of Great Britain. All his volumes are accompanied by engravings in aquatint, exe cuted by himself with the taste and feelings of a painter. He has in some measure created a new kind of tour, which has found bad imitators everywhere. All his works abound with ingenious reflections, proper to enrich the theory of the arts and to guide the practice of them."-Biog. Universelle.

REV. GILBERT WHITE, 1720-1793, was a native and a resident of Selborne, which he has made famous by his writings. He wrote a Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, which has been published in a great variety of forms, and is considered a model of its kind.

ARTHUR YOUNG, 1741-1820, "left behind him a name, so far as the rural economy of Great Britain is concerned, inferior to that of no man in the kingdom."

Young wrote exclusively on agricultural subjects, but in a popular way that made him entertaining for ordinary reading. The following are a few of his many publications: The Farmer's Letters to the People of England; The Farmer's Letters to the Landlords of Great Britain; A Six Week's Tour through the Southern Counties of England and Wales; A Six Month's Tour to the North of England, Rural Economy, etc., etc.

"The works of Arthur Young did incomparably more than those of any other individual to introduce a taste for agriculture and to diffuse a knowledge of the art in this and other countries. They are written in an animated, forcible, pure English style, and are at once highly entertaining and instructive. Though sometimes rash and prejudiced, his statements or inferences may in general be depended upon. His activity, perseverance, and devotedness to agriculture were unequalled. His Tours, especially those in Ireland and in France, which are both excellent, are most valuable publications." McCulloch: Lit, of Polit. Econ.

Orme.

ROBERT ORME, 1728-1801, acquired celebrity as historiographer to the British East India Company.

Orme was the son of an English physician in the service of the East India Company. He was educated at Harrow, and then returned to India and took a conspicuous part in the administration of the Company's affairs. It was by his influence that Clive was placed in military command, and thereby the foundation laid for British empire throughout the peninsula.

Orme returned to England in 1758, and was appointed historiographer to the Com pany. In this position he published a number of historical works, the most important of which are: History of the Military Transactions of the British in Hindostan, and Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, etc. These works are very minute in details, and carefully prepared; but the narrative proceeds so slowly that the reader's patience is wearied. It is to Orme that we owe the best account of Clive's appearance on the scene of action, the cruelties of Surajah Dowlah, and the unparalleled growth of the British power, that now seems like a dream.

JAMES FORBES, 1749-1819, a native of London, was employed for many years in India, in the civil service of the East India Company.

On his return to England, Forbes published a work of great research and beauty, on the manners and customs of the East: Oriental Memoirs, a Narrative of Seventeen Years' Residence in India, embellished with ninety-five fine engravings, 4 vols., 4to. He published also Reflections on the Character of the Hindoos; Letters from France, etc. Mr. Forbes compiled the work first named from his original materials of 150 vols., folio. "The drawings and collections of Mr. Forbes seem almost to exceed the power of human industry and perseverance, and this literary monument to his name may fairly be considered the essence of his extraordinary researches."― London Lit. Gazette.

GEORGE FOSTER,

1792, was a traveller and an employee in the civil service of the East India Company. He published A Journey from Bengal to England, 2 vols., 4to; Sketches of the Mythology and Customs of the Hindoos.

JONAS HANWAY, 1712-1786, was a native of Portsmouth. He lived some years in Russia, where he was engaged in mercantile business. On his return to England, he published a book of travels, called An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian, etc., etc., 4 vols., 4to. A few years later, he published A Journal of Eight Days' Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston-upon-Thames, etc. Johnson says: "Jonas acquired some reputation by travelling abroad, but lost it all by travelling at home."

GEORGE VANCOUVER, 1750-1798, was one of England's great naval explorers. He served with Cook on the second and third voyage of the latter, and was appointed to an independent command, for the purpose of exploration, in 1791. The fruit of his expedition was A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific and a Voyage Round the World, 3 vols., 4to.

THOMAS PENNANT, 1726-1798, educated at Oxford, was an extensive traveller in his day, and published a great number of books of travel and treatises on subjects of natural philosophy. His History of Quadrupeds and Arctic Zoology were highly com mended by Cuvier. His Three Tours in Scotland and Tours in Wales abound in interesting details of topography and pleasant bits of description. His Welsh travels contain some curious information about the bards of that country.

HON. HENRY CAVENDISH, 1730-1810, an English gentleman of great wealth, and grandson of the Duke of Devonshire, lived a secluded life, devoting himself to the prosecution of chemical sciences. He made many valuable experiments and discov eries, which were published in the Philosophical Transactions.

JOHN ABERCROMBIE, 1726-1806, a Scotchman, wrote fourteen works on Horticulture, the most important of which was The Universal Gardener and Botanist.

