presumptuous, it can change societies for the better. They are pervaded by its heat, and kept for ever restless by its activity. While it has impaired the force that every just government can employ in selfdefence, it has imparted to its enemies the secret of that wildfire that blazes with the most consuming fierceness on attempting to quench it." The greater the power of any instrument, the greater is the mischief which it may produce, if managed by unskilful hands, or directed by wicked ones. This is as true of printing as it is of gunpowder and steam. The direction which is given to the press we see and feel at this time; and the anarchists, to do them justice, honestly tell us the end which they are endeavouring to bring about. The press in their hands is exhibited by themselves as "The thing

That, in spite of new acts,

instruction. The sure and only way of making them good subjects, is by making them good Christians and good men.- -Quarterly Review.

THE PRESS. Pestilential opinions are diffused And attempts to restrain it by soldiers or tax," which have cankered the populace at the core- is to poison the vermin of the country. And that opinions which are equally destructive of patriot- there may be no doubt who these vermin are, they ism and of loyalty, of morality and of religion, of are represented as the ministers of justice, the national welfare and of individual happiness, military, the persons who are adorned with marks which wither and blast the household virtues, and of honours and nobility, and the clergy. In diseat into the main-beams and pillars of society like ordering the manufacturing population, these poia dry rot. The newspapers and other journals, soners have succeeded to the extent of their ability. through all the imperceptible shades of gradation The result, however, has disappointed their hopes; between whiggery and radicalism, continually ad- for, Heaven be praised, the conservative powers of minster their stimulants and keep up the diseased society have been found stronger than the united action in the body politic. Quarter after quarter, efforts of sedition, privy conspiracy, and rebellion. month after month, week after week, day after The arm of authority, and the vigour of the law, day, the revolutionary press sends forth its poison. have, with God's blessing, sufficed for our preserBut false as it is, ignorant and self-contradictory vation. But the country can never again be in a even to absurdity, its impudence and its persever- state of permanent tranquillity,-the feeling of ance must inevitably prevail-if the laws are not settled security can never be restored,-unless more vigilantly enforced. O, folly to believe that the be done, and unless effectual means in aid of aupress, like the spear of Telephus, possesses a vir- thority and the law be taken for providing the tue which can heal the wounds it makes! O, mad-people, from their youth up, with sound religious ness to suppose that the press can counteract the evils which the press is producing! As well might you hope to remedy the effects of habitual drunkenness by medicine, while the patient continues in THE MORAL OF HISTORY.-The simple fact that, the practice of the vice: as well might you expect after so many years of trial, the world has made no to restore a maniac to his senses by putting into greater progress than it has, might impress our his hands a treatise on the right use of reason! minds injuriously; either making us despair of Upon this subject the opinion of an American doing what our fathers have not done, or, if we do writer may be read with some interest. Fisher not despair, then it may make us unreasonably Ames considered it as the best proof of the remark- presumptuous, as if we could do more than had able strength of the British constitution, that it been done by other generations, because we were had stood so long in spite of the abuses of the wiser than they, or better. But history forbids press. "The press," said this excellent man (a despair, without authorising vanity: it explains republican by education, principle, and duty, and why more has not been done by our forefathers: it a true lover of liberty)," the press has left the shews the difficulties which beset them, rendering understanding of the mass of men just where it success impossible; while it records the greatness found it; but, by supplying an endless stimulus to of their efforts, which we cannot hope to surpass. their imaginations, it has rendered their temper But without surpassing, perhaps without equalling, and habits infinitely worse. It has inspired ignor- their efforts, we may learn, by their experience, to ance with presumption; so that those who cannot avoid their difficulties. Napoleon crossed the Alps be governed by reason are no longer to be awed by with scarcely the loss of a man, while Hannibal left authority. The many, who before the art of print-behind him nearly half his army; yet Napoleon ing never mistook in a case of oppression, because they complained from the actual sense of it, have become susceptible of every transient enthusiasm and of more than womanish fickleness of caprice. The press is a new, and certainly a powerful agent in human affairs. It will change; but it is difficult o conceive how, by rendering men indocile and 1 One or two of the shorter treatises in this book are in Latin; but, with one exception, it contains an admirable selection from our best divines.

||

was not a greater man than Hannibal, nor was his
enterprise conducted with greater ability. Two
things we ought to learn from history: one, that
we are not in ourselves superior to our fathers;
another, that we are shamefully and monstrously
inferior to them, if we do not advance beyond them.
1 Knowledge is power, according to the well-known
maxim of Lord Bacon; but it must remain with those
that
possess it to take care, with God's assistance, lest in
their own case it become power misapplied.-ED.

