell of the genus Conus. The varieties are designated as the grand-admiral, the vice-admiral, the orange-admiral, and the eztra-admiral. Admiralty. "The Admiralty" means the Lord High Admiral of England, or the commission ers for executing his office, commonly called the Board of Admiralty. It dates from 1512, when Henry VIII. appointed a board of commissioners to examine into and report upon the state of the navy. In 1660, James, Duke of York, be came the first Lord High Admiral. On his accession to the throne (1685) the office was put in commission. On the accession of William and Mary (1689) Parliament passed an act legalizing and rendering permanent the board of ex perts that had from time to time been called upon to administer the affairs of the navy. The office remained in commission till 1702, when George, Prince of Denmark, became Lord High Admiral. The office was again in commission from 1708 to 1827, when William, Duke of Clarence, the "Sailor Prince," became Lord High Admiral. He resigned August 12, 1828. Since then the office has been in commission, and will probably remain so, till the present Duke of Edinburgh is appointed to fill it. The Board of Commissioners is thus constituted, under Orders in Council, 19th March, 1872: (1) First Lord of the Admiralty, First Naval Lord, Second Naval Lord, Junior Naval Lord, Civil Lord. (2) The Parliamentary Secretary, Permanent Secretary, Naval Secretary. (3) The Comptroller of the Navy, assisted by a Deputy Comptroller, and Director of Dock-Yards. (4) The First Lord to be responsible to the Crown and to Parliament for all the business of the Admiralty, divided as follows: (a) The First Naval Lord, Second Naval Lord, and Junior Naval Lord to be responsible to the First Lord of the Admiralty for the administration of so much of the business relating to the personnel of the navy, and to the movement and condition of the fleet, as shall be assigned to them from time to time by the First Lord. (b) The Comptroller to be responsible to the First Lord for the administration of so much of the business as relates to the matériel of the navy, the Comptroller to have the right to attend the board, and to explain his views, whenever the First Lord shall submit to the board for their opinion designs for ships, or any other matters emanating from the Comptroller's department. (c) The Parliamentary Secretary to be responsible to the First Lord for the finance of the department, and for so much of the other business of the Admiralty as may be assigned to him. (d) The Civil Lord, the Permanent Secretary, and the Naval Secretary to have such duties as shall be assigned to them by the First Lord. The First Lord is nearly always appointed from civil life. THE ADMIRALTY, the Navy Office, Whitehall, London.-S. B. Luce, Captain U.S.N. Admiralty Courts (in law). The Constitution declares that the judicial power of the United States shall extend..."to all cases of admiralty and marine jurisdiction." By act of Congress a district court of the United States is empowered to sit as an admiralty court for the trial of all ordinary causes originating on the high seas, or on rivers, ports, or harbors communicating with the sea. The more serious cases are referred to the circuit courts, sitting as courts of admiralty. Admiralty Droits. The revenue arising from enemies' ships detained in prospect of war; from enemies' ships coming into port in ignorance of hostilities; from ships captured by non-commissioned captors; from the proceeds of wrecks and goods of pirates. Admiralty Midshipman. (Eng.) Formerly one who, having served his time and passed his examination, was appointed to a ship by the admiralty, in contradistinction to those who were rated by the captain. Adonis. An anguilliform fish. Adornings. The ornamental work on the quarter and stern galleries. Adown. The bawl of privateersmen for the subjected to the action of the air before being crew of the captured vessel to go below. Adreamt. Dozing. Adrift. Floating at random. The state of a vessel or boat broken from her moorings and driven to and fro by the wind, sea, or tide. Also used of a thing that has broken from its place; as, a gun from the ship's side, etc. Ad Valorem. In its application to custom duties signifies a duty or tax on importations that is levied with reference to the value of the goods. Advance. An amount of an officer's salary which he is allowed to receive in advance when ordered on sea-duty. If ordered to the Asiatic Station he may draw three months' pay in advance, and on other sea-duty two months' pay. The advance is paid by navy pay agents, on presentation of the officer's orders, upon which the pay agent must indorse the payment. This indorsement