placed 6 inches apart, the intervals being filled with wood. Behind this is a wood backing consisting of 12 inches of teak. Behind this are placed the hollow stringers of Hughes filled in with wood. These stringers are 10 inches in width, the thickness at the outer rectangular face is 11⁄2 inch, and the spread of the angle-irons forming their base is 12 inches. The stringers are thus 12 inches apart. These are riveted by their angleiron base to theinner skin of 1-inch iron. Armor, Compound. Wrought iron and steel have, each, advantages and disadvantages as material for armor for vessels of war. Wrought iron is tenacious, but does not offer sufficient resistance to the punching power of the projectile, whereas steel offers great resistance to the punching power, but is comparatively easily crumbled or shattered by a succession of blows. COMPOUND ARMOR is the result of an effort to combine the good qualities of the two metals by facing the iron armor with steel plates. The steel prevents the penetration of the shot, and the iron backing by its great tenacity prevents the destruction of the steel by shattering. The plates are welded together in the following manner: The iron plate, raised to a red heat, is placed in a form, and over it is poured molten steel. The temperature of the molten steel being higher than the fusing-point of iron, the surface of the iron plate becomes partially fused, and complete union of the two metals is obtained. a By this process the weld is not confined to a simple line as in an ordinary weld, but a third metal or semi-steel is formed, varying in thickness from to of an inch. By the formation of this anomalous steel the two metals are joined together inseparably, or, in other words, the iron has run into the steel, and steel into the iron. Experiments to tear the two asunder have resulted in the tearing of the iron while the weld remained intact. The compound armor-plates thus obtained may be rolled to any thickness. By the invention of compound armor it would seem that the defense is once more placed on an equality with the attack.-H. T. Stockton, Lieu tenant U.S.N. Armor, Submarine. The water-tight dress of a diver. See DIVING. Armorer. A petty officer whose duty it is to keep the small-arms in condition for service. Formerly he was the blacksmith of the ship. Armorer's Mate. The assistant of the ar morer. Armoric. The language of Brittany, Cornwall, and Wales. The original signification was maritime. Armory. A place reserved for the storage of small-arms. Arm-rack. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small-arms. Arms. Weapons of offense and defense. Arms and weapons both signify instruments of offense and defense, but we say fire-arms, never fire-weapons. Cannons, muskets, pistols, are fire-arms; bows and arrows, clubs, stones, are weapons. Instruments made on purpose to fight with are called arms, or weapons; such as are accidentally employed to fight with, weapons. (Mech.) The two parts of a balance or other lever on opposite sides of the fulcrum. Armstrong, James, Commodore U.S.N. Born Shelbyville, Ky., January 17, 1794, died Charlestown, Mass., August 27, 1868. Midshipman, November 15, 1809; lieutenant, April 27, 1816; commander, March 3, 1825; captain, September 8, 1841; commodore, July 16, 1866. Captured in the "Frolic" in 1814 by the British frigate "Orpheus," and kept a prisoner until March, 1815. Commanded the East India Squadron 1855-58, and in 1857 attacked and captured the Barrier forts in the Canton River. Compelled by a large rebel force to surrender the Pensacola navy-yard, January 12, 1861. Armstrong, Sir William George. Noted for various mechanical inventions, and particularly that of a gun of extraordinary power and precision. Born at Newcastle, England, in 1810, was articled to Mr. Armourer Donkin, an eminent solicitor in Newcastle, who, at the expiration of his time, made him a partner. About 1838, observing one day a little stream descending along a height near Newcastle and driving but a single mill, he thought to how much more purpose it might be applied hydraulically, and thus was led into a course of experimenting which resulted in his producing a much improved hydraulic engine. In 1845 he invented a hydraulic crane, which has proved to be of eminent utility in raising weights in harbors. Soon after the invention of the gun which bears his name an office was created for him, that of Chief Engineer of Rifled Ordnance. For description of Armstrong gun, see ORDNANCE. Army. An armed force under regular military organization employed for national offense or defense. An army may comprise the whole military force employed by a state, or only a portion under a particular commander. A fleet is sometimes called a naval army. Armye. An early name for a fleet. Arquebuse. A sort of hand-gun; an old species of fire-arm resembling a musket, and supported upon a forked rest when in use. Arrack. A spirituous liquor