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Pepys was a native of London, and was educated at Cambridge. For a number of years he was secretary to the Lords of Admiralty. Pepys published during his lifetime two works that are not without value: Portugal History in 1667 and 1668; and Memoirs on the State of the Royal Navy. But these works are completely overshadowed by Pepys's immortal Diary. This unique work lay for more than a century, in shorthand MS., unknown, in the Pepysian library of Magdalen College. It was deciphered and published, but only in a mutilated form, in 1825. In 1849 appeared a fuller edition, but even this leaves much to be desired. The time covered by this diary is from 1659 to 1669. The work is one of intense interest to all who are interested in English literature and history. The writer seems to have seen everybody, and gone everywhere, was an interminable gossip, and an indefatigable searcher after odds and ends. The style is quaint and garrulous, enlivened with the most cheerful naïveté.

"The best book of its kind in the English language.

Pepys is marvellously entertaining: the times and the man peep out in a thousand odd circumstances and amusing expressions. The ablest picture of the age in which the writer lived, and a work of standard importance in English literature." — London Athenæum.

SIR ROGER L'ESTRANGE, 1616-1704, was a political writer who defended without scruple all the enormities of the Court of Charles II. and James II., and was rewarded by being knighted and made Licenser of the Press.

He "was by no means deficient in readiness and shrewdness; and his diction, though coarse, and disfigured by a mean and flippant jargon which then passed for wit in the greenroom and the tavern, was not without keenness and vigor. But his nature, at once ferocious and ignoble, showed itself in every line that he penned." - Macaulay.

Besides his political and controversial pieces, he translated a large number of works, chiefly from the ancient classics: Esop's Fables; Seneca's Morals; Cicero's Offices; Erasmus's Colloquies, Josephus, Quevedo's Visions, etc. The Queen, who had a great contempt for him, made the following anagram on his name, which perhaps did him no injustice:

"Roger L'Estrange,
Lying strange Roger."

EDWARD CHAMBERLAYNE, LL. D., 1616-1703, was a political and miscellaneous writer. The Present War Parallelled; England's Wants; Angliæ Notitia, or The Present State of England; A Dialogue between an Englishman and a Dutchman, concerning the last Dutch War: The Converted Presbyterian; An Academy or College, wherein Young Ladies and Gentlemen may, at a very moderate expense, be educated in the Christian religion, etc.-JOHN CHAMBERLAYNE, d. 1723, son of Edward, was distinguished as a linguist, being acquainted with ten different languages. The Angliæ Notitia, begun by the father, was continued by the son. He wrote also Dissertations on the Memorable Events of the Old and New Testaments, and translated a large number of works from the French and Dutch.

SIR SAMUEL MORLAND, 1625–1693, was an accomplished scholar in the times of Oliver Cromwell and the Stuarts. He held high positions, and was distinguished for his mechanical genius and inventions. Of his literary works, the one which is of most note is The History of the Evangelical Churches in the Valley of Piedmont, fol. It is often referred to, and is a standard authority on that subject.

SIR GEORGE MACKENZIE, 1636-1691, a native of Dundee, educated at Aberdeen and St. Andrew's, held several high judicial and political appointments in Scotland. Sir George is the author of many works and essays which were held in high repute at one time, but have since fallen into disfavor and neglect. The best known are: Religio Stoica, Moral Gallantry, Jus Regium, a defence of absolute monarchy, On the Discovery of the Fanatick Plot, and Memoirs of the History of Scotland. Sir George's treatment of his subjects is commonplace, and his style affected and pedantic.

SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, 1621-1709, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer under William III., and for some time Speaker of the House of Commons, was the author of several learned treatises on Parliamentary law: An Inquiry into the Power of Dispensing with Penal Laws; The Power of Jurisdiction and Privileges of Parliament; The True and Ancient Jurisdiction of the House of Peers; The Jurisdiction of the Chancery in Causes of Equity. Also two pamphlets in defence of Lord Russell.- SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, 1647-1711, son of Sir Robert, was the author of a work entitled "The Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire,”—a large folio, beautifully printed and adorned with pictures of scenery and of the seats of the nobility and gentry.

JOHN EACHARD, D. D., 1636-1697, Master of Catharine Hall, Cambridge, was noted as a writer for the keenness of his ridicule, though as a preacher he was dull and prosy. He wrote Hobbes's State of Nature Considered, in a dialogue between Philautus and Timothy; The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy; Non-Conforming Preachers, etc. Hobbes, though full of conceit and impervious to direct argument, was very sensitive to Eachard's ridicule.

"I was in company with Hobbes when he swore and cursed, and raved like a madman at the mention of Dr. Eachard's Timothy and Philautus."— Dr. Hickes.