THOMAS BEDDOES, M. D., 1760-1808, noted chiefly as a chemist and physician, was a man of great versatility, and, in addition to his scientific publications, wrote several of a popular character, on education, politics, and political economy. Some of these are: History of Isaac Jenkins, a Moral Fiction: Observations on the Nature of Demonstrative Evidence; A Word in Defence of the Bill of Rights; An Essay on the Public Merits of Mr. Pitt. Dr. Beddoes married a sister of Maria Edgeworth.

JOHN MOORE, M. D., 1730-1802, a native of Stirling, Scotland, was educated at the University of Glasgow. He studied medicine in London and Paris, practised for some

time in Glasgow, and afterwards spent much of his time on the continent. He was the father of the celebrated military hero, Sir John Moore. He was a man of letters, and wrote several works of merit: A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, Germany, 2 vols., 8vo; A View of Society and Manners in Italy, 2 vols., 8vo; A View of the Causes and Progress of the French Revolution, 2 vols., 8vo; Journal of a Residence in France, 2 vols., Svo; Medical Sketches, 4to; and Zelucco, Edward, and Mordaunt, Novels.

WILLIAM HUTTON, 1723-1815, a bookseller of Birmingham, was the author of a number of works, principally sketches of journeys in England. One of them, A Trip to Coatham, was written by Hutton in his eighty-sixth year. His works are interesting and valuable for the vast amount of topographical details that they contain.

Beloe.

REV. WILLIAM BELOE, 1756-1817, a pupil of Dr. Parr's, was for a long time connected with the literature and the literary men of England.

Beloe was one of the librarians of the British Museum. His two best and best known works are his Translation of Herodotus, and his Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books. Besides these, he published Translations of Aulus Gellius, Alciphron's Epistles, Rape of Helen, and Arabian Nights (from the French); Miscellanies, 3 vols.; Poems and Translations. He was one of the writers of the Biographical Dictionary, 15 vols. He contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine, and was for many years editor of the British Critic. After his death appeared his autobiography, The Sexagenarian, or Memoirs of a Literary Life, containing amusing anecdotes, but censured for the freedom of its remarks. "These volumes, for presumption, misstatement, and malignity, have rarely been exceeded, or even equalled.”— Lowndes.

JOSEPH TOWERS, LL. D., 1737-1799, born in Southwark, was a printer, then a bookseller, and finally a Unitarian preacher. He published British Biography, 10 vols., 8vo; Memoirs of Frederick the Great, 2 vols., 8vo; The Genuine Doctrines of Christianity; Vindication of the Political Opinions of Locke; Tracts on Political and Other Subjects, 3 vols., 8vo.

ROBERT BISSET, 1759-1805, a Scotch schoolmaster and author, is chiefly known by his History of the Reign of George III., which served as a continuation of the History of England by Hume and Smollett.

Forty years ago, before the recent revolutions in historical writing, Hume, Smollett, and Bisset were printed together in consecutive volumes, as forming a connected history of England, and were, in the United States at least, the accepted and universal authority on that subject. Bisset's other works were Life of Edmund Burke; Douglas, a novel; Modern Literature, a novel.

AARON ARROWSMITH, 1750-1823, is extensively known by his geographical works. He was for a long time the principal authority on geographical matters, and was noted for the accuracy of the explanatory letter-press as well as for the clearness and auty of his maps. Of the latter he published more than one hundred and thirty.

ALEXANDER ADAM, LL. D., 1741-1809, was Rector of the Edinburgh High-School. His Roman Antiquities and his Latin Grammar, though now superseded, were for a long time the leading text-books on those subjects in the United States as well as in Scotland. He was also the author of a work on Ancient Geography, and of a Summary of Geography and History.

WILLIAM ENFIELD. LL. D., 1741-1797, a Unitarian minister, was an author of considerable celebrity.

Enfield assisted Dr. Aikin in the General Biography, and wrote a large part of the Lives in the first volume of that work. He wrote The Preacher's Directory, containing an arrangement of topics and texts; and published The English Preacher, a collection of short sermons from various authors, 9 vols., 12mo. He prepared several school-books which had not gone entirely into disuse when the writer of this paragraph was a boy: Enfield's Speaker, a collection of pieces in prose and verse; Elocution; Natural Philosophy. He also published Sermons, Prayers, and a Selection of Hymns. But his chief work was a History of Philosophy, 2 vols., 4to, being a translation and abridgment of Brucker's Historia Critica Philosophiæ, 6 vols., 4to.

JOHN BERKENHOUT, 1730-1791, was an English physician of Dutch origin, who, to numerous other avocations, gave considerable time to authorship. Besides several works of a scientific character, he published Biographia Literaria, a biographical history of literature, containing the lives of authors, English, Scotch, and Irish. It was intended to be in 3 vols., but only one volume appeared, running from the beginning of the fifth century to the end of the sixteenth.

