find room for them: we may return to them at some future opportunity. The Welsh part of the " Cyclops Christianus is by far the most cleverly worked up. There is, however, too much mysticism, bordering often upon the unintelligible, and sometimes on the grotesque. We think also that Mr. Herbert has confounded Caer Caradoc (Old Sarum) with Cor Emrys (Stonehenge), an error which materially affects his reasoning. He has also, in another part of his book, mistaken a cromlech in Jersey for a temple; and again, has fallen into Vallancy's and Governor Pownall's error in calling the sepulchral tumulus of New Grange a temple of Mithras. Temples of Mithras were hewn out of rocks: New Grange is an artificial barrow, and bones were found in it

when opened. It may be useful also to remark that many circles, both in this country and in Ireland, are only the consecrating rings of a barrow. Thus, if New Grange were destroyed, a circle would be left which tradition would invest with the dignity of a temple.

In taking leave of Mr. Herbert, we beg to repeat our admiration of the extent of his reading and the industry of his research. He is a man of great powers of induction and force of expression; and his book is one which will have many admirers, and perhaps some feeble imitators. It ought to be in every library which pretends to a collection of British archæology; and if it ever comes to a second editiona rare circumstance with books of such value-we hope he will speak more charitably of Stukeley, and apply the torch of Eratostratus to his own grove of oaks.

To a man of Mr. Herbert's standing in society we need only hint at the ancient maxim de mortuis nil nisi bonum: and he will acknowledge that he has been too severe in calling the most indefatigable and ingenious anti

quary of his age an impostor."

To the rest of the defamers of Stukeley, the majority of whom have never read his works, we say, in the words of an elegy on a calumniated Regicide

Hence, ye detractors! be it understood, The ill of him was better than your good.

MR. URBAN, Shirley, Sept. 19. YOUR correspondent WILTONENsis, in his remarks upon some of the progenitors of Queen Elizabeth, considers "the family of Hankford as obscure, since the locality of Sir Richard Hankford has not been traced;" and, after treating his knighthood with sarcasm, would argue that,—in the absence of proof of his gentility," the marriage itself" (of Sir Richard's daughter with the Earl of Ormond) "might have conferred a knighthood on an undistinguished individual.” As your pages have been already opened to this inquiry, and as none of your correspondents have thrown any light upon the Hankford descent, I venture to send you some remarks-gleaned from the Public Records-which may serve to rescue the gentility of Queen Elizabeth's descent from some doubt and aspersion.

Sir Richard Hankford was appointed Sheriff of the county of Devon on 13 November, 2 Hen. VI. (1423.) He is styled "Ricardus Hankeford, miles," in the King's writ, for taking inquisition after his death,-which is dated 28 February, 9 Hen. VI. (1431); and by the pursuant inquisition it was found that Anne the youngest of his three daughters and coheirs, who afterwards married "Thomas de Ormond" (subsequently Earl of Ormond), was only twelve weeks old at the time of her father's death: consequently Sir Richard was not indebted to this sonin-law for his title; nor am I aware that his daughter Anne lived to become a countess, for her husband did not succeed to the earldom of Ormond till 1478. Sir Richard Hankford had married to his first wife in or before Sept. 8 Hen. V. (1420),—at which time she was 17 years of age,—Elizabeth, sister and sole heir of Fulk Lord Fitzwarin; for whose lands Sir Richard performed fealty in the same year. By this lady he had issue two daughters,of whom the second, Elizabeth Hankford, survived her father about three years, and died unmarried in 12 Hen. VI. (1433, 4), when her sister Thomasia was found her sole heir. Thomasia Hankford, the eldest daughter, was born at Tawstock, co. Devon, 23 February, 1 Hen. VI. (1423), and made proof of her age in 15 Hen. VI. (1437), at which time she was wife of

William Bourchier (second son of the Earl of Ewe), who was afterwards, in 27 Hen. VI. summoned to Parliament as Lord Fitzwarin by virtue of his marriage. From this match the present Sir Bourchier Palk Wrey, Bart. of Tawstock is descended. She died before 1457, as her son Fulk Bourchier, afterwards Lord Fitzwarin, was at that time her representative. By her sister's death Thomasia became Isole heir of her mother in the Fitzwarin heritage, and joint heir, with her half-sister Anne, of her father in that of Hankford. In or before 1430, Sir Richard Hankford married, secondly, Anne, eldest daughter of John de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, (who was beheaded by the townspeople, at Cirencester, 5 January, 1 Hen. IV. (1400), by whom he had issue an only child, Anne Hankford. Lady Hankford, soon after her husband's death, which happened early in 1431, married, secondly, Sir John Fitz-Lewis of West Horndon, Essex, by whom she had issue two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret Fitz-Lewis. Upon his death and subsequent to 1439, she married, thirdly, John de Holand, Duke of Exeter (being his third wife), by whom she had no issue. She survived him ten years, and died 28 Nov. 1457, when Anne wife of Thomas de Ormond, aged 25 years, Elizabeth wife of John Wingfield, aged 22 years, and Margaret wife of Sir William Lucy, Knt. were found her daughters and nearest heirs. The record of the inquisition after her death (wherein she is called Anne Duchess of Exeter), further says that she held certain lands conjointly with her former husband, Richard Hankford, and that Fulk Bourchier and Anne wife of Thomas of Ormond were, at the time of her death, the right heirs of the said Richard de Hankford.

