hardly consistent with independence of thinking; but, considered as an advocate, he is one of much judgment and skill. Such men as Pearson and Stillingfleet would have been conspicuous at the bar; which we could not quite affirm of Jeremy Taylor." -Hallam's Lit. Hist of Europe.

Cudworth.

Ralph Cudworth, 1617-1688, a very learned theologian of the English Church, is chiefly known by his great work, The Intellectual System of the Universe.

Character and Career. - Cudworth was educated at Cambridge, and held various appointments there, and in the church, and he published several treatises, in addition to the one named, besides leaving several important works in manuscript. Cudworth's Intellectual System was directed against the atheistical systems of Hobbes and others. He was remarkable for his candor as a disputant; indeed, he set forth the positions and arguments of his opponents with so much clearness and force, that many zealots censured him for betraying the truth, and intimated that the arguments against religion which he first brought forward on behalf of its enemies were stronger than those which he afterwards adduced of his own to upset them. Truth would be the gainer if she had more such right-minded champions.

Barrow.

Isaac Barrow, D. D., 1630–1677, was very highly distinguished both as a mathematician and a theologian.

Position and Works. - Barrow was made Professor of Mathematics in Cambridge, then Master of Trinity, and finally Vice-Chancellor of the University. His mathematical works, treatises of geometry, conics, spherics, and optics, are in Latin. His theological works, which are in English, first appeared in 3 vols. folio. They consist of Treatises on the Pope's Supremacy and on The Unity of the Church, and Sermons. The latter contain expositions of the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, the Decalogue, and the Sacraments.

No Sermons in the English language have received a more general verdict for almost every kind of excellence of which such compositions are susceptible, than those of Dr. Barrow.

"As a writer, he is equally distinguished by the redundancy of his matter, and by the pregnant brevity of his expression: but what more peculiarly characterizes his manner, is a certain air of powerful and of conscious facility in the execution of what he undertakes. Whether the subject be mathematical, metaphysical, or theological, he seems always to bring to it a mind which feels itself superior to the occasion; and

which, in contending with the greatest difficulties, puts forth but half its strength.” -Dugald Stewart.

In reference to his thoroughness in treating a subject, King Charles used to call him "an unfair preacher, because he exhausted every topic, and left no room for anything new to be said by any one who came after him."

His Wit.-For a man of such profound learning and such general sobriety of views, Barrow was remarkable for the quickness of his wit. Meeting Rochester, one day, the witty peer said, "Doctor, I am yours to the shoe-tie." Barrow instantly replied, "I am yours to the ground." Rochester: "I am yours to the centre." "My lord, I am yours to the antipodes." Rochester, determined not to be outdone: "Doctor, I am yours to the lowest pit of hell." "There, my lord, I leave you," and he turned on his heel and left the scorner.

He was as ready at a repartee in Latin as in English One instance of his wonderful readiness occured at his examination for orders. The prelate was propounding the customary questions in turn to the candidates for ordination. When the question come to Barrow, Quid est Fides? he replied promptly, Quod non rides. The dignitary exclaimed "Good!" The next question was, Quid est spes? to which, as before, Barrow at once replied, Nondum res. "Better yet!" was the exclamation. Quid est Caritas! Ah, magister, id est raritas! "Best of all! It must be either Erasmus or the Devil!"

JOHN COSIN, D. D., 1594-1672, a learned Bishop of the English Church, wrote several works, chiefly devotional: A Collection of Private Devotions, compiled at the request of Charles I.; A Scholastical History of the Canon of Holy Scriptures; History of Transubstantiation; Notes on the Book of Common Prayer.

JOHN WILLIAMS, D. D., 1582-1650, Archbishop of York, attained some celebrity in his day as a theological writer.

Williams was a native of Wales, and was educated at Cambridge. He succeeded Bacon as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal; was tried for betraying the King's secrets, fined £10,000, and imprisoned three years and a half in the Tower, a political persecution probably; afterwards resumed his seat in the House of Lords, and finally be came Archbishop of York. He took an active part against Laud's innovations in religious matters. His chief publication was, The Holy Table, Name and Thing, more Anciently, Properly, and Literally used, under the New Testament, than that of Altar, 4to. It elicited a fierce assault from Peter Heylin, and a sharp controversy ensued.

