ages that would otherwise have been lost. The work upon which his fame chiefly rests is: "The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation," etc., published in 1589, folio, commonly called Hakluyt's Voyages. Having become very scarce, this work was reprinted, 1809-12, 5 vols., 4to., with a large supplement. Hakluyt's Voyages contain an immense amount of information relative to the early settlement of America. In 1846 a society was established for the purpose of editing accounts of ancient travels, and named, in his honor, the Hakluyt Society.

SAMUEL PURCHAS, D. D., 1577-1628, a man of great erudition and of indomitable industry, devoted himself to the work of exploring all the known voyages and travels in every part of the world, and transcribing their contents for the information of English readers.

Purchas's first work was called Purchas His Pilgrimage. It was in one volume folio, and contained the substance of all the old chroniclers of voyages and travels, but given in his own language. His other work was in 4 vols. folio, and was called Purchas His Pilgrims. It was a reprint of those old authors, only arranged and put together according to the compiler's own method. The five volumes commonly go together as one work, under the title of Purchas's Pilgrims. The work is the usual companion to Hakluyt's Voyages.

JOHN STOW, 1525-1605, is one of the most celebrated of the early English antiquarians.

His Career. - Stow was brought up to the trade of a tailor, but at the age of forty, "leaving his own peculiar gains," to use his own words, he "consecrated himself to the search of our famous antiquities." This devotion, instead of bringing him distinction, only reduced him to a life and a death of poverty. When nearly eighty years of age he received from his gracious sovereign, James I., the gift of letters-patent authorizing him to beg!

Works. - Stow's principal works are: A Summary of English Chronicles, Annals of England, and Survey of London. This last is the most important. It is "one of the most early, valuable, and interesting of our topographical pieces; and on it have been founded the subsequent descriptions by Hatton, Seymour, Maitland, Northruck, Pennant, and Malcolm.” — Drake's Shakespeare. Stow also assisted in the continuation of Holinshed's Chronicles, Speght's edition of Chaucer, etc. His labors were careful, unremitted, impartial, and thoroughly unselfish.

WILLIAM CAMDEN, 1551-1623, is another of the eminent English antiquaries. His works were written in Latin, but have been translated into English.

Works. His principal works are: Britannia, or a Chorographical Description of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Adjacent Islands; Annals of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, etc.

SIR ROBERT BRUCE COTTON, 1570-1631, was another of England's most renowned antiquarians.

Cotton wrote numerous works of an antiquarian character; but his chief claim to honor is the noble library which he collected, and which is now in the British Mu

seum. He was imprisoned in the Tower on account of a paper of a treasonable character found in his library; though it was proved afterwards that he was innocent in the matter, and did not even know of the existence of the paper. He was released, but never recovered from the shock of his false imprisonment and separation from his beloved books. The "Cottonian Library" is considered one of the national treasures. Some of his works are: Life and Reign of Henry III. of England; A Narrative of Count Gondomar's Transactions during his Embassy to England; The King's Revenues, etc.

Theological Writers.

John Knox, 1505-1572, the great Scottish Reformer, though noted mainly for his administrative abilities, has a place also in the field of letters.

Character. Knox is undoubtedly the grandest figure in the history of Scotland. He is "the one man without whom Scotland, as the modern world has known it, would have no existence. He was the one antagonist whom Mary Stuart could not soften, nor Maitland deceive; he it was that raised the poor commons of his country into a stern and rugged people, who might be hard, narrow, superstitious, and fanatical, but who nevertheless were men whom neither king, noble, nor priest could force again to submit to tyranny." - Froude.

History. - Knox was ordained a priest in 1530; in 1542 he openly renounced the Catholic religion and became a zealous preacher of Protestant doctrines. In 1547, on the capture of St. Andrew's, whither he had fled for safety, he was made prisoner, and taken to France, but was released in 1549. He then became chaplain to Edward VI. (of England.) On the accession of Mary to the English throne, Knox withdrew to the Continent, where he spent the three years from 1555 to 1558 in study and intercourse with Calvin. In 1559 he returned to Scotland, and became the master spirit of the Scotch Reformation.