The father of Sir Richard Hankford knight was Richard Hankford, who died in 1419, the king's writ for taking inquisition on his death being dated 23 May, 7 Hen. V. (1419), when Richard the son was found his heir and of full age. Dying intestate, administration of his effects was granted the 30th November following to Sir William Hankford, Kt. his father, and John Hankford, brother of Sir William. Sir Richard Hankford's mother

was Thomasia, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Stapleton or Stapledon, Kt. of ancient and honourable descent, being grandson (by another Sir Richard) of Sir Richard Stapledon, Kt. who, with his brother Walter, Bishop of Exeter, Lord High Treasurer of England and founder of Exeter college, Oxford, adhering to King Edward II. was beheaded by the people in Cheapside, 15 Oct. 1326.

The grandfather of Sir Richard Hankford, Kt. was Sir William Hankford, of Hankford, in the parish of Bulkworthy, and of Annery, in the parish of Monkleigh, Devon, Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench. He was appointed a puisne justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1398, created a Knight of the Bath by King Henry IV. on the eve of his coronation, 17 March, 1400, and Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 29 Jan. 1 Hen. V. (1414). By his will, which is dated 10 Dec. 1423, he provided for the rebuilding of the parish church of Monkleigh, and the repairing of those of Bulkworthy and East Putford; and by the inquisition after his death, the writ for which is dated 4 January, 2 Hen. VI. (1424), he was found possessed of lands and tenements in Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, Oxon, Stafford, London, and Middlesex, all which descended to his grandson and nearest heir, the said Richard Hankford. Sir William died the 12 Dec. 1423, and was buried in the church of Monkleigh, where the monumental effigies, in incised brass, of himself and Sir Richard his grandson still exist. The judge is represented kneeling, in his robes; and the inscription, which was in existence in the early part of the 17th century, is recorded both by Risdon and Wescote. The knight is kneeling, wearing armour and a tabard emblazoned with his armorial bearings. On Sir Richard's monument there was (according to Risdon) a figure of his mother in brass, on whose mantle the Hankford and Stapledon arms were cut. I may further add that the Bourchiers, Lords Fitzwarin, descended from Sir Richard Hankford, Kt. by his first marriage, bore for their arms quarterly 1 and 4 Bourchier, 2 and 3 Stapledon and Fitzwarin quarterly. Lord Hunsdon, descended through the Boleyns from Sir Richard's

second marriage with Anne Montacute, bore in his shield of quarterings Stapledon's coat; and Granville Lord Lansdown, descended through the St. Legers from the same match, bore both the Hankford and Stapledon coats. The Hankford arms are, Sable, a chevron barry wavy argent and gules; those of Stapledon, Argent, two bends wavy sable. Yours, &c. B. W. G.

MR. URBAN,

RESPECTING the term "Cold Harbour," your correspondent J. P. in your July Magazine (page 32) observes, that its etymology must be sought in the primitive language of Britain. With this opinion most antiquaries will concur. The derivation, however, which he proposes for the name, is far from satisfactory. And he himself acknowledges that a summoning to arms does not even imply a locality; whereas the word "Cold Harbour" not only designates a spot, but from a particular cause must have been appropriated to that spot so long as to have become its characteristic name, and been retained even when the cause had ceased and been forgotten. Its present Saxon guise veils its origin in obscurity. J. P. in his archæological research seems to have directed his principal attention to discover a British term similar in sound to "Cold Harbour," though different in its meaning, and whose signification would equally apply to the various places so denominated, whether situated on hill or in dale. In accordance with his suggestion the following attempt to explain the term is submitted to his consideration.

Cæsar, in his description of Britain, mentions that it abounded in sheep. His words are pecoris magnus numerus." And when on a map we survey the long range of chalk downs and other hills which traverse the island, and whose herbage is peculiarly adapted to the grazing of sheep, we cannot but feel convinced that their flocks in very early days constituted no inconsiderable part of the wealth of its inhabitants. The wide heaths and extensive valleys would also yield additional pasture. Where there were flocks there would be folds. And from their number and diffusion the British name of a fold "Cail" must have been

prevalent, and, as it were, a household word throughout the island.