GEORGE ELLIS, 1745-1815, did a good service to the cause of letters by his publication of Specimens of the Early English Poets, 3 vols., 1790; and his Specimens of Early English Romance in Metre, 3 vols., 1805.

Gough the Antiquarian.

RICHARD GOUGH, 1735–1809, has been termed "The Camden of the 18th Century." He was indeed the prince of antiquarians of the age in which he lived.

Gough was a native of London, and a graduate of Cambridge, and having an ample fortune he devoted his time and much of his money to the prosecution of antiquarian research. The following are his chief publications: Sepulchral Monuments in Great Britain, applied to illustrate the history of families, manners, habits, and arts, at different periods, from the Norman Conquest to the 17th century, 3 vols., fol., bound in 5; Anecdotes of British Topography, 2 vols., 4to; Account of the Bedford Missal, 4to. "While the greater number of his associates might have been emulous of distinguishing themselves in the gayeties of the table or the chase, it was the peculiar feeling and master-passion of young Gough's mind to be constantly looking upon every artificial object without as food for meditation and record. The mouldering turret and the crumbling arch, the moss-covered stone and the obliterated inscription, served to excite. in his mind, the most ardent sensations, and to kindle that fire of antiquarian research, which afterwards never knew decay; which burnt with undiminished lustre at the close of his existence, and which prompted him, when in the full enjoy. ment of his bodily faculties, to explore long desolated castles and mansions, to tread long-neglected by-ways, and to snatch from impending oblivion many a precious relic,

and many a venerable ancestry. He is the Camden of modern times. He spared ne labor, no toil, no expense, to obtain the best information; and to give it publicity when obtained, in a manner the most liberal and effective.” — Dibdin.

FRANCIS GROSE, 1731–1791, an antiquary of distinction, spent much time in travelling through Great Britain, sketching various objects and collecting materials for their history. The following are his principal works: Antiquities of England and Wales, 4 vols., 4to; Antiquities of Scotland, 2 vols., 8vo; Antiquities of Ireland, 2 vols., 8vo; Treatise on Ancient Armor, 4to; Military Antiquity of the English Army, 2 vols., 4to; Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue; A Provincial Glossary, etc., etc. He was also one of the conductors of the Antiquarian Repertory, 4 vols., 4to.

THOMAS MAURICE, 1764–1821, a clergyman of the Church of England, and Assistant Librarian in the British Museum, published several historical and antiquarian works of great value: Indian Antiquities, 7 vols., 8vo; History of Hindostan, 2 vols., 4to; Poems, Tragedies, etc.

SAMUEL PEGGE, LL. D., 1701-1796, a learned antiquary and a dignitary of the English Church, published several works that throw light upon the growth of English letters: Dissertations on some Elegant and very Valuable Anglo-Saxon Remains; An Assemblage of Coins fabricated by authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury; Anonymiana, or Ten Centuries of Observations on Various Authors and Subjects; Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times; The Life of Robert Grosseteste, etc.-SAMUEL PEGGE, JR., 1731-1800, was son of the preceding, and, like his father, an antiquarian. He was the author of the following works: Curialia, or an Historical Account of some Branches of the Royal Household; Anecdotes of the English Language, chiefly regarding the local dialect of London and its environs.

JOSEPH STRUTT, 1742-1802, was a well-known English engraver and antiquarian.

Strutt's contributions to English archæology are: The Legal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of England, Horda Angel-Cynnan (a Complete View of the Manners, Customs, Arms, Habits, etc., of the People of England), two volumes of the Chronicles of England (down to the Norman Conquest), a Biographical Dictionary of Engravers, and Glig-Gamena Angel-Leod, or The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. All these works are profusely and handsomely illustrated by Strutt himself. Besides these graver works, Strutt is the author of several tales and romances, one of which, Queenhoo Hall, had the honor of being completed and published by Scott after the author's death. It is scarcely necessary to add that Strutt's works are of the greatest value to the lover of English antiquities.

SAMUEL AYSCOUGH, 1745-1804, was for twenty years assistant librarian in the British Museum. In connection with Mr. Harper and Dr. Maty, he prepared the Catalogue of printed books in the Museum, 2 vols., folio, 1787, each of the collaborators contributing about one-third. He also prepared a Copious Index to the Remarkable Passages and Words in Stockdale's edition of Shakespeare, in 1784. He made indexes likewise to the Monthly Review, The British Critic, and the first 56 vols. of The Gentleman's Magazine. "His labors in literature were of the most useful cast, and manifested a patience and assiduity seldom to be met with; and his laborious exertions in the vast and invaluable library of the British Museum form a striking instance of his zeal and indefatigable attention."-Chalmers.