is notice to the paymaster of the vessel to which the officer is ordered, and it is his duty to deduct the advance from the officer's future earnings. Officers ordered to a vessel in a United States port are entitled to receive their current pay up to the date of sailing, without regard to the advance received from the pay agent. Officers receiving an advance are required to give notice thereof in writing to the paymaster of the vessel to which they are ordered. Failure to do so will be deemed scandalous conduct and a violation of general orders. Advance. To move forward. Advance, or vanguard, is that portion of a force which moves in front of the main body. Advance list is the list on which are registered the names of those who receive advance money. Advance note is a note issued by owners of ships, promising to pay a specified sum to a seaman within a specified number of days after he has sailed on a voyage. Advancement. Promotion to a higher rank or grade. Advantage, or Vantage-ground, is that which affords the greatest facility in attack or defense. Adventure. An undertaking involving hazard; used in a commercial sense to signify a speculation in goods sent abroad to be sold or bartered for profit. A bill of adventure is one signed by the merchant, in which he takes the chances of the voyage. Adversary. A term applied to an enemy, but strictly confined to an opponent in single combat. Adverse. The opposite of favorable; as, an adverse wind or tide. Advice. Counsel; suggestion. Advices, intelligence; news. Advice-boat. A vessel to carry dispatches. They were first used in 1692, previous to the battle of La Hogue. Advocate. A counselor; one who pleads the cause of another. See JUDGE ADVOCATE. Adze, or Addice. A tool for dubbing flat or circular work. It is much used in the East, where it takes the place of axe, plane, and chisel. Æ. See CLASSIFICATION OF MERCHANT VES SELS. Einautæ. Senators of Miletus, who held their deliberations on board ship. Æratæ. Ancient ships with brazen prows. Aerator. An apparatus for aerating water. Distilled water has an insipid taste unless it is used. The same effect may be obtained by throwing calcareous substances into water confined in an air-tight vessel. An apparatus for fumigating grain. Aerography. The description of the atmosphere, its nature, properties, limits, etc. Aerolites. Solid bodies which descend to the earth's surface from beyond the atmosphere. They are composed principally of iron and a small percentage of nickel and cobalt. Aerolites, meteors, fire-balls, and shooting-stars are classed together as being merely varieties of the same phenomenon. There is but little doubt that aerolites are bodies revolving about the sun like the planets, and are encountered by the earth in its annual motion around the sun. The comets, like the earth, must encounter an immense number of these bodies, and a part of their motion must be thereby destroyed. This effect may be appreciable in the case of periodic comets, though thus far it is inappreciable in the case of the earth and the other planets. Aerology. The doctrine of air; generally applied to medical discussions respecting its salubrity. Aeromancy. Formerly, the art of divining by the air. In modern times it means the foretelling of the weather by experience or by instruments. Aerometer. An instrument for making corrections in pneumatic experiments. Aerometry. The science of measuring the air, its power, pressure, and properties. Aeronaut. A navigator of the air. Aeronautics. The art of navigating the air. Aerostatics. The science that treats of the equilibrium and pressure of the air and other gases. Estuary. See ESTUARY. Afer. The southwest wind of the Latins. Affair. An engagement of minor importance. An affair of honor, a duel. Affidavit. A written statement attested by the oath of the person making it and subscribed by him. To give the oath legal effect it must be administered by a person thereunto authorized by law, who appends his certificate, technically called a "jurat." An affidavit differs from a deposition in being ex parte, the person making it not being subject to cross-examination. Affirm. To make a solemn promise to tell the truth under the pains and penalties of perjury. To confirm. Affirmative. The signal, the hoisting of which implies assent. Affluent. A stream flowing directly into another stream; a more specific term than tributary. Affreightment. A contract for the letting of a vessel, or a part of her, for freight. See CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHΤΜΕΝΤ. Afloat. Buoyed up and supported by the water; on board ship. Afore. Farther forward, the same as before. Afoul. See FOUL. Africa. See CONTINENTS. Aft. Abbreviation