When the Romans had established their sway in South Britain, Tacitus informs us that the levying of the public tribute was committed to the sole charge of an officer called the procurator. Although his power was absolute and uncontrolled, yet he would act on a systematic plan. Now, the sheep-owners in those days must have paid their tribute in kind. And what readier method could be devised for collecting this tribute than the appointment of certain places where the flock-masters of the surrounding districts would be directed to bring at stated times each his exacted tale of sheep. We may suppose that the localities thus fixed on would generally be near a Roman military way, and would be most numerous in the districts best suited to the pasturage of flocks. In order to distinguish these places from the common folds, they might have been called ervawr, pronounced ervour, great, i. e. Cail-ervawr, the great fold.

Irrespective, however, of the Romans, the name of Cail-ervawr, the great fold, might have been given by the Britons to some particular fold which the neighbouring shepherds might be accustomed on various occa sions to occupy in common, and where they might bring their flocks together for mutual shelter or defence. either case the appellation continually used by the native inhabitants through successive generations would become identified with these spots, and unal

terable.

In

When the Saxons in after ages possessed Britain, they would retain the name which they heard the natives give those places, and catching at the sound, regardless of the meaning, would pronounce it in their own language Cael-Herbour or Ceald-Herbour. And yet if we suppose the Saxons, with a slight alteration, to have called the places Caeld-Heord-Beorh, i. e. Caeld, cold, Heord, a flock, and Beorh, a refuge, i. e. the shelter of the flock in cold weather, we arrive at a derivation and meaning equally applicable to all those places. From thence, either way, would be derived the modern English term "Cold-harbour."

Such is the explanation of the term

proposed to J. P., and, from the tenour of his studies, and his thorough acquaintance with the numerous localities called "Cold Harbour," no person is more capable of testing the correctness of the statement here advanced, and of coming to a sound and unprejudiced decision on the debated question. Yours, &c. H. J.

MR. URBAN, Penzance, Oct. 8. MANY of your readers will remember that the Mên Skryfa, one of the most remarkable primæval monuments of this county, was restored to an erect position about twenty-four years ago, at the time Lanyon Cromlêh, which had fallen ten years before, was again set up by means of the tackling forwarded from the government stores for the purpose of replacing the Logan Stone. At that period the act of raising it was simply one of laudable reverence, for, whether standing or prostrate, its situation in an out-of-the-way croft seemed to promise it a sufficient security from injury. The case is, however, widely different now, when there is such a demand for our granite; and, as the surface blocks are specially coveted, not only because they are more durable than most of the quarried material, but also because they are cheaper-leave being readily obtained for their removal, which renders the land available for tillage,-it is much to be feared that the inscribed stone, no longer distinguished by its upright position, will be treated with as little ceremony as the nameless ones amongst which it lies.

Being in its immediate neighbourhood the other day, I was surprised at missing it from its accustomed place in the view; for it was a very marked object, distinctly seen on a line connecting Lanyon Cromlêh with one of the horns of Carn Galva, about a mile from the former, and perhaps half a mile from the latter; and, standing as it formerly did in the midst of furze and heath, its lighter colour rendered it still more conspicuous. On examination, I discovered it lying prostrate in the croft where it had stood, but which, having recently been broken up for

tillage, has been cleared of all but this and a few other blocks too large to admit of their being easily carted away, except piecemeal. A respectable countryman, of whom I inquired the cause of its overthrow, informed me that the farmer, who is also the proprietor, had a few weeks since dug around and beneath it, in the hope of finding buried treasure, and had of course succeeded in upsetting it.

Should no effort be made to preserve it, it seems indeed more than probable that it will shortly pass into the hands of the masons; and future antiquaries, whilst they lament the indifference of our generation, must console themselves as best they may by studying the engraving of " one of the oldest monuments in Cornwall" in Borlase's Antiquities. To that work too they will, at no distant day, be obliged to resort, in order to form a guess what the neighbouring relic Chûn Castle once was, so rapidly is it disappearing; for, although the hillside is covered with stone, its vile destroyers, if not with deliberate malice, at least with very perverse taste, prefer to pillage its ramparts and even its massive gateway.

Is there, let me ask, no public-spirited member of Parliament who, before every vestige of our ancient national monuments has been swept away by rustic ignorance or modern improvements, will urge on the Government the necessity for adopting the only effectual means for checking their spoliation, viz. a law which shall make every landholder responsible for the safety of those existing on his property?

The materials for such a registration as would be required of those objects of antiquity which the law here suggested is intended to protect, are in great part furnished by the Ordnance Survey, especially by the more extensive one now in hand. But, in order to render it more complete, local antiquaries might be invited to call the attention of the Government employés to any deficiencies in their maps and accompanying reports.

Yours, &c. H. P.