Works. With one exception, Knox's writings are doctrinal and, polemical in their nature. The most famous of these controversial productions, perhaps, is his First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, published in 1558, while Knox was still at Geneva. The exception mentioned is the Historie of the Reformation of Religioun within the Realme of Scotland, published after the author's death. Knox's biography has been ably written by Dr. McCrie.

JOHN JEWEL, D. D., 1522-1571, was an eminent scholar and divine, and one of the leading writers on the Protestant side in the controversies between Catholics and Protestants.

History.-Jewel fled to the Continent on the accession of Mary, but returned on the accession of Elizabeth, and was made Bishop. He was one of the most learned of the English Reformers, and wrote much on the points at issue between the Church of England and the Church of Rome.

Works. - Jewel's works have been published in 8 vols., 8vo. They are mostly controversial, and the best of them all, Apologia Ecclesiæ Anglicana, (A Defence of the

Church of England,) is in Latin. It is regarded as the ablest work of its kind in that generation.

"It may be said of his surname, nomen, omen; Jewel his name, and precious his virtues."-Fuller.

WILLIAM WHITTINGHAM, 1524-1589, was also a writer of some note in the Protestant ranks.

History.- Whittingham was born at Chester and educated at Oxford. He married a sister of Calvin, was ordained as a Presbyterian minister, and succeeded Knox in the church for the English exiles at Geneva. He returned to England, and in 1563 was promoted to the deanery of Durham, which position he held until his death.

Works. While at Geneva he was engaged with others in making the translation of the Bible, known as the Geneva Version. He also helped in making the translation of the Psalms into English metre which goes by the name of Sternhold and Hopkins. Whittingham versified five of the Psalms, the 119th being one of them. Besides these he versified the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments, the Creeds (Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian), the Te Deum, and some other portions of the Prayer Book.

John Fox, 1517-1587, is familiarly known as The Martyrologist.

History. Fox was educated at Oxford, where he attained high distinction for scholarship. The study of the Greek and Latin Fathers, and of the Schoolmen, became a sort of passion with him, and was continued after he left the University, so that at the age of thirty he was profoundly learned in that line. He adopted the Reformed opinions, and was obliged in consequence to flee to the Continent. There he projected and made the first draft of his great work. On the accession of Elizabeth, he returned to England, and received an ecclesiastical preferment which gave him leisure to complete his proposed work.

The Book of Martyrs. -Fox's work was first published in 1563, in one vol., fol. In subsequent editions, it was enlarged to 2 vols., and then to 3 vols., fol. The title, or rather the first part of it, as given by himself, was, Acts and Monuments of these Latter and Perilous Days, Tonching Matters of the Church. It is commonly known as For's Book of Martyrs.

Approved. Fox's work received the official approval of the first three Archbishops, Parker, Grindal, and Whitgift, and was ordered to be set up for public perusal in every parish church in England, and in the common hall of every Archbishop, Bishop, Archdeacon, Dean, and Head of a College. The book has had an enormous circulation, especially in its abridged forms, though it is no longer read as generally and devoutly as it once was.

Nicholas Sanders, 1527-1580, Regius Professor of Canon Law at Oxford, was in his day the chief defender of the Catholic cause in England.

Sanders attended the famous Council of Trent, "where he showed

himself to be a man of great parts by his several disputations and arguings."

Works. Among his works in English are the following: The Supper of our Lord set forth in Six Books, according to the Truth of the Gospel and Catholic Faith; The Rock of the Church, wherein the Primacy of St. Peter and of his Successors the Bishops of Rome is proved out of God's Word; A Treatise of the Images of Christ and of his Saints, and that it is Unlawful to Break them, and Lawful to Honor them.

ROBERT PARSONS, 1546–1610, familiarly known in the history of the time as Parsons the Jesuit, was another writer of note on the Catholic side.