GRIFFITH WILLIAMS, 1589-1672, was born near Caernarvon, Wales, and educated at Oxford. He became Dean of Westminster, and of Bangor, and afterwards Bishop of Ossory. While the Presbyterians had the upper hand in Parliament, Bishop Williams had to flee, but at the Restoration he returned, and recovered his bishopric. He published The Great Antichrist Revealed, folio, the antichrist being the "Assembly of Presbyterians consulting at Westminster;" also, Seven Treatises, folio; Description and Practice of the Four Most Admirable Beasts, 4to; The Right Way to the Best Religion, etc.

PETER HEYLIN, D. D., 1600-1662, a learned divine of the English Church, educated at Oxford, who took part with the royalists, was deprived by the republicans, and

again reinstated in his ecclesiastical dignities on the restoration of the Stuarts. His writings are very numerous, and are mostly historical and polemical. Thirty-seven of his publications are enumerated. The following are some of them: History of the Reformation of the Church of Scotland, fol.; History of the Reformation of the Church of England, fol.; History of the Presbyterians, fol.; Life and Death of Archbishop Laud, fol., etc.

"Heylin in his history of the Puritans and the Presbyterians blackens them for political devils. He is the Spagnolet of history, delighting himself with horrors at which the painter himself must have started. He tells of their oppositions to monarchical and episcopal government, their innovations in the church, and their embroilments of the kingdom. The sword rages in their hands; treason, sacrilege, plunder; while more of the blood of Englishmen had poured like water within the space of four years, than had been shed in the civil wars of York and Lancaster in four centuries." -Disraeli's Curiosities of Literature.

HENRY HAMMOND, D. D., 1605–1660, was a learned and eloquent divine, belonging to the royalist party in the quarrel between the Parliament and the King, and was ejected from his livings on the ascendency of the former. At the Restoration, he had the promise of a Bishopric, but death cut off his expectations. The following are his principal works: Paraphrases of the Old, and Annotations on the New Testament; Paraphrases and Annotations on the Psalms; Paraphrases and Annotations on the first ten Chapters of Proverbs; A Practical Catechism; Sermons, etc.

WILLIAM CHILLINGWORTH, 1602-1664, a learned divine of the Church of England. His works have been printed in folio, and are in great repute among Protestants. The one best known and most popular is The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way of Salvation.

JOHN BRAMHALL, D. D., 1593–1663, Archbishop of Armagh, was a zealous theologian of the English Church. His Life and Works were printed first in folio, and afterwards m 5 vols. 8vo. They were mostly controversial, part being directed against Hobbes's theory of Liberty and Necessity, and part in vindication of Episcopacy. Works: A Defence of True Liberty; Castigation of Mr. Hobbes's Last Animadversions; A Vindication of the Church of England; Schism guarded against, etc.

JOHN GAUDEN, D D., 1605–1662, was a Bishop of the English Church in the time of the Stuarts. He wrote several pieces on the subjects at issue between the Parlia mentarians and the Royalists, and is believed by many to have been the author of the famous Ikon Basilike, generally attributed to King Charles. The discussion in regard to the authorship of this piece has been hot, and can hardly yet be considered closed, though the preponderance of opinion now is in favor of the kind-hearted old Bishop.

WILLIAM GOUGE, D. D., 1575–1653, a clergyman of the English Church, “for fortyfive years the laborions, the exemplary, the much-loved minister of St. Anne's, Blackfriars, where none ever thought or spoke ill of him but such as were inclined to think or speak ill of religion itself."-Granger. He was one of the famous Westminster Assembly of Divines, in 1643. He was also one of those who were opposed to the execution of Charles I. His works are: Explanation of the Lord's Prayer, 4to; Domestical Duties, fol.; The Whole Armor of God, fol.; God's Three Arrows, 4to; Commentary on the Hebrews, 2 vols. fol. The work last named contains the substance of nearly a thousand sermons preached in course on Wednesday evenings through a period of thirty years.

REV. THOMAS GOUGE, 1605-1681, a clergyman of the English Church, celebrated for his active benevolence. He was a zealous promoter of the gospel among the Welsh, and equally zealous in giving religious instruction to the children in Christ's Hospital, London. "There have not, since the primitive times of Christianity, been many among the sons of men to whom that glorious character of the Son of God might be better applied, that he went about doing good. And Wales may as worthily boast of this truly Apostolical man as of their famous St. David."- Archbishop Tillot80. He published The Principles of the Christian Religion Explained; The Young Man's Guide to Heaven; A Word to Sinners and a Word to Saints; The Surest Way of Thriving (by giving to the poor), etc.; also, a biography of his father, Dr. William Gouge.

