ity, dissipation, gambling and thoughtlessness of Russia's welfare as a unit nation, upon money mercilessly gathered from the blood and bone that produced it, celebrated themselves in the gilded resorts of the world; and even in the hour of strife they pilfered from the supplies of money and of goods destined for the men at the front, who, had they been able to win, in spite of incompetent leadership, would have been deemed no better than as mounds of material upon which their masters could strut and swing the knout.

The Anglo-Japaneses alliance is a master stroke of policy for England, but a great mistake for Japan, whose true course is to keep from entangling alliances with Europe, and co-operate with China in the development of their common interests as Asiatic people. The cession of half of Saghalien was not a military necessity, and was a political mistake. Russia was to leave Manchuria, and Vladivostook become of but little value to her, and no object for Japan to wish. With this exception and each side bearing its individual expense of the war, the lapse of time will show the greatness of Japan's wonderful victory resulting from a world astoundiing audacity.

Mr. Witte, the Russian peace plenipotentiary, interviewed by the Slovo's Portsmouth corresponent, is reported to have said: "You see what one gain's by standing firm. I was in a frightful position; I had no right to accept a compromise. A rupture seemed likely to enlist the sympathies of all sides of Japan. President Roosevelt appealed to my patriot. ism, humanity and good sense. Fortunately, I succeeded in holding out to the end. "The Japanese could not read in my face what was passing in my heart. From the outset I assumed such an indifferent tone that eventually it carried conviction. When the Japanese presented their written conditions I laid them aside without looking at them, and spoke about something else. On leaving the room I purposely forgot the conditions, which were lying on the table. When one of the Japanese plenipotentiaries drew my attention to this, asking if I did not wish to take away secret documents, which some one might read, I put the papers carelesssly in my pocket. It was thus to the last minute of the negotiations."

These and other similar utterances ascribed to Mr. Witte will react against Russian interests hereafter, even where Witte is not concerned in negotiations. Representing Russia, he now betrays trepidation then. His method was justifiable. His self-consciousness now, he will later regret, The three Rs to be learned at St. Petersburg, are: Rus

sia, Regeneration, Reform; and a fourth may be added now, Repression of the ego. of

Some white man's brain in the pay Japan, or of England, either open or concealed, has furnished the convolution covered with gray matter, which has worked out the appearance of superiority of the East over the West in the Russian war. Because an English admiral proudly states of his country's ally, which for the moment, supplied with British gold to fight England's battle, has its heel on the white Russian's neck," that Japanese system of training stokers must be adopted by England," there does not seem to be just reason why we must assume that in “intellectual power Japan stands fully abreast of Europe and America. Before we could reach that conclusion it must be shown that the system was not originated by some hidden foreign tutor. And before Japan could claim credit even for the working out of the system, independent of its originality, this must be shown. For even the adaptation of it, to the requirements of the war with Russia, Japan being nearer her base, while Russia was far from hers, it would not be shown that Japan was superior in intelligence. She might be superior in something else, quite as necessary to accomplishment of the desired end.

Intellect is one thing, emotion or sentiment is also one thing, but religious fanaticism in a god emperor's cause, is quite another. The will to do something warlike, might impel to success on Japan's side the absence of which with Russia might operate for failure. The belief in a Mikado-Avatar (Emperor Mutsuhito), by an ignorant stoker-class, even if directed by a more educated set of humans tutored by Englishmen, and resulting fury or freocity on the part of the fanatics, might. imperatively work out the task with superhuman will. This would not be evidence of intellectual superiority, enough to show that the East was abreast of the West. It is probably that this last force, and not one of intelligence at all, made those muscles of the stokers more contractile, more subjective to discipline; more pliant to use in the set tasks on the Japanese battleships. Such accurate muscular adaptability was mere animal function, and not intellectual. Ants and bees work, just as exactly naturally, fearing some recognized penalty, in case they fail in their tasks. And there is just as much intellect shown by the ant and by the bee, in all that they do, as was exhibited by those stokers, those Asiatic pygmies.