manufactured in the East Indies from various substances, but chiefly from fermented rice and the sap of the cocoa palm. Arraign. To call, or set as a prisoner, at the bar of the court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Array. The order of battle. The whole body of officers constituting a court-martial. TO ARRAY. To equip; to arm for battle; to arrange in order of battle. Arrears. That which is behind in payment, but supposes a part already paid. Arrest. To suspend from duty, and restrain from liberty, preparatory to a court-martial. Arrow. A slender shaft to be shot from a bow. It is generally armed at one end and feathered at the other, though the natives of Africa frequently feather the barbed end. Arsenal. A manufactory or depository for arms and all military equipments. Artemon. The mainsail of ancient ships. Articles. The express stipulations to which a seaman binds himself when he joins a merchant ship. Articles for the Government of the United States Navy. The Navy of the United States shall be governed by the following Articles : Article 1. The commanders of all fleets, squadrons, naval stations, and vessels belonging to the navy are required to show in themselves a good example of virtue, honor, patriotism, and subordination; to be vigilant in inspecting the conduct of all persons who are placed under their command; to guard against and suppress all dissolute and immoral practices, and to correct, according to the laws and regulations of the navy, all persons who are guilty of them; and any such commander who offends against this article shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 2. The commanders of vessels and naval stations to which chaplains are attached shall cause divine service to be performed on Sunday, whenever the weather and other circumstances allow it to be done; and it is earnestly recommended to all officers, seamen, and others in the naval service diligently to attend at every performance of the worship of Almighty God. Article 3. Any irreverent or unbecoming behavior during divine service shall be punished as a general or summary court-martial may direct. Article 4. The punishment of death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may adjudge, may be inflicted on any person in the naval service 1. Who makes, or attempts to make, or unites with any mutiny or mutinous assembly, or, being witness to or present at any mutiny, does not do his utmost to suppress it; or, knowing of any mutinous assembly or of any intended mu trust, or entices or aids others to desert or betray their trust; 8. Or sleeps upon his watch; 9. Or leaves his station before being regularly relieved; 10. Or intentionally or willfully suffers any vessel of the navy to be stranded, or run upon rocks or shoals, or improperly hazarded; or maliciously or willfully injures any vessel of the navy, or any part of her tackle, armament, or equipment, whereby the safety of the vessel is hazarded or the lives of the crew exposed to danger; 11. Or unlawfully sets on fire, or otherwise unlawfully destroys, any public property not at the time in possession of an enemy, pirate, or rebel; 12. Or strikes or attempts to strike the flag to an enemy or rebel, without proper authority, or, when engaged in battle, treacherously yields or pusillanimously cries for quarter; 13. Or, in time of battle, displays cowardice, negligence, or disaffection, or withdraws from or keeps out of danger to which he should expose himself; 14. Or, in time of battle, deserts his duty or station, or entices others to do so; 15. Or does not properly observe the orders of his commanding officer, and use his utmost exertions to carry them into execution, when ordered to prepare for or join in, or when actually engaged, in battle, or while in sight of an enemy; 16. Or, being in command of a fleet, squadron, or vessel acting singly, neglects, when an engagement is probable, or when an armed vessel of an enemy or rebel is in sight, to prepare and clear his ship or ships for action; 17. Or does not, upon signal for battle, use his utmost exertions to join in battle; 18. Or fails to encourage, in his own person, his inferior officers and men to fight courageously; 19. Or does not do his utmost to overtake and capture or destroy any vessel which it is his duty to encounter; 20. Or does not afford all practicable relief and assistance to vessels belonging to the United States or their allies when engaged in battle. Article 5. All persons who, in time of war, or of rebellion against the supreme authority of the United States, come or are found in the capacity tiny, does not immediately communicate his ❘ of spies, or who bring or deliver any seducing 20. Or violates or refuses obedience to any law- | counterfeited; or knowledge to his superior or commanding officer; 2. Or disobeys the lawful orders of his superior officer; 3. Or strikes orassaults, or attempts or threatens to strike or