History. Parsons was an eminent scholar of Oxford, who was converted to the Catholic religion in 1575, and became a member of the Society of Jesus. After remaining some time in the Jesuit College at Rome, he returned to England and labored zealously for the propagation of the doctrines which he had embraced. He was a man of distinguished ability, and his writings caused hot and angry discussion. The following are some of them: A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England, etc.; A Brief Discourse containing Certain Reasons why Catholics refuse to go to Church; A Book of Christian Exercise appertaining to Resolution; A Christian Directory guiding Men to their Salvation.

Lingard, the Catholic historian of England, censures Parsons for the tone of some of his political tracts. He says they were unnecessarily irritating towards Elizabeth, and provoked her to harsh measures towards her Catholic subjects.

RICHARD STANIHURST, 1545-1618, was another writer on the Catholic side.

Richard Stanihurst was a learned Irishman, uncle to the celebrated Archbishop Usher. Becoming a Catholic, he went to the Continent, where he took orders in the Church of Rome, and became chaplain to the Governor of the Spanish Netherlands. Besides several learned works in Latin, he published The First Four Books of Virgil's Eneid, Translated into English Heroical Verse.

JOHN PITTS, 1560-1616, a Catholic writer, is chiefly known by The Lives of the Kings, Bishops, Apostolical Men, and Writers of England, 4 vols. The work is valuable on account of its biographical information, especially in regard to early English authors.

JAMES I. of England, 1556-1625, had a great ambition to be considered an author.

He wrote several poetical pieces and prose essays, the most conspicuous of which is The Counterblast to Tobacco. King James's merits as a writer are about on a par with his merits as a ruler. The universal opinion of his productions is that they are weak and commonplace.

JOHN AYLMER, 1521-1594, was a writer on the Episcopal side as against the Presbyterians.

Aylmer was tutor to Lady Jane Grey and afterwards Bishop of London. He published a reply to Knox's treatise against the government of women: "An Harbor for Faithful and True Subjects, against the Late Blown Blast concerning the Government of Women." "He was well learned in the languages, was a ready disputant, and a deep divine." As a preacher, he sometimes woke up a sleepy or inattentive audience by reading them a long extract from the Hebrew, and when he saw them all wide awake, took them to task for their folly: "when he spake English, whereby they might be instructed and edified, they neglected, and hearkened not to it; and now, to read Hebrew, which they understood no word of, they seemed careful and attentive!"

Richard Hooker, 1553-1600, is the ablest advocate of the church organization of England that has yet appeared.

The Ecclesiastical Polity. — Hooker's great work, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, is an elaborate and dignified exposition and defence of the ministry and ritual of the Church of England, and is an acknowledged classic on that subject. The style of his book has received universal and unqualified approbation, both for the excellency of its English, and its entire suitableness to the subject. For the general soundness of his judgment, he has received the name of the judicious Hooker.

History. Hooker was a man of great simplicity of character, easily imposed upon by the designing, and was wheedled by the woman with whom he boarded to marry her daughter, a vulgar woman of imperious temper, who subjected him to the coarsest indignities. His life has been written by Izaak Walton.

"The finest as well as the most philosophical writer of the Elizabethan period is Hooker. The first book of the Ecclesiastical Polity is at this day one of the masterpieces of English eloquence. His periods, indeed, are generally much too long and too intricate, but portions of them are often beautifully rhythmical; his language is rich in English idiom without vulgarity, and in words of a Latin source without pedantry; he is more uniformly solemn than the usage of later times permits, or even than writers of that time, such as Bacon, conversant with mankind as well as books, would have reckoned necessary; but the example of ancient orators and philosophers, upon themes so great as those which he discusses, may justify the serious dignity from which he does not depart. Hooker is perhaps the first of such in England who adorned his prose with the images of poetry: but this he has done more judiciously and with more moderation than others of great name: and we must be bigots in Attic severity, before we can object to some of his grand figures of speech. We may praise him also for avoiding the superfluous luxury of quotations:- a rock on which the writers of the succeeding age were so frequently wrecked."- Hallam,

RICHARD BANCROFT, 1544-1610, Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of James I., was a zealous opponent of the Puritans.

Bancroft wrote, among other things, A Survey of the Pretended Holy Discipline and Dangerous Positions and Proceedings under Pretence of Reformation and of the Presbyterian Discipline.