A COMMON MISTAKE.-Most men are deceived in being too reasonable; concluding that reason will prevail with those men to submit to what is right and just, who have no other consideration of right or justice but as it advances their interest, or complies with their humour and passion. And so easy it hath always been to do harm, and to mislead men; and so hard to do good, and reduce them to reason.-Clarendon.

Entelligence.

read by the secretary, in which the many evils resulting from our debased popular literature and modern systems of instruction are well exposed. "The natural consequence of this general jumble and confusion has appeared in the popular error now so general, that there is no difference of good or bad in opinions and creeds, every man being equally right and good, if he be but sincere, and his general conduct such as to be called 'respectable;' and hence, again, the second natural error prevailing, that as all religions are equally good, though they differ so widely in their creeds, no NEW EPISCOPAL COLLEGE, SCOTLAND. The man needs be solicitous about any one in particommittee of this institution (the success of cular; but may, if prosperous and 'respectable,' which is no longer doubtful) have published a safely put off all anxiety on these points as uncalled list of subscriptions, by which it appears that for, because uncared for, in the nineteenth cenupwards of 11,000l. have been already contri- tury." Such, indeed, is the too general state of buted towards the funds of the college. The things around us. There can be little doubt, therestanding committee of the Christian Knowledge || fore, that such institutions as this must be instruSociety have recommended a grant of 10007. in mental in arresting the progress of these alarming aid of the undertaking. evils, being founded as it is "for the purpose of CONSECRATION OF ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, BOW- placing within the reach of all classes sound and LING. This church, which has been erected and correct information respecting the Church, and, endowed at the expense of Messrs. John Sturges together with such information, but subservient and Co., the Bowling Iron-Works Company, and to it, a knowledge of the arts and sciences, and is in the patronage of the Vicar of Bradford, was general literature; this object shall always be kept consecrated on Tuesday last, by the Lord Bishop in view in the management of it." While such is of Ripon. At the close of the sermon the burial- || the admirable object of the institution, the followground was consecrated in the usual manner. The ing extract shews that its constitution is unexceparchitecture of the new church is a decided im- tionable, indeed the only one which a Churchman provement upon the recent ecclesiastical erections could safely recognise :-" In order to insure the in the neighbourhood. The church consists of permanence and stability of the library, and to nave, side-aisles, transept, and chancel, with a secure the accomplishment of the end for which it tower and spire at the west end, all built in the was established, the first step was to lay the plan early English style. The pillars supporting the before our right reverend diocesan, and solicit the arches are detached clustered shafts; and the authority of his sanction in its favour; this, your mouldings of the arches are enriched by a border committee have the gratification of saying, was not of raised foilage. The roof is groined in stone. only granted in the most prompt and kind manner, The east window is a triple lancet, filled with || but the approbation accorded to it was accompanied stained glass of a mosaic pattern, much too glaring; with a substantial mark of approval in the shape but time and the smoke will improve it. The of a liberal contribution to the funds. The assistother windows are double lancet. The font is ance and approval of the venerable the archdeacon Norman, modelled from a very old copy. The and of the local clergy was next sought for, and, altar is at present only a wooden table covered || with equal readiness, obtained, both the archdeacon with a red cloth; around it, however, is a very and the incumbents of all the churches in the town, rich and effective screen, of trefoiled arches, in as well as others in the country, having given, in imitation of stone. The desk for the ordinary one way or another, their countenance and support service, though somewhat too much raised, is very to the institution." good, having the prayers read to the south, and the lessons to the people, according to the rubric. The pulpit appears to be much too large; perhaps were it to be simply fixed to the wall on a bracket, this defect would be obviated. The vestry is extremely convenient, being underneath the sanctuary, the priest's door opening to the south of the altar. Altogether this church is an encouraging sign of better times, highly creditable to the architect, and a munificent offering of the generous donors, whose noble example we should like to see followed universally. If every company of wealthy tradesmen in England would erect and endow a church, the spiritual destitution of the country would soon

cease.

THE ENGLISHMAN'S LIBRARY FOR NOTTINGHAM AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.-The first annual meeting of the members of the above excellent institution was lately held in the Library Rooms, || Nottingham. The venerable Archdeacon Wilkins presided; and a very interesting report was

NEWFOUNDLAND.-There are a few capable persons in this country who have not been penurious in the support which they have given to our Church. Mr. Slade, a merchant whom I met in the course of my northern visitation, has liberally contributed to the building of five churches in his vicinity, and has lately promised to complete a tower and steeple for the church of Twillingate, at the cost of 7001. from his private funds. A planter at the same place who was recently at the point of death, but who has since recovered, has bequeathed his whole substance, amounting to 20007., to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, to whose ministers he has felt himself indebted during fifty years for all the comforts of our blessed religion. These are instances of pious benevolence worthy of record; and I gladly relate them, as auspicious of the spread of true piety in this land.-Extract from the Bishop of Newfoundland's Letter to the Society for Propagating the Gospel.

BAPTISM AND CONFIRMATION OF A PRISONER

form congregations, of English Churchmen. In
many of these cities English churches have been
erected, and chaplains appointed; yet they are
altogether without the benefit of episcopal superin-
tendence. To remedy this defect, the declaration
proposes that a new see should be established, the
bishop of which should reside chiefly at Valetta, in
Malta, as the most convenient position for exer-
cising superintendence over the English congrega-
tions in the countries of the Mediterranean.
it is proposed that the bishop should bear the title
of Bishop of Gibraltar: that city being a possession
of the British crown, where the established religion
is that of the Church of England. We conclude
that he would be called to reside occasionally at

But

2. The next diocese to be formed is that of New

BY THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN.-The unhappy man who is awaiting, in the county-gaol (Nottingham), his trial for the murder of Mary Hallam, has, under the direction of the reverend the chaplain, been employing his time and attention about the concerns of eternity. He was born of parents who were dissenters; and although able to read, and, to all appearance, well disposed to act, he has derived no advantage from religion. As he had never been baptised, he expressed a strong desire to receive that holy sacrament, which was, after due preparation, administered to him. His next desire was to be fully prepared and qualified for the reception of the Lord's Supper, and, as a preliminary step, to receive confirmation. This circumstance was communicated to the Bishop of Lin-Gibraltar; and the circumstance of having two coln; and his lordship appointed the morning of cathedral churches would be an advantage, rather Wednesday, the 2d instant, for the purpose of ad- than otherwise, in such a scattered and unconministering that rite. At eleven o'clock on that nected diocese. morning, the bishop, in his episcopal robes, entered the chapel of the prison, with the chaplain Brunswick. This province at present forms part of and the jailer, all the prisoners having been pre- the diocese of Nova Scotia; but when it is consiviously summoned to attend. The prisoner behaved dered that it is nearly as large in extent as Ireland, with the greatest propriety, answered distinctly and and that it contains a population of 156,000, though in a collected manner every question put to him; || unfortunately with hardly more than thirty clergyand, without betraying the least symptom of over- men, it will be obvious that this colony is entitled strained or fanatical feeling, evinced the most per- to the advantage of a resident bishop. fect composure, although at times tears flowed plen- 3. The Cape of Good Hope contains an area of tifully but silently down his countenance. The 130,000 square miles, that is, more than the whole bishop remarked, that he was about to perform a of England, Scotland, and Ireland put together. rite of the Church under very unusual circum- The population is not yet a large one, amounting to stances; for generally upon all former occasions no more than 156,000; but they are widely scathe administered confirmation to the young-to tered. The present number of the clergy is ten. persons who, as far as human infirmities would No bishop of our Church has visited this colony for admit and human conception might judge, were the last five years; and consequently the rites of considered innocent; but now he was to perform confirmation and consecration have been altogether the rite upon one who stood within those walls omitted during that period. There is a remarkable committed for trial for an alleged offence the most activity among the various dissenting bodies, as heinous the depravity of man could perpetrate. well as among the Romanists, at the Cape, and the He, however, had not come to judge, but to advise, || affairs of our Church greatly require the care and to teach, and to pray with the prisoner. After an attention of a bishop. examination into the state of his heart and mind, his lordship emphatically inquired of him whether he truly repented of the sins of his past life? The || unhappy man, who scarcely ever took his eyes from the bishop's countenance, with a clear and calm voice, answered that he did so earnestly; and again shedding tears, he now, for the first time, covered his face for a few minutes, and then offered himself to the service. The bishop remained with him an hour, using exhortation and prayers with that mildness and deep intelligence by which his lordship is ever characterised; and that hour was, perhaps, the most blessed and profitable of all that the unfortunate man ever before or will afterwards enjoy. The congregation was not a little moved, and all retired from the imposing and affecting scene better than when they entered upon it.-Nottingham Journal.

COLONIAL BISHOPRICS.-We have already given an account of the formation of the diocese of New Zealand, and of the embarkation of the bishop in December last.

1. The first diocese to be formed is for the Mediterranean. Besides the British possessions and dependencies in the Mediterranean, there are, at nearly every large city in the immense line of coast from Lisbon to Constantinople, either congregations, or a sufficient number of persons to

4. Van Dieman's Land at present forms part of the unwieldy diocese of Australia. It contains a territory about as large as ten of our English dioceses, with a population of 50,000. The number of the clergy is twenty-one. It is understood that the present governor has strongly urged the importance of founding a bishopric there.

5. The only other place named in the first list is Ceylon. It is in extent very nearly the same as Van Dieman's Land, both islands being about 24,000 square miles. Its population, however, is much greater, viz. one million and a quarter, the greater part of them heathens. The number of chaplains and missionaries together is twenty-two.

Ceylon is for the present in the diocese of Madras; but it is evident that no very efficient control can be established under such an arrangement; and it is hoped that so important a dependency of the Crown will ere long be formed into a separate see.

LONDON:

Published by JAMES BURNS, 17 PORTMAN STREET, PORTMAN SQUARE; and to be had, by order, of all Booksellers in Town and Country.

PRINTED BY

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THE

ENGLISHMAN'S MAGAZINE.

APRIL, 1842.