assault his superior officer while in the execution of the duties of his office; 4. Or gives any intelligence to, or holds or entertains any intercourse with, an enemy or rebel, without leave from the President, the Secretary of the Navy, the commander-in-chief of the fleet, the commander of the squadron, or, in case of a vessel acting singly, from his commanding officer; 5. Or receives any message or letter from an enemy or rebel, or, being aware of the unlawful reception of such message or letter, fails to take the earliest opportunity to inform his superior or commanding officer thereof; 6. Or, in time of war, deserts or entices others to desert; 7. Or, in time of war, deserts or betrays his letter or message from an enemy or rebel, or endeavor to corrupt any person in the navy to betray his trust, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may adjudge. Article 6. If any person belonging to any public vessel of the United States commits the crime of murder without the territorial jurisdiction thereof, he may be tried by court-martial and punished with death. Article 7. A naval court-martial may adjudge the punishment of imprisonment for life, or for a stated term, at hard labor, in any case where it is authorized to adjudge the punishment of death; and such sentences of imprisonment and hard labor may be carried into execution in any prison or penitentiary under the control of the United States, or which the United States may be allowed, by the legislature of any State, to use; and persons so imprisoned in the prison or penitentiary of any State or Territory shall be subject, in all respects, to the same discipline and treatment as convicts sentenced by the courts of the State or Territory in which the same may be situated. Article 8. Such punishment as a court-martial may adjudge may be inflicted on any person in the navy 1. Who is guilty of profane swearing, falsehood, drunkenness, gambling, fraud, theft, or any other scandalous conduct tending to the destruction of good morals; 2. Or is guilty of cruelty toward, or oppression or maltreatment of, any person subject to his orders; 8. Or quarrels with, strikes, or assaults, or uses provoking or reproachful words, gestures, or menaces toward, any person in the navy; 4. Or endeavors to foment quarrels between other persons in the navy; 5. Or sends or accepts a challenge to fight a duel or acts as a second in a duel; 6. Or treats his superior officer with contempt, or is disrespectful to him in language or deportment, while in the execution of his office; 7. Or joins in or abets any combination to weaken the lawful authority of, or lessen the respect due to, his commanding officer; 8. Or utters any seditious or mutinous words; 9. Or is negligent or careless in obeying orders, or culpably inefficient in the performance of duty; 10. Or does not use his best exertions to prevent the unlawful destruction of public property by others; 11. Or, through inattention or negligence, suffers any vessel of the navy to be stranded, or run upon a rock or shoal, or hazarded; 12. Or, when attached to any vessel appointed as convoy to any merchant or other vessels, fails diligently to perform his duty, or demands or exacts any compensation for his services, or maltreats the officers or crews of such merchant or other vessels; 13. Or takes, receives, or permits to be received, on board the vessel to which he is attached, any goods or merchandise, for freight, sale, or traffic, except gold, silver, or jewels, for freight or safe-keeping; or demands or receives any compensation for the receipt or transportation of any other article than gold, silver, or jewels, without authority from the President or Secretary of the Navy; 14. Or knowingly makes or signs, or aids, abets, directs, or procures the making or signing of, any false muster; 15. Or wastes any ammunition, provisions, or other public property; or, having power to prevent it, knowingly permits such waste; 16. Or, when on shore, plunders, abuses, or maltreats any inhabitant, or injures his property in any way; 17. Or refuses, or fails to use, his utmost exertions to detect, apprehend, and bring to punishment all offenders, or to aid all persons appointed for that purpose; 18. Or, when rated or acting as master-atarms, refuses to receive such prisoners as may be committed to his charge, or, having received them, suffers them to escape, or dismisses them without orders from the proper authority; 19. Or is absent from his station or duty without leave, or after his leave has expired; ful general order or regulation issued by the Secretary of the Navy; 21. Or, in time of peace, deserts, or attempts to desert, or aids and entices others to desert; 22. Or receives or entertains any deserter from any other vessel of the navy, knowing him to be such, and does not, with all convenient speed, give notice of such deserter to the commander of the vessel to which he belongs, or to the