of abaft. Right aft, exactly astern. To haul a sheet aft, to pull the rope attached to the clew more towards the stern of the ship. Aft-castle. In ancient days, a tower erected aft, on the upper deck. See FORECASTLE. After. Comparative adjective applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel. After-sails, -yards, -braces, -bowlines, those on the main- and mizzen-masts. After-body, that portion of the ship's body abaft dead flat. After-clap, a subsequent unexpected event. After-end, the rear end. After-face, the rear face. Afterguard. The men who are stationed on the quarter-deck and poop to man the gear. It is generally composed of landsmen, and they are not required to go aloft except to loose and furl the mainsail. After-Hood. The aftermost plank in a strake, outside or inside. Afternoon-watch. The period of time from noon till four o'clock. The men on duty during that time. After-peak. The contracted part of the hold which lies in the vessel's run; the aftermost portion of the hold. Agreement. (Eng.) In vessels of more than eighty tons the master must enter into an agreement with every seaman on board, and that agreement must be in the form sanctioned by the Board of Trade. RUNNING AGREEMENT is an agreement extending over several voyages when they are less than six months in duration. Aground. The situation of a ship when she touches or rests on the bottom. Aguada. The Spanish and Portuguese term for a watering-place. Ahead. Farther onward, or immediately before the ship. AHEAD OF THE RECKONING. Beyond the position as determined by logging. Ahold. To lay a ship ahold is to bring her to lie as close to the wind as possible. Ahoo. Awry, aslant, lopsided. Ahoy. An exclamation used in hailing a ship; as, ship ahoy! It means literally stop. Ahull. A ship under bare poles, with her helm lashed a-lee, lying nearly broadside on to After-rake. The overhang of the stern. Aftward. Towards the stern. Aga. A superior Turkish officer. Against the Sun. See WITH THE SUN. Agal-Agal. One of the sea fuci. It derives its name from Tanjong Agal, on the coast of Borneo. It is thought the material for edible birds-nests is derived from this fucus. Agare. The American aloe from which cordage is made. Age. In chronology, a period of a hundred years. AGE OF THE MOON. The time elapsed since the last conjunction. AGE OF THE TIDE. The interval between the transit of the moon at which a tide originates and the appearance of the tide itself. also Retard of the Tide. See TIDE. Called Agent, Navy Pay. An officer of the pay corps in charge of a navy pay office. His duties are to advertise for and purchase all supplies required by the Navy Department and its bureaus for the use of every branch of the navy; to pay mileage and traveling expenses of officers traveling under orders; to make advances to officers ordered to sea; to pay allotments; to furnish transportation for enlisted men; to pay certificates of indebtedness issued by the Fourth Auditor to claimants, and to act as a general disbursing agent for the Navy Department. He renders complete quarterly returns to the Fourth Auditor. Navy pay offices are established in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Norfolk, and San Francisco. Aggression. The first act in provoking hostilities. Agon. A Chinese cymbal. See GONG. Aich's Metal. See GUN-METAL. Aid. (See EXECUTIVE OFFICER.) An officer not above the rank of lieutenant on the personal staff of the commander-in-chief, and under the immediate direction of the chief of staff to perform such duties as may be assigned him, including that of secretary. The commanding officer of a vessel is empowered to detail a junior officer to act as his personal aid. There is attached to each navy-yard or station an officer not above the grade of commander, who is called senior aid to the commander, who acts as his principal aid in regard to the duties of the yard. Aigre. The sudden flowing of the sea. See BORE. Aiguade. (Fr.) Water for ship's use. Aiguilletes. (Fr.) Tagged points or cords worn across the breast on some uniforms. Ailettes. Small plates of metal placed on the shoulders on mediæval armor, the prototype of the modern epaulet. Aim. The pointing of a weapon at the target. An order to point the weapon at the object. Aim-frontlet. (Obsolete.) A piece of wood hollowed out to fit the muzzle of a gun so as to give a line of sight parallel with the axis of the bore. Air. The atmosphere; the fluid which we breathe. To AIR. To dry; to ventilate. Air-bladder. A peculiar organ in some kinds of fishes by which they maintain their equilibrium in the water. Air-blast. A current of air induced by a blower. See BLOWER. Air-casing. A sheet-iron casing around the smoke-stack