successively the small vicarage of Orston in Nottinghamshire, and the vicarages of Wormington and Boxted, in Essex. He died Aug. 3, 1804, leaving behind him a high character for simplicity of manners, great integrity, and genuine benevolence. He had a high sense of the dignity and importance of the clerical functions, and for fifty years of his life was indefatigable in his attention to professional duties. He was author of "A View of the great events of the seventh plague, or period, when the mystery of God shall be finished." "Accounts of the ten tribes of Israel being in America, originally published by Manasseh Ben Israel," &c. 1792. "A complete and uniform expla nation of the prophecy of the seven vials of wrath, or seven last plagues contained in the Revelation of St. John," &c. 1804.1

INGRASSIAS (JOHN PHILIP), an eminent physician and medical writer, a native of Sicily, was born in 1510. He studied medicine at Padua, where he took the degree of doctor in medicine in the year 1537, with singular reputation; insomuch that he soon received several invitations to professorships from different schools in Italy. He accepted the chair of medicine and anatomy at Naples, which he occupied for a number of years, lecturing to the most crowded audiences drawn by his fame from all parts of the country. He possessed peculiar qualifications for the office, having united a consummate knowledge of the writings of the ancient physicians with great practical skill and a sound judgment, which led him to estimate justly the merits and defects of those fathers of the art. A singular testimony of his talents and unremitting attention to the improvement of his pupils was given by the latter, whọ caused his portrait to be placed in the schools of Naples with the following inscription: "Philippo Ingrassia Siculo, qui veram medicinæ artem et anatomen, publicè enarrando, Neapoli restituit, Discipuli memoriæ causa P. P." At length he quitted his situation at Naples, in order to return to his native island, where he settled at Palermo. Here also he received many marks of public distinction. The rights of citizenship were conferred upon him; and, in 1563, Philip II. king of Spain, appointed him first physician for Sicily and the adjacent isles. By virtue of the powers attached to this office he restored order in the

Gent. Mag. vol. LXXIV.

medical constitution of the country, by preventing all persons, unqualified by their education and abilities, from practising there. His zeal for the credit of his profession rendered him rigid and severe in his examination of candidates; and he exercised his art himself in the most honourable manner. When the plague raged at Palermo in 1575, he adopted such excellent regulations as to put a stop to the calamity, and restore the city to health, and was hailed by all the citizens, the Sicilian Hippocrates. The magistrates were so grateful for his services, that they voted him a reward of two hundred and fifty gold crowns a month; but he disinterestedly declined to accept any more than what served for the maintenance and decoration of the chapel of St. Barbe, which he had built in the cloister of the Dominican convent of Palermo. He died, greatly re-' gretted, in 1580, at the age of 70 years.

Ingrassias cultivated anatomy with great assiduity, and is esteemed one of the improvers of that art, especially in regard to the structure of the cranium, and the organ of hearing. He discovered the small bone of the ear, called the stapes, which has been claimed as the discovery of others, but is admitted even by Fallopius to have been his. He described minutely the cavity of the tympanum, the fenestra rotunda and ovalis, the cochlea, semicircular canals, mastoid cells, &c.; and Eloy thinks, from a view of his plates, that he was acquainted with the muscle of the malleus, the discovery of which is ascribed to Eustachius. He is said also to have discovered the seminal vesicles. He was author of the following works: 1. "Jatropologia; Liber quo multa adversus Barbaros Medicos disputantur,' Venice, 1544, 1558, 8vo. 2. "Scholia in Jatropologiam," Naples, 1549, 8vo. 3. "De Tumoribus præter naturam," ibid. 1553, folio, vol. I. This is properly a commentary on some of the books of Avicenna. 4. "Raggionamento fatto sopra l'infermita epidemica dell' anno 1558," Palermo, 1560, 4to, together with "Trattato di due mostri nati in Palermo in diversi tempi." 5. "Constitutiones et Capitula, necnon Jurisdictiones Regii Proto-Medicatûs officii, cum Pandectis ejusdem reformatis," Palermo, 1564, 1657, 4to. 6. "Quæstio de Purgatione per medicamentum, atque obiter etiam de sanguinis missione, an sextâ die possit fieri," Venice, 1568, 4to. 7. "Galeni Ars Medica," ibid. 1573, folio. 8. "De frigidæ potu post medicamentum purgans Epistola," ibid. 1575, 4to, reprinted at Milan,

1586. 9. "Informatione del pestifero e contagioso morbo, &c." Palermo, 1576, 4to. This work was translated into Latin by Joachim Camerarius, and published under the title of "Methodus curandi pestiferum contagium," at Nurimberg, 1583. 10. "In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expertissima Commentaria," a posthumous publication, printed at Messina, in 1603, under the inspection of his nephew, Nicholas Ingrassias. This, which may be deemed the principal work of Ingrassias, contains the text of Galen, in Greek and Latin, with a very diffuse and learned commentary, in which there is much minute and accurate description, particularly of the parts belonging to the organ of hearing. The figures are those of Vesalius. The author defends Galen as far as he is able, but not against the truth of modern discovery.'