commander-in-chief, or to the commander of the squadron. Article 9. Any officer who absents himself from his command without leave may, by the sentence of a court-martial, be reduced to the rating of an ordinary seaman. Article 10. Any commissioned officer of the navy or marine corps who, having tendered his resignation, quits his post or proper duties without leave, and with intent to remain permanently absent therefrom, prior to due notice of the acceptance of such resignation, shall be deemed and punished as a deserter. Article 11. No person in the naval service shall procure stores or other articles or supplies for, and dispose thereof to, the officers or enlisted men on vessels of the navy, or at navy-yards or naval stations, for his own account or benefit. Article 12. No person connected with the navy shall, under any pretense, import in a public vessel any article which is liable to the payment of duty. Article 13. Distilled spirits shall be admitted on board of vessels of war only upon the order and under the control of the medical officers of such vessels, and to be used only for medical purposes. Article 14. Fine and imprisonment, or such other punishment as a court-martial may adjudge, shall be inflicted upon any person in the naval service of the United States Who presents or causes to be presented to any person in the civil, military, or naval service thereof, for approval or payment, any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, knowing such claim to be false or fraudulent; or Who enters into any agreement or conspiracy to defraud the United States by obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the allowance or payment of any false or fraudulent claim; or thereof Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States, or against any officer thereof, makes or uses, or procures or advises the making or use of, any writing or other paper, knowing the same to contain any false or fraudulent statement; or Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, makes or procures or advises the making of any oath to any fact, or to any writing or other paper, knowing such oath to be false; or Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, forges or counterfeits, or procures or advises the forging or counterfeiting of any signature upon any writing or other paper, or uses or procures or advises the use of any such signature, knowing the same to be forged or Who, having charge, possession, custody, or control of any money or other property of the United States, furnished or intended for the naval service thereof, knowingly delivers, or causes to be delivered, to any person having authority to receive the same, any amount thereof less than that for which he receives a certificate or receipt; or Who, being authorized to make or deliver any paper certifying the receipt of any money or other property of the United States, furnished or intended for the naval service thereof, makes or delivers to any person such writing, without having full knowledge of the truth of the statement therein contained, and with intent to defraud the United States; or Who steals, embezzles, knowingly and willfully misappropriates, applies to his own use or benefit, or wrongfully and knowingly sells or disposes of any ordnance, arms, equipments, ammunition, clothing, subsistence stores, money, or other property of the United States, furnished or intended for the military or naval service thereof; or Who knowingly purchases, or receives in pledge for any obligation or indebtedness, from any other person who is a part of, or employed in, said service, any ordnance, rdnance, arms, equipments, ammunition, clothing, subsistence stores, property of the United States, such other person not having lawful right to sell or pledge the same; or or other Who executes, attempts, or countenances any other fraud against the United States. And if any person, being guilty of any of the offenses described in this article while in the naval service, receives his discharge, or is dismissed from the service, he shall continue to be liable to be arrested and held for trial and sentence by a court-martial, in the same manner and to the same extent as if he had not received such discharge nor been dismissed. Article 15. The commanding officer of every vessel in the navy entitled to or claiming an award of prize-money, shall, as soon as may be practicable after the capture, transmit to the Navy Department a complete list of the officers and men of his vessel entitled to share, stating therein the quality of each person rating; and every commanding officer who offends against this article shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 16. No person in the navy shall take out of a prize, or vessel seized as a prize, any money, plate, goods, or any part of her equipment, unless it be for the better preservation thereof, or unless such articles are absolutely needed for the use of any