"I have known men happy enough at ridicule, who, upon grave subjects, were perfectly stupid; of which Dr. Eachard, of Cambridge, who wrote The Contempt of the Clergy, was a great instance." - Swift.

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JOSEPH GLANVILLE, 1636–1680, a learned clergyman of the Church of England, was a scientific man, an active member of the Royal Society, and an advocate of the Aristotelian philosophy. Yet he believed firmly in witchcraft, and published several treatises to prove its truth, and regarded as sceptics and Sadducees those who were otherwise minded. His principal works are: Blow at Modern Sadduceeism, on Witches and Witchcraft; Sadducismus Triumphans, or a Full and Plain Evidence concerning Witches and Apparitions; Plus Ultra, or the Progress of Knowledge since Aristotle; Scepsis Scientifica, or Confessed Ignorance the Way to Knowledge, etc., etc. "The whole work is strongly marked with the features of an acute, an original, and, in matters of science, a somewhat sceptical genius; and when compared with the treatise on witchcraft, by the same author, adds another proof to those already mentioned of the possible union of the highest intellectual gifts with the most degrading intellectual weakness." Dugald Stewart.

GEORGE HICKES, D. D., 1642–1715, educated at Oxford, and made Dean of Worcester, was deprived for refusing to take the oath to William and Mary. Hickes was one of the most learned men of his time, and inflexible in his religious principles. He published several theological writings, but is best known by his contributions to the study of Anglo-Saxon and Old English. His two great works are Institutiones Grammaticæ Anglo-Saxonicæ, &c., and Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus, &c., containing extracts from original A. S. manuscripts now lost.

ANDREW FLETCHER, of Saltoun, 1653-1716, was a Scottish statesman of high character and in great respect for his parliamentary eloquence and his zealous championship of the rights of the people. A collection of his Discourses and Speeches has been published. One sentiment of his is often quoted. It occurs in a letter to the Marquis of Montrose: "I knew a very wise man that believed that if a man were permitted to make all the ballads, he need not care who should make the laws of a nation."

THOMAS BURNET, 1635-1715, gained great distinction by the publication of a philosophical treatise in Latin, on The Sacred Theory of the Earth. He translated it into English with alterations and additions. Its scheme of geology is utterly absurd,— was so even with the dim light then possessed on this subject; yet the treatise found many readers, and even some disciples, on account of the extreme beauty of its style.

JAMES DRAKE, M. D., 1667-1707. was a political writer, whose publications produced considerable ferment. His History of the Last Parliament, 1702, and Historia AngloScotica, gave great offence to the Government, and were burnt by the common hangman.

ROGER PALMER, Earl of Castlemain,

1705, ambassador from James II. to the Pope, was the author of several works: The Present War between the Venetians and the Turks; The Late War between the English and Dutch in Savoy; Apology for the Papists, &c.

SIR THOMAS POPE BLOUNT, 1649-1697, eldest son of Sir Henry Blount, was a member of the House of Commons, and for many years commissioner of accounts. He published a book in Latin, which was a sort of Dictionary of Authors, including those of all nations: Censura Celebriorum Authorum-A Critique on the most celebrated Authors. Also, A Natural History, and a volume of Essays on Poetry, Learning, Education, etc.

CHARLES BLOUNT, 1654-1693, a gentleman of good birth and education, son of Sir Henry Blount, published several works of an infidel tendency, Anima Mundi, Great is Diana of the Ephesians, William and Mary Conquerors, etc. He was a man of irregular desires, and he ended his life by suicide.

CAPT. WILLIAM DAMPIER, 1652, a famous old navigator, was the author of Dampier's Voyage Round the World, 4 vols., 8vo, etc.

ROBERT BRADY, 1643-1700, wrote several historical works, the chief of which is A Complete History of England, 3 vols., folio. This work is highly commended for its accuracy. Hume is said to have drawn upon it largely for the materials of his work.

JOHN AUBREY, 1627–1697, has no little notoriety as an antiquary. Aubrey's Miscellanies was published in 1696, and is full of the supernatural, Transportation in the Air, Blows Invisible, Converse with Angels and Spirits, etc., etc. Most of his antiquarian works were left in MS., but have since been published. Perambulation of the County of Surrey, appeared in 5 vols., 1725. His Collection for Wilts was published in 1821, his Lives of Eminent Men in 1813. His character as an antiquary is in dispute, some critics counting him half crazed and unworthy of credit, others believing him credible in his account of whatever passed under his own observation, though not to be trusted in his conjectures. Some of the most interesting of the alleged facts in the early life of Shakespeare depend upon Aubrey's testimony.