Manual dexterity is a sensory function, which may be ordered, and guided by savage will as by civilized intellectual or moral incentives. Savage sensory purpose might be attended with brutality and unjust, unnec

essary bloodshed. Intellectual purpose would be attained without much bloodshed, or with none at all. While moral impulse would influence the doing without treacherously cutting a man's throat, or shedding a drop of his blood in warfare, but by diplomancy, or amenity of reason.

The white brain of Russia accomplished more in the clash between Eastern and Western civilizations, in one week's time in the Peace chambers at Portsmouth, than Japan's brain did in the whole year and a half of more barbarous work, of slaughter planned, studied and laid out in the ten years of preparation. The Japanese. brain needed only to be put in a secret chamber of peace at Portsmouth, where it could not have its usual recourse for advice from some English brain, to at once be overcome by the Russian brain. This intellectual, more human victory. far outshines the sensory animal victory of the Wujin brain of East Asia.

Has the world learned yet "with astonishment, that Japanese are not mere imitators, but originators, "as the London Japanophiles say. Has the present war proved anything as to the "superiority" of Japanese in hygiene, sanitary care of armies, in strategy, conduct of battles and all the other things claimed so conceitedly by themselves or their friends, or by certain well paid emissaries, Englishmen or Americans, employed by the London Anti-Russian press propaganda? Until we are permitted to get at the truth, or those statements are substantially corroborated later on by some reliable evidence, not given by Japanese, or paid press agents of Great Britain, we should accept one and all of them, cum salis granum.

.It was claimed for General Oku's army, that but an infinitesimal number of deaths had occurred, in an enormous number of sick soldiers. I myself showed conclusively that that statement was grossly incorrect, for the morbidity and mortality of one disease alone, affecting the young males of the army would give a larger percentage of sick and dead. The medical chief who spread abroad that wrong analysis; knew well what his orders were, to deceive the Europeans. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. If a statistical lie was told to the galleries of Europe, for medical applause, why should we not question all the other statistical statements made to attract the sympathy and applause of Westerners.

I know that there is as much dishonesty in Japanese data as given out by army and navy officials, as there is known to be in all Japanese business dealings. Everything as news manufactured on order. Like the iodide potash costing us $5.50 a pound, at my

is

of

hospital in Tokio, we are furnished bromide, which looks like iodide, but costs the person who sells it to us only 50 cents a pound. Two lithographers were imported by the Japanese from San Francisco, and were set to work in lithographing Power & Weightman's and Rosengarten & Sons labels, "Iodide of Potash," which were pasted by the wily Japanese on bottle of bromide. I bought of these pretended pounds of iodide, hundreds of bottles before the dishonesty was detected.

Is any one surprised then, that I question the honesty of Japanese reports. The story of sickness and lack of mortality in General Oku's army in Manchuria was a lie out of the whole cloth. Some Americans are deceived by the treacherous Japanese, but not those who have intimately served them. "The superiorities" shown in the war, proves in my opinion, merely the astuteness of the British lion's agents, who hide behind the monkey skin of Japan, whose joint interest for the national moment, is opposed to the Russian bear's.

An important article for the day is published by the Staats Zeitung, September 4, 1905, and is entitled "The Reed-pipe of Peace:" "Again is heard, after stormy days, the note of the reed-pipe of peace. The Berlin journals accent, with the memory of the days of Sedan, progress in the approach between Germany and France. France was endeavoring, if not quite successfully, to dismiss the painful recollections, while towards her neighbor had come a juster perception of the world situation. And the official "North German Allgemeine Zeitung," confirmed the peaceful attitude and better estimation of Germany on the part of the English press.

There remains, then, the question, Why all the tumult of the time just past. France cannot have forgotten today all the pains of yesterday, and it is as little plausible that the polite reception which the British fleet found at Swinemünde can bring about a sudden change in the official intention in England. That the British Baltic sea journey has been Inade without mishap can certainly afford occasion for felicitation; but the cold tone of the despatch of the British admiral to the Kaiser, and the similar tone of the imperial reply, indicates but little perceptible improvement of relations.