of the vessels or armed forces of the United States, before the same are adjudged lawful prize by a competent court; but the whole, without fraud, concealment, or embezzlement, shall be brought in, in order that judgment may be passed thereon; and every person who offends against this article shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 17. If any person in the navy strips off the clothes of, or pillages, or in any manner maltreats any person taken on board a prize, he shall suffer such punishment as a court-martial may adjudge. Article 18. If any officer or person in the naval service employs any of the forces under his command for the purpose of returning any fugitive from service or labor, he shall be dismissed from the service. Article 19. Any officer who knowingly enlists into the naval service any deserter from the naval or military service of the United States, or any insane or intoxicated person, or any minor between the ages of 16 and 18 years without the consent of his parents or guardian, or any minor under the age of 16 years, shall be dishonorably dismissed from the service of the United States. Article 20. Every commanding officer of a vessel in the navy shall obey the following rules: 1. Whenever a man enters on board, the commanding officer shall cause an accurate entry to be made in the ship's books, showing his name, the date, place, and term of his enlistment, the place or vessel from which he was received on board, his rating, his descriptive list, his age, place of birth, and citizenship, with such remarks as may be necessary. 2. He shall, before sailing, transmit to the Secretary of the Navy a complete list of the rated men under his command, showing the particulars set forth in rule one, and a list of officers and passengers, showing the date of their entering. And he shall cause similar lists to be made out on the first day of every third month and transmitted to the Secretary of the Navy opportunities occur, accounting therein for any casualty which may have happened since the last list. 3. He shall cause to be accurately minuted on the ship's books the names of any persons dying or deserting, and the times at which such death or desertion occurs. 4. In case of the death of any officer, man, or passenger on said vessel, he shall take care that the paymaster secures all the property of the deceased, for the benefit of his legal representatives. 5. He shall not receive on board any man transferred from any other vessel or station to him, unless such man is furnished with an account, signed by the captain and paymaster of the vessel or station from which he came, specifying the date of his entry on said vessel or at said station, the period and term of his service, the sums paid him, the balance due him, the quality in which he was rated, and his descriptive list. 6. He shall, whenever officers or men are sent from his ship, for whatever cause, take care that each man is furnished with a complete statement of his account, specifying the date of his enlistment, the period and term of his service, and his descriptive list. Said account shall be signed by the commanding officer and paymaster. 7. He shall cause frequent inspections to be made into the condition of the provisions on his ship, and use every precaution for their preservation. 8. He shall frequently consult with the surgeon in regard to the sanitary condition of his crew, and shall use all proper means to preserve their health. And he shall cause a convenient place to be set apart for sick or disabled men, to which he shall have them removed, with their hammocks and bedding, when the surgeon so advises, and shall direct that some of the crew attend them and keep the place clean. 9. He shall attend in person, or appoint a. proper officer to attend, when his crew is finally paid off, to see that justice is done to the men and to the United States in the settlement of the accounts. 10. He shall cause the articles for the government of the navy to be hung up in some public part of the ship, and read once a month to his ship's company. Every commanding officer who offends against the provisions of this article shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 21. When the crew of any vessel of the United States are separated from their vessel by means of her wreck, loss, or destruction, all the command and authority given to the officers of such vessel shall remain in full force until such ship's company shall be regularly discharged from or ordered again into service, or until a court-martial or court of inquiry shall be held to inquire into the loss of said vessel. And if any officer or man, after such wreck, loss, or destruction, acts contrary to the discipline of the navy, he shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 22. All offenses committed by persons belonging to the navy which are not specified in the foregoing articles shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 