ELIAS ASHMOLE, 1617-1693, was an antiquarian of great celebrity.

Ashmole's principal works, besides some Latin treatises on Chemistry and Natural philosophy, were History of Berkshire in 3 vols, folio, and History of the Order of the Garter. The last-named work was one of immense research, and won for him reat applause. "It was his greatest undertaking, and had he published nothing else, would have preserved his memory, as it certainly is, in its kind, one of the most valuable books in our language."— Chalmers. He made a famous collection of coins, medals, and other curiosities, which with his books and MSS. were bequeathed to the University of Oxford, where they constitute the nucleus of the Ashmolean Museum.

ANTHONY A WOOD, 1632-1695, has great celebrity as the historian of Oxford University.

Wood was born and educated there, receiving his degree of M. A. in 1655; and he spent the remaining forty years of his life in recording the history of the institution and of those who had been connected with it. As a writer, he lacked taste and skill; he was thoroughly prejudiced, never losing an opportunity to laud a high churchman or a Catholic, or to snub a Roundhead or a Presbyterian, or a poet; yet withal so industrious and painstaking a collector of facts that his works are invaluable, constituting the main storehouse for the materials of the early history of English literature. His works were two; The History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls in the University of Oxford, 4to; and Athenæ Oxonienses, an exact history of all the writers and bishops who have had their education at Oxford, giving their birth, fortune, preferments, and the fate and character of their writings, 2 vols., fol.

III. THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Tillotson.

John Tillotson, D. D., 1630-1694, was greatly distinguished as a pulpit orator. His Sermons were considered the highest models of pulpit eloquence; and though not now held in so great estimation as they once were, they still have an honored place in English literature.

Tillotson was born of Puritan stock, but early left the Presbyterians and conformed to the Church of England. He was educated at Cambridge, and rose through a long series of promotions until he became Archbishop of Canterbury. He is universally esteemed as one of the great lights of the English Church. His special distinctions were his moderation and good sense as an ecclesiast, and his eloquence as a preacher. His reputation in the latter point was prodigious during his life, and for one or two generations after his decease. His collected works, chiefly Sermons, have been frequently printed, formerly in 3 vols., folio, latterly in 12 vols., 8vo.

"Tillotson's highest flights were indeed far below those of Taylor, of Barrow, and of South; but his oratory was more correct and equable than theirs. His style is not brilliant; but it is pure, transparently clear, and equally free from the laxity and from the stiffness which disfigure the sermons of some eminent divines of the seventeenth century. The greatest charm of his compositions, however, is derived from the benignity and candor which appear in every line, and which show forth not less conspicuously in his life than in his writings." Macaulay.

South.

Robert South, D. D., 1633-1716, is generally regarded as the most eloquent preacher of his day.

South was educated, first at the Westminster School, under the famous Dr. Busby, then at Oxford. He was University Orator in 1660, and afterwards obtained some valuable preferments in the Church. He was a zealous Royalist and Episcopalian, and waged unsparing war upon the Puritans with his tongue and with his pen. South's chief distinction was as a preacher. His sermons are masterpieces of vigorous sense and sound English, though not altogether as decorous as modern taste requires in pulpit discourses. His works, chiefly sermons, have been published in 5 vols., 8vo.

"South had great qualifications for that popularity which attends the pulpit, and his manner was at that time original. Not diffuse, not learned, not formal in argument like Barrow, with a more natural structure of sentences, a more pointed, though by no means a more fair and satisfactory turn of reasoning, with a style clear and English, free from all pedantry, but abounding with those colloquial novelties of idiom which, though now become vulgar and offensive, the age of Charles II. affected; sparing no personal or temporary sarcasm; but if he seems for a moment to tread on the verge of buffoonery, recovering himself by some stroke of vigorous sense and language; such was the witty Dr. South, whom the courtiers delighted to hear."- Hallam's Lit. History of Europe.

EDWARD STILLINGFLEET, 1635-1699, was a learned Bishop of the Church of England.

Stillingfleet was the author of numerous treatises on theological subjects, and after his death his Works were published in 6 vols., fol. The most elaborate and important were the following: Origines Sacræ, or A Rational Account of the Grounds of Natural and Revealed Religion; Origines Britannicæ, or The Antiquities of the British Churches; A Rational Account of the Grounds of the Protestant Religion; Irenicum, A WeaponSalve for the Church's Wounds, or The Divine Right of Particular Forms of Church Government, etc.

WILLIAM BEVERIDGE, D. D., 1637-1708, a Bishop of the English Church, was the author of several theological treatises in Latin, and of numerous works in English, the latter being chiefly on the practical

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