HERBERT THORNDIKE,

1672, studied at Cambridge, and finally became Master of Sidney College. In consequence of his political views he was ejected during Cromwell's administration, but was restored by Charles I. His works are chiefly religious and doctrinal, and some of them have become quite rare. The best known, perhaps, are a Discourse of the Rights of the Church in a Christian State, and a treatise on the Holy Eucharist. Thorndike was a staunch upholder of church establishment.

HENRY MORE, D. D., 1614-1687, a learned divine of the English Church, who could not be tempted from his studious retirement by either ecclesiastical or University preferment. He was a devout admirer of Plato, and his works are strongly tinctured with Platonistic sentiments. Of his works not in Latin the following are the chief: Philosophical Poems; The Mystery of Godliness; Confutation of Astrology; Exposi tion of the Seven Epistles to the Seven Churches of Asia, etc.

WILLIAM CLAGGett, D. D., 1646–1688, a clergyman of the Church of England. He wrote several theological works: A Discourse on the Holy Spirit, in reply to Owen; An Answer to the Dissenters' Objections to Common Prayer; Extreme Unction; Paraphrase and Notes on the first chapter of John.

IV. NON-CONFORMIST WRITERS.

Baxter.

Richard Baxter, D. D., 1615-1691, one of the leading Non-conformist divines, is said to "have preached more sermons, engaged in more controversies, and written more books, than any other Non-conformist of the age," which is saying a good deal, as they were all voluminous writers.

Amount of his Labors. "The best method of forming a correct opinion of Baxter's labors for the press is by comparing them with those of some of his brethren who wrote a great deal. The works of Bishop Hall amount to 10 vols., 8vo; Lightfoot's extend to 13; Jeremy Taylor's to 15; Dr. Goodwin's would make about 20; Dr. Owen's extend to 28; Baxter's, if printed in a uniform edition, would not be com

M

prised in less than sixty volumes." This is an evident exaggeration. Orme's edition, published in 1830, and considered the standard edition, is in 23 vols., 8vo.

Of this immense mass, the greater part has gone into oblivion. It was not, indeed, like the writings of some voluminous authors, ponderous, curious matter, meant only for the learned few, but it related to the living issues of the times, and was addressed to readers at large. But those issues themselves mostly have passed away, and with them the literature of the occasion has ceased to exist except as a part of history.

Two of Baxter's works, however, are a signal exception to this remark. These are The Call to the Unconverted, and The Saints' Everlasting Rest. These two small treatises have passed through countless editions, and have continued to form a part of the religious literature of the English speaking race all over the world, and doubtless will do so to the end of time. Baxter was one of the busiest men of his time, and one of the most influential. But he is at this day, probably, exerting a wider influence by these two little books than he did while living by all his multiplied labors.

Owen.

John Owen, D. D., 1616-1683, is generally considered the greatest of the Puritan divines.

Career. Owen was educated at Oxford, and during the Protectorate of Cromwell was Vice-Chancellor of the University. At the Restoration, Owen retired to London, and preached there to a dissenting congregation. Having impaired his health by excessive study, he removed for change of air into the country, first to Woburn, and afterwards to Ealing, where he died.

Of all the eminent Non-conformists of that day, none perhaps was more respected by those of the opposite party. While at the head of the University, he comported himself with such moderation towards the Episcopalians that he is said to have been as much beloved by them as by his own party. Lord-Chancellor Clarendon, on coming into power, offered Owen immediate preferment if he would conform, and at the death of the illustrious "Dissenter" more than sixty of the nobility of the realm followed him to his grave.

His Works. -Owen was a man of great learning, and his industry was prodigious. His works fill twenty-four volumes large octavo. The two of most enduring character are the Commentary on the Hebrews, and the work on The Holy Spirit. Some of his other treatises are, On the Person of Christ; the Doctrine of the Saints' Perseverance; A Display of Arminianism, &c.

Style. -Owen did not cultivate the graces of style, but there is always robustness and strength in his argument. He discussed whatever subject he undertook as if he intended to leave nothing to be said by those who should come after him. With all the progress made since his time in the science of criticism and exegesis, no prudent commentator, even now, would undertake to expound the Epistle to the Hebrews without a constant reference to the work of Owen. In his writings of a practical