to protect the deck. Air-chamber. A cavity containing air to act as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in a hydraulic machine. See ORDNANCE. Air Engine. An engine put in motion by hot air instead of steam; a caloric engine. Air-funnel. A cavity formed by the omission of a timber in the upper works to admit fresh air into a ship's hold and convey the foul air out. Adown. The bawl of privateersmen for the subjected to the ac crew of the captured vessel to go below. Adreamt. Dozing. Adrift. Floating at random. The state of a vessel or boat broken from her moorings and driven to and fro by the wind, sea, or tide. Also used of a thing that has broken from its place; as, a gun from the ship's side, etc. Ad Valorem. In its application to custom duties signifies a duty or tax on importations that is levied with reference to the value of the goods. Advance. An amount of an officer's salary which he is allowed to receive in advance when ordered on sea-duty. If ordered to the Asiatic Station he may draw three months' pay in advance, and on other sea-duty two months' pay. The advance is paid by navy pay agents, on presentation of the officer's orders, upon which the pay agent must indorse the payment. This indorsement is notice to the paymaster of the vessel to which the officer is ordered, and it is his duty to deduct the advance from the officer's future earnings. Officers ordered to a vessel in a United States port are entitled to receive their current pay up to the date of sailing, without regard to the advance received from the pay agent. ceiving an advance are required ired to giv give notice thereof in writing to the paymaster of the vessel to which they are ordered. Failure to do so will be deemed scandalous conduct and a violation of general orders. Officers re Advance. To move forward. Advance, or vanguard, is that portion of a force which moves in front of the main body. Advance list is the list on which are registered the names of those who receive advance money. Advance note is a note issued by owners of ships, promising to pay a specified sum to a seaman within a specifi number of days after he has sailed on a voyage Advancement. Promotion to a higher ra or grade. Advantage, or Vantage-ground, is that whe affords the greatest facility in attack or defes Adventure. An undertaking involving ard; used in a commercial sense to signify a ulation in goods sent abroad to be sold or b for profit. A bill of adventure is one sig. the merchant, in which he takes the ch the voyage. Adversary. A term applied to an en strictly confined to an opponent in single Adverse. The opposite of favoral adverse wind or tide. Advice. Counsel; suggestion. A telligence; news. Advice-boat. A vessel to carry They were first used in 1692, previous tle of La Hogue. Advocate. A counselor; one w cause of another. See JUDGE A Adze, or Addice. A tool for circular work. It is much us where it takes the place of a chisel. Æ. See CLASSIFICATION OF SELS. Æinautæ. Senators of V their deliberations on board Æratæ. Ancient ships w Aerator. An apparatuDistilled water has an insię used. The same eft ing calcareous sub an air-tight vesst grain. Aerography. phere, its natur Aerolites. earth's surfar They are cor small percen Aerolites. are classed t same phen aerolites a the plane its annual like the ber of t must l apprec thus 1 earth Ac. 78 1 reque, or Holtnern side of from the white t.mber; the sap Le first magnitude, eve. It is the called the Hyades, a ruddy color. See miral U.S.N. Born nipman from same dshipman, June 14, 835; exploring expe 1.538-42. utenant, February 25, n. 1843; frigate "Conrid, second time, 1844hus vessel, commanded a ut out several war junks of the fort at Zuron Bay, squadren during Mexican apture of Vera Cruz, Tusavai station, Boston, 1847; made a reconnoissance of the winter of 1855-56, warin Puget Sound, volunveving steamer "Active" to army, and rendered important war to a close; by his timely wing of the same year at San eed a collision between the and the United States troops; ops enough to hold the gainst the threatened attack commander, September 14, the steamer "South Caromencement of the rebellion, d Fort Pickens, while blocka.Texas; had a fight with the rear of the city; while there, en schooners laden with merchandsloop "Richmond" at the Jackson and St. Philip and the Chaimette batteries and deCrieans; passage of Vicksburg Port Hudson, 1862-63. as captain, January 2, 1863; cam-sloop "Brooklyn" in the Ares Morgan and Gaines and the Mobile Bay; commanded two a Sort Fisher. Capt. Alden took a in the great naval battles of was handsomely mentioned in the das commodore, July 25, 1866; sam-sloop "Susquehanna," spe2007: commanding steam-frigate