23. All offenses committed by persons belonging to the navy while on shore shall be punished in the same manner as if they had been committed at sea. Article 24. No commander of a vessel shall inflict upon a commissioned or warrant officer any other punishment than private reprimand, suspension from duty, arrest, or confinement, and such suspension, arrest, or confinement shall not continue longer than ten days, unless a further period is necessary to bring the offender to trial by a court-martial; nor shall he inflict, or cause to be inflicted, upon any petty officer, or person of inferior rating, or marine, for a single offense, or at any one time, any other than one of the following punishments, namely: 1. Reduction of any rating established by himself. 2. Confinement, with or without irons, single or double, not exceeding ten days, unless further confinement be necessary, in the case of a prisoner to be tried by court-martial. 8. Solitary confinement, on bread and water, not exceeding five days. 4. Solitary confinement not exceeding seven days. 6. Deprivation of liberty on shore. 6. Extra duties. No other punishment shall be permitted on beard of vessels belonging to the navy, except by sentence of a general or summary courtmartial. All punishments inflicted by the mander, or by his order, except reprimands, shall be fully entered upon the ship's log. Article 25. No officer who may command by accident, or in the absence of the commanding officer, except when such commanding officer is absent for a time by leave, shall inflict any other punishment than confinement. long, for the trial of offenses which such officer may deem deserving of greater punishment than such commander or commandant is authorized to inflict, but not sufficient to require trial by a general court-martial. Article 27. A summary court-martial shall consist of three officers not below the rank of ensign, as members, and of a recorder. The commander of a ship may order any officer under his command to act as such recorder. Article 28. Before proceeding to trial the members of a summary court-martial shall take the following oath or affirmation, which shall be administered by the recorder: "I, A B, do swear (or affirm) that I will well and truly try, without prejudice or partiality, the case now depending, according to the evidence which shall be adduced, the laws for the government of the navy, and my own conscience." After which the recorder of the court shall take the following oath or affirmation, which shall be administered by the senior member of the court: "I, A B, do swear (or affirm) that I will keep a true record of the evidence which shall be given before this court and of the proceedings thereof." Article 29. All testimony before a summary court-martial shall be given orally, upon oath or affirmation, administered by the senior member of the court. Article 30. Summary courts-martial may sentence petty officers and persons of inferior ratings to any one of the following punishments, namely: 1. Discharge from the service with bad-conduct discharge; but the sentence shall not be carried into effect in a foreign country; 2. Solitary confinement, not exceeding thirty days, in irons, single or double, on bread and water, or on diminished rations; 3. Solitary confinement, in irons, single or double, not exceeding thirty days; 4. Solitary confinement not exceeding thirty days; 5. Confinement not exceeding two months; 6. Reduction to next inferior rating; 7. Deprivation of liberty on shore on foreign station; 8. Extra police duties, and loss of pay, not to exceed three months, may be added to any of the above-mentioned punishments. Article 31. A summary court-martial may disrate any rated person for incompetency. Article 32. No sentence of a summary courtmartial shall be carried into execution until the proceedings and sentence have been approved by the officer ordering the court and by the commander-in-chief, or, in his absence, by the senior officer present. And no sentence of such court which involves loss of pay shall be carried into execution until the proceedings and sentence have been approved by the Secretary of the Navy. Article 33. The officer ordering a summary court-martial shall have power to remit, in part, or altogether, but not to commute, the sentence of the court. And it shall be his duty either to remit any part or the whole of any sentence the execution of which would, in the opinion of the surgeon or senior medical officer on board, given in writing, produce serious injury to the health of the person sentenced; or to submit the case again, without delay, to the same or to another Article 26. Summary courts-martial may be ordered upon petty officers and persons of inferior ratings by the commander of any vessel, or by the commandant of any navy-yard, naval station, or marine barracks to which they be- | summary court-martial, which shall have power, |