The best of his writings, perhaps, are The Characters of Charles James Fox, and his book notices published in the then existing monthly reviews.

RICHARD PAYNE KNIGHT, 1750-1824, a native of Herefordshire, was a prominent Greek scholar of his time.

He published several essays and works of a philological character, among them an Essay on the Greek Alphabet, and an edition of the Iliad and the Odyssey, with prolegomena. He also published a feeble poem, entitled The Progress of Civil Society, which was parodied by Canning and others in The Anti-Jacobin. Mr. Knight is also known for his famous collection of Greek coins and bronzes, bequeathed by him to the British Museum.

SIR WILLIAM GELL, 1777-1836, was very eminent as a classical antiquary.

He was educated at Cambridge, and was Fellow of one of its colleges. He spent a large part of his life in Greece and Italy, making those researches which were the foundation of his numerous works. The following are his chief publications: Topography of Troy and its Vicinity, folio; Geography and Antiquity of Ithaca, 4to; Itinerary of Greece, 4to; Itinerary of the Morea, 8vo; Attica, fol., Topography of Rome and its Vicinity, S vols., 8vo; Pompeiana, or Description of Topography, Edifices, and Ornaments of Pompeii, 2 vols., imp. 8vo. Sir William Gell's works were all of the highest order of excellence, for accuracy, thoroughness, and elegance.

"Gell's notions of authorship were of a very aristocratic nature. All his works were brought out on so large and extensive a scale as to be out of the reach of that class of readers for whom his topographical and antiquarian researches would have been especially useful,- for travellers in those countries whose remains were described by him." -Dr. Madden.

PETER ELMSLEY, D. D., 1773–1825, was an Oxford scholar, and one of the most accomplished Grecians of his day.

He wrote for the Edinburgh critical reviews of Heyne's Homer; Schweighauser's Athenæus; Blomfield's Prometheus; and Porson's Hecuba. He edited, with consummate ability, The Acharnenses; Edipus Tyrannus; Edipus Coloneus; Heraclidæ ; Medea; and Baccha. These labors gave him a high reputation throughout Europe as a consummate Greek scholar.

JOHN CHETWODE EUSTACE, 1765-1815, a