special service, 1867-68; comvevard, Mare Island, California, Cher of Bureau of Navigation and Nare Department, 1869-71; promoted 1871: commanding European retired, 1873; died, 1877. The contrary of a-weather. The pone heim when the tiller is put over to e ship. Glent water, 'immu ports, Pop. y in Vir1,7 miles is a mile or sufficiently 1000, tune. at Lisbon. snic plants, celds, but also in wd cold, and moist species are known .1 among these there Some are attached rely free. None of at merely processes for irfaces on which they their sustenance exclufrom the medium surth respect, as well as in v differ from fungi. Their tly of vegetable gelatine, water; the harder parts of times leathery, or horny, or never really ligneous. They tirely of cells, some consisting : the composite ones are easily the individual cells are generally pendent existence, as in the case -coccus, or red snow plant. The Tronds of algæ are frequently of the The most common colors being brown, brown, rose color approaching red, or Age are multiplied by division of cells Fertilization is effected by coni or union of cells, the contents of one Ir to another and giving rise to germiThis is seen in the confervæ ores. grant ponds. Other algæ are fertilized Loving filaments or spermatozoids. Others in a rudimentary cell which, by contact spermatozoids, becomes a spore and then a plant. There are also zoospores which ve about in the water, the cells ultimately Larsting and scattering them, and the cilia by which they moved disappearing as the spores become fixed. Many of the algæ supply nutritious food, others are of value as yielding barilla, an impure carbonate of soda largely used in manufacturing, and all are useful as manure. Some species are of immense length and size, such as Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessonia fuscescens, and D Invillea utilis, which are found hundreds of feet long and as thick as the human body. More frequently, however, they are small, varying from a few inches to several feet in length, while some species are visible only through the Algeciras. A seaport town of Spain, on the W. side of the Bay of Gibraltar, opposite to and 6 miles W. of Gibraltar. Pop. 14,000. Algenib. y Pegasi. Algere. A spear used by fishermen in olden times. Algiers. A city of North Africa, on the W.. side of a bay of its own name. Lat. 36° 47′ 8′′ N.; lon. 3° 4' 5" E. The harbor has a mole 580 feet in length by 140 in width, extending from the mainland to an inlet, on which are a strong castle with batteries and a light-house. Pop. 54,000. Algol. A variable star in Perseus. Algorab. a Corvi, but its brightness of late is rivalled by ẞ Corvi. Alibi. The Latin word meaning elsewhere. Before courts-martial, as well as in those of civil jurisdiction, when an accused person proves that at the time of the commission of the alleged offense he was somewhere else than at the scene of the offending, he is said to have proven an alibi. Alicante. A city and seaport of Spain, located at the head of an extensive bay. Lat. 38° 27′ 7′′ N.; lon. 0° 26′ W. The harbor is only a roadstead in a deep bay, small vessels alone being able to approach the quay. Pop. 30,000. Alidade. The movable arm of an instrument fitted with sights or a telescope. Alien. (Lat. alienus, belonging to another, foreign.) In England, by the common law, an alien was one born out of the king's dominions or allegiance. The only exceptions to this rule were such children of the king as might be born abroad, and the children of his ambassadors so born. By several statutes, to wit: 25 Edw. III., passed in 1350; 29 Charles II., 1676;7 Anne, 1708; 10 Anne, 1711; 4 Geo. II., 1731; 13 Geo. III., 1778; 7 and 8 Vict., 1844, the common law rule has been altered, so that now all children born out of the king's allegiance whose fathers (or grandfathers by the father's side) or whose mothers were natural-born subjects, are deemed to be natural-born subjects themselves, unless their said ancestors were attainted or banished beyond sea for high treason, or were at the birth of such children in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain. In this country an alien is one born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States. The children of fathers, however, who at the time of such children's birth were citizens of the United States, and had resided in the United States, are, notwithstanding the fact of being born abroad, citizens. An alien becomes a citizen by naturalization (which see). In time of war a valid contract cannot be made between a citizen and an alien enemy, nor can such a contract be enforced after peace has been declared. During a war an alien enemy cannot prosecute an action of any |