INGUIMBERTI (DOMINIC, JOSEPH, MARIE D'), an exemplary and learned bishop of Carpentras, at which place he was born in 1683, was first a Dominican, and in that order he successfully pursued his theological studies; but, thinking the rule of the Cistertians more strict and perfect, he afterwards took the habit of that order. His merit quickly raised him to the most distinguished offices among his brethren, and being dispatched on some business to Rome, he completely gained the confidence and esteem of Clement XII. By that prelate he was named archbishop of Theodosia in partibus, and bishop of Carpentras in 1733. In this situation he was distinguished by all the virtues that can characterize a Christian bishop; excellent discernment, and knowledge, united with the completest charity and humility. His life was that of a simple monk, and his wealth was all employed to relieve the poor, or serve the public. He built a vast and magnificent hospital, and established the most extensive library those provinces had ever seen, which he gave for public use. He died in 1757, of an apoplectic attack, in his seventy-fifth year. This excellent man was not unknown in the literary world, having published some original works, and some editions of other authors. The principal of these productions are, 1. "Genuinus character reverendi admodùm in Christo Patris D. Armandi Johannis Butillierii Rancæi," Rome, 1718, 4to. 2. An Italian translation of a book entitled "Theologie Religieuse," being a treatise on the duties of a monastic

1 Chaufepie.-Tiraboschi,-Rees's Cyclopædia.

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life, Rome, 1731, 3 vols. folio. 3. An Italian translation of a French treatise, by father Didier, on the infallibility of the pope, Rome, 1732, folio. 4. An edition of the works of Bartholomew of the Martyrs, with his Life, 2 vols. folio. 5. "La Vie separée," another treatise on monastic life, in 2 vols. 1727, 4to.'

INGULPHUS, abbot of Croyland, and author of the history of that abbey, was born in London about 1030. He received the first part of his education at Westminster, and when he visited his father, who belonged to the court of Edward the Confessor, he was so fortunate as to engage the attention of queen Edgitha, who took a pleasure in the progress of his education, and in disputing with him in logic, and seldom dismissed him without some present as a mark of her approbation, From Westminster he went to Oxford, where he applied to the study of the Aristotelian philosophy, in which he made greater proficiency than many of his contemporaries, and, as he says, "clothed himself down to the heel in the first and second rhetoric of Tully." When he was about twenty-one years of age, he was introduced to William duke of Normandy (who visited the court of England in 1051), and made himself so agreeable to that prince, that he appointed him his secretary, and carried him with him into his own dominions. In a little time he became the prime favourite of his prince, and the dispenser of all preferments; but he himself confesses that he did not behave in this station with sufficient modesty and prudence, and that he incurred the envy and hatred of the courtiers, to avoid which he obtained leave from the duke to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In the course of this journey, his attendant pilgrims at one time amounted to seven thousand, but either from being attacked and killed by the Arabs, or other disasters, twenty only of this goodly company were able to return home, and those half-starved, and almost naked. Ingulph now resolved to forsake the world, and became a monk in the abbey of Fontanelle in Normandy, of which he was in a few years made prior. When his old master William of Normandy was preparing for his memorable expedition into England, in 1066, Ingulphus was sent by his abbot with one hundred marks in money, and twelve young men, nobly mounted and completely armed, as a present from

1 Diet. Hist.

1

their abbey. In consequence of this, William raised him afterwards to the government of the rich abbey of Croyland in Lincolnshire, in 1076. Here Ingulphus spent the last thirty-four years of his life, governing that society with great prudence, and protecting their possessions from the rapacity of the neighbouring barons by the favour of his royal master; and here he died Dec. 1, 1109. He wrote, but in a homely Latin style, a very curious and valuable history of Croyland abbey from its foundation, in the year 664 to 1091. It was printed by sir H. Saville, London, 1596, and is among Gale's "Scriptores." There is also an edition of Francfort in 1601, and one of Oxford, 1684, which last is thought the most complete.'

1

IRELAND (JOHN), author of the "Illustrations of Hogarth," was born at the Trench farm, near Wem, in Shropshire, in a house which had been rendered somewhat re-. markable, by having been the birth-place and country residence of Wycherley the poet, and whose widow is said to have adopted Mr. Ireland, when a child; but this lady dying without a will, left him unprovided for. He was descended by the mother's side from two eminent dissenting clergymen; his mother being the daughter of the rev. Thomas Holland, and great-grand-daughter of the rev. Philip Henry, In his youth he discovered a strong predilection to the arts, and such literature as is immediately connected with them, but as his parents were unable to give him a regular education, and as he had a turn for mechanics, he was brought up to the business of a watchmaker. Although he carried on this for some time with good connexions, it was not upon the whole successful, and during a considerable part of his life, he subsisted by trafficking in pictures, prints, &c. for which he had a correct taste, and in which he was probably assisted by the artists and print-sellers. He amassed a good collection of Mortimer's and Hogarth's works, and lived on intimate terms with many men of eminence in the literary world, and particularly with the artists Mortimer and Gainsbo rough, and Henderson the actor, whose "Memoirs" he published in 1786. This actor had lived in Mr. Ireland's house for some time after coming to London, but their intimacy had for some reason abated, and at the period of Hender

1 Pits-Tanner.-Henry's Hist. of Great Britain, vol. VI. p. 123.-Gough's British Topography.