These Gommerians, or Kimmerians, whence de- and iron rings of a certain weight. The provinces scended the Celta, appear to have been settled in remote from the sea produced tin, and those upon Spain, France, and Britain, at least 600 years be- the coast iron, but the latter in no great quantity; fore the birth of Christ; since the prophet Ezekiel || the brass was imported. The same kinds of wood speaks of the merchants of Tyre as then bringing were found there as in Gaul, except the fir and home from Tarshish, or Portugal, the tin or lead beech-tree. The climate was more temperate than which they seem to have procured from the coasts in Gaul, and the cold less intense. The inhabitof Cornwall (Ezek. xxvii. 12). This opinion re- ants thought it unlawful to feed upon hares, pullets, ceives considerable confirmation from the fact, that or geese; yet they bred them for their diversion the tribes of savages discovered by our navigators and pleasure. The men of Kent were considered among the Polynesian islands resemble in their the most civilised of the Britons, and differed habits of life, their forms of government, and even but little from their Gallic neighbours, though their personal appearance, the aborigines of Britain. they were generally taller, their hair not so yelFor several centuries after their arrival very low, and looser built. The greater part of those little is known of our British forefathers; and un- who lived within the country never sowed their less for the "Commentaries of Julius Cæsar," the land, but lived on flesh and milk, and were clad writings of Tacitus, and other foreign historians, in skins. Both sexes generally painted themeven that little would never have been transmitted selves with woad, -and hence the name of Brito us. From these authors we learn that the popu- ton, Brithon, or painted man, which gave a lation of the whole island comprised about forty bluish cast to the skin; and, apart from being a tribes, each of which was governed by a king, or, defence against the weather, made them look very rather, kingling. The long tract of land to the terrible in battle. Tattooing was also common south of the Severn and the Thames was un- among the more northern Britons, which was perequally divided between ten nations, of whom the formed in the following manner :-At an early age principal were the Cantii, or men of Kent; the the outlines of animals were impressed with pointed Belgæ, or inhabitants of the present counties of instruments in the skin; a strong infusion of woad Hampshire and Wilts; and the Damnonii, who was rubbed into the punctures; and the figures from the river Ex had gradually extended them-expanding with the growth of the bodies, retained selves from the western promontory. Across the arm of the sea, now called the Bristol Channel, the most powerful was the tribe of the Silures. From the banks of the Wye, their original seat, they had carried their arms to the Dee and the ocean; and their authority was acknowledged by the Ordovices and the Dimetæ, the inhabitants of the northern mountains, and of the western district of Wales. On the eastern coast of the island, between the Thames and the Stour, lay the Trinobantes, whose capital was London; and from the Stour to the Humber stretched the two kindred nations of the Iceni, called Cenigmagni and Coitanni. The Dobuni and Cisii, confederate tribes under the rule of Cassiblan, extended along the left bank of the Thames, from the Severn to the Trinobantes; and above them dwelt the Carnabii and several clans of minor consequence. The Brigantes were the most powerful of all the British nations: they were bounded by the Humber on the south, and by the Tyne on the north; and had subdued the Volantii and Sistutii of the western coast. To the north of the Brigantes were five tribes, known by the appellation of the Maeta; and beyond these wandered around the lakes and mountains various clans, among which the Caledonians ranked the highest.

Such is the geography of ancient Britain. In the time of Cæsar the island was well peopled, full of houses, or rather huts, built after the manner of the Gauls. A foundation of stone supported a circular wall of timber and reeds, over which was thrown a conical roof, pierced in the centre for the double purpose of admitting the light and discharging the smoke. The inhabitants used brass money

1 Besides these brass coins used in merchandise, other ancient British coins of gold have been found at Karn-brê, in Cornwall, and other places, which appear to have been memorials of their religious festivals, or used as talismans. Some of these coins are marked, others uninscribed; the former, of course, being the more ancient, the latter generally presenting the names of British princes known in the century before or after the Christian era. The sym

their original appearance through life. They were also long haired, and shaved all the rest of the body except the head and upper lip. Nothing further is necessary to confirm the barbarous notion formed of the Britons by the ancient poets and historians, than the horrible concubinage and incest which prevailed among them. According to Cæsar, ten or twelve of them lived together, having their wives in common, especially brothers, or parents and children.

The most interesting fact connected with our British forefathers is their religion. This, as you well know, was Druidism; so called from the priests who performed the rites of this worship being named Druids. This word has had several origins assigned to it; the most probable of which seems to be, that it is derived from the British word Drudion, the plural of the primitive word Drud, which has many significations. It signifies, for instance, a revenger, cruel or merciless, valiant or hardy; all of which appellations are, as will be seen, applicable to the several offices borne by the Druids.

A very interesting account of the Druids of Gaul is given by Cæsar, which will equally apply to those of Britain, since Gaul was originally indebted to Britain for this form of worship. From the Roman general and historian we learn, that the Druids presided in matters of religion, had the care of public and private sacrifices, and interpreted the will of the gods. They had the direction and education of youth, by whom they were held in great honour. In almost all controversies, whether public or private, the decision was left to bols of their superstition, which I shall describe by and by, are also visible on them; the figures of the sun and moon, for instance, well-known objects of British devotions, as well as the figures of the chief of their gods. They also give representations of the circular temples in which their worship was celebrated, together with symbols of the various rites used on such occasions. You will find some very interesting "remarks on ancient British coins" appended to Davies' " Mythology and Rites of the British Druids,"