Though the situation has in fact taken on a more peaceful form, yet it does not permit a clarification of the immediate events, and the feelings of the moment. The British war party has apparently perceived that after France has wholly withdrawn, a war which England alone would have carried on with Germany, must at last, in spite of seeming

monetary results, have met with little reward. And France has drawn back because she would not pull out of the fire chestnuts for England. But the germ of conflict remains. Today the single interest of France, is to forget "painful memories." But these memories will arise anew, so soon as a favorable moment arrives for the settlement of accounts. The polite and worthy reception which the English found at Swinemünde may have occasioned in the English press a quieter attitude in the discussion of the relations between the two countries. But the subjects of domestic contention between England and Germany remain. And therewith remains likewise the danger to peace. May today the reed-pipe of peace again be heard; may the clouds which yesterday darkened and threatened the horizon of Europe be scattered! The signs of a tempest remain.

There comes into consideration not only

the strained relations of Germany and France and England. In the Balkans, the lightning is again seen; again comes information of predatory occurrences and bloody race murders; and the Sultan of Turkey has in a roundabout way deferred the reception of the reform suggestions cf the powers for Macedonia. The situation there is dangerous, and the more dangerous, as with the close of the Russo-Japanese conflict, thoughts and glances are no more exclusively concentrated upon the far East. The oriental question, which has spread, by reason of the expansion policy of Russia, to the Asiatics, will again, as formerly, be obliged to find solution in the Balkans.

This statement of the Staats Zeitung throws much light on the opinion held, in London that war was narrowly averted in Europe by the Portsmouh settlement. We can now see why Japan withdrew the indemnity demand, and the insistence for the whole of Saghalien; it was, upon England's representation, to escape the terrors that threatened. The lapse of time will show the great victory Japan won directly by her army and navy, and indirectly on behalf of all Europe, and therefore, of mankind by being persuaded to her conduct at Portsmouth.

She had nothing more to fear from Russia; and no single power dared attack her. But now she is liable at any moment to again be called into the field by England's troubles.

The peace of the world will best be preserved by an united commercial Asia. Asia will not force itself upon Europe in the social sense, a contact which, however brought about, as, for instance, by Western intrusion, can result for an indefinite period, only in

Western confusion morally, resulting in a vast war finally."

I can see (I think) that Kaneko, Komura and their companions are ashamed of and endeavoring to conceal the great monstrosities of their social system; and in this awakening in them, from their residence and education here, and in Europe, and the admission of Christian missionaries which they do not oppose, will come, slowly perhaps, a new life. The issue between the two contending civilizations of West and East, begun by the Japano-Russian war, and in which both parties are now merely taking a breathing spell, is from my point of view as follows:

The teachings of the "four books of Morals of Confucius," from which Baron Kaneko has quoted (though he does not say so) as the formative factor of moral character in the youth of Japan, inculcates especially, and above all the others of the five relation

ships of their teaching, that between father and son (not daughter) and son and father.

A son (the male essence is typified in the Mikado as ethereal or heavenly) is taught father to aspire to be only what his was. Hero-worship is taught in boys' schools by the Book of Great Deeds. And reverence for the holy Mikado in the book of Ancestry of the Mikado.

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Ancestor worship is therefore an important phase of education of Japanese boys. "Nero" to a Japanese is representative of success attained, not by peaceful but by bloody ways.

The spirit of Samourai (fighting men) or Bushi (warrior) or Bushido (way of warriors) teenth year in all the schools. is instilled in the young boy from his thirThe formation of character as taught in the Japanese boy schools is not moral, beyond the morality of the Samourai, a dissolute class of servants of old daimois who were kept in detles. One of these daimios wars, that bebauchery to fight the weakling daimios battween the Minamota and Taira families for their representatives as the real Mikado, lasted four centuries, and only terminated when the Minamota men took all the Taira females and made prostitutes of them. From that time till today, even a Samourai may seize any female for his pleasure. These Bushi were lawless feudal fiends, cutthroats, drunkards, debauches, against whose depredations, as voluntary outlaws, and atrocious misdoings down to 1868, to my knowledge, to even 1876, and down to the time of the Satsuma and Saga rebellions of 1879, laws were passed in attempts to control them. Even laws are recorded to protect respectable women and girls against them. There is even a law, especially protecting pregnant

women from their assaults. The tying of the knot of women's "Obi's" in a peculiar way, to distinguish a prostitute from a good woman, was passed, because of the constant assaults of these Samourai.

Licensing of prostitution was due to the debaucheries of the Samourai. Those "twosworded gentlemen" (fighting men) needed the long sword to chop off a supposed enemy's head, but the little sword was for use in case of necessity to rip his own belly open if he happened to be caught in his devilment, or if he did not succeed in his hellish end Then the morals of Japan called him a "hero;" he had committed "heroic suicide." The Mikado in 1867 was forced to nationalHe took from every ize these Samourai. province each daimios fighting men and formed a national army and navy. After they had been drilled for a number of years they cried out, we must fight something; so the emperor found a reason for the Loo-Choo After another time, the cry was again assertive, and the China war was the result. Then came the Russian war. But has the spirit been yet appeased? I fear not.

war.

I claim that there is the greatest danger from the 750,000 Japanese troops (nationalized Samourai) in Manchuria when they shall be brought back to peace.

The teaching of the first relation of Confucius makes it imperative that a son shall be only what his father was. A charcoal vendor's son will be a charcoal vendor; a merchant's son will be a merchant; a Samourai's son will be a Samourai.

On the average, each of those 750,000 soldiers, lusty males all of them, will produce five sons, counting the increase in progression by concubinage, which is always practiced, and an increased male birth-rate which always follows war. The children of concubines are all legitimate, and will be trained at school, just as the wife's children are. Hence the next generation will have five times the number of soldiers as there are now. These males must be cared for, catered to in their bloody hero-worshiping appetites, by the present emperor or his successor. Those "'heroes' sons will want to be "heroes" as their fathers were. As soldiers they cannot be kept on a peace footing always. They will sooner or later want to fight some one. Whom? Why some European of course. A foreign war will be the result. A reason will plausibly be found for it. And after it, there will be another one.

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The Samourai production will go on in arithmetical progression. Not only will there be five times the number of Samourai in the next generation, but the spirit in the human being will be increased by hero and

ancestor worship five fold.

This is the danger, we must look to from those 750,000 returning heroes and until the blood-thirst of Japan is satiated, or the devil spirit whipped out of them the civilized world is in danger.

It may be said, that it is unsafe, as a matter of cautious reasoning to assume that the 750,000 returned troops will be so filled with rampant Samourai-ism that they will become a menace to the world.

But it is to be expected that the unfortunate disposition of Saghalein will keep the war spirit alert, and that a class that beats its breast and raises its voice, and from time to time lifts aloft the ensigns in national expressions at home will receive the smiles of all other classes, and thus be encouraged.

In addition to Saghalien, is the most unfortunate alliance with England. There was no nation whose interests were in conflict with the interests of Japan. Except in the

presumed matter of advice England has not aided Japan in the late war, nor was she able to aid Japan otherwise. Yet Japan has pledged herself to take up arms in behalf of

England at any time (it may be assumed only in Asia), that England is attacked by (or attacks?) any power with whom Japan may at that time be at peace, if England calls for the treaty ally.

It is a matter of surprise that the Japanese were not keen enough to see that there is no quid pro quo for them in sight; and that, so far as the future could, at the time of entering into the agreement be seen the only service that Japan can receive in return will be aid to solve the complexities brought about by the gratuitous consent. Strange that Japan's elder statesmen did not deeply appreciate that Japan needs rest, recuperation; and that such restoration could not be expected when her hands were joined to those of a power that has more enemies than has any other nation on earth.

The proper policy of Japan is to co-operate with the Chinese for their mercantile joint benefit, for the improvement and world exchange of the products of their industries; learning during the next quarter of a century the western methods of production of crops, textiles and machinery and mines-thus preparing for the inevitable strife that the future holds between the East and the West, and which this alliance immediately begins to introduce, for Japan can be called upon at any time to make an enemy of England's enemy.

But the Japanese despise the Chinese; and the Chinese distrust the Japanese, as I have shown and stated. Again, is seen the universal principle of nature-schism in its

broadest sense, and in every sense, the most minute, applying to every feature of life.

As I have said, the Samourai as a class, have been disbanded, in 1867, that is, they have been deprived of their former privileges, which were not grants, but, rather, tolerations and leniencies; they have ceased pretentions as Samourai or distinct class with more or less personal indices of their relation to the whole people. It is to be expected at best that they will pursue their vocations, their avocations; that they are likely to emigrate (by reason of the arithmetical progression of population which I have mentioned) to Manchuria, China, Corea, individually and in small parties, and there engage in such of their callings as can best be to return to defend their native land when it is assailed. In other words, to act as other people have acted throughout the history of the world. The entrance of Japan into the arena of nations, their contests perhaps will break up the intense, touchy national feeling (due to island isolation) that has characterized them, because there will come gradually an individual business and personal comfort that war will disturb, destroy; and with a system of government somewhat representative, as it is, or will be, the voice of protest will be heard strong enough to modify a haste toward war.

But this will take time. It may well be that this enlightened self-interest will yet be applied to the unfortunate alliance with an European power-that has more enemies than any other nation, I repeat, whose contacts of outlying territory are numerous and sensitive spots continually under attrition and in danger of abrasion, a power that now, with the great strength of Germany, the strongest power in Europe, a pugnacious people with a very assertive ruler, needs an ally against that Germany.

All this has come about very suddenly; and it shows how unsafe it is to forecast along other than most general lines. Certainly the editorial in the Staats Zeitung of September 4, is to be borne in mind, for it represents the German inner heart (whatever may be the cause)-sympathy for Russia, not sentimentally, but having in view great designs for the German State.

Any conflict between England and Germany will take a German fleet to Hong Kong; there will Japan be summoned by her treaty ally, and there will she make an enemy of Germany. Such a conflict will necessitate an attack upon Kiachou, the large German holding, and there will Japan have

to go.

If England meets Russia at the Balkans and chooses to deem Russia an Asiatic power for

the purpose of the hour, there, assumably, must Japan hasten.

Japan has made a mistake at the very outset of her career, from which consqeuences will ever come tumbling in.

Such is the price one pays whether an individual or a nation, for the privilege of being.

Thus will the Samourai, and Samourai-ism find plenty to do; the war spirit will suffer no ennui.

It seems now vain to suppose that the freedom from foreign embroilment which Japan and China have long desired can be obtained. The great universal principle of motion, and of individual commotions, is upon them; and Japan has led the way and holds open the door.

Unless there was a good reason, of which the world at large has not the slightest inkling, Japan has unnecessarily entered upon a tempestuous life, the ship of state will confront violent seas and dangerous rocks and possibly have a fire in the hold.

Thus will the question that, as I understand, has been suggested by Baron Kaneko's paper-the West versus the East, be presented.

Japan's act disintegrates Asia. So clear does it seem that this will be the outcome of the present state of affairs that it appears hardly worth while to consider further, that is, to suppose it does not so come out. any rate it is not given to human ken to look far ahead as to details.

At

The island formation of Japan, with an immense ocean on one side, prevents the overrunning of contiguous land-there is no contiguous land. But should the narrow water barriers upon the west be as nothing, there is no region to be invaded by the Japanese that is not wholly Asiatic, readily assimilable.

So, the Western world need not fear any contact with Japan and China, except that which the West invites or imposes. For the great mountain ranges, the high plateaus and barren steppes that separate the Chinese empire from the peninsula of Europe are more inhospitable than the sea at present.

Yet the Western world is about to institute that contact against which the West has always warned. What can be more provocative of an irruption of a modernly armed and educated Asiatic people, than an alliance (with Japan at present) that calls for an Asian power to move to the Balkans or to India? England's alliance with Japan sets the pace for a German or Russian alliance with an Asiatic power-shall it be China? Shall it be China that distrusts Japan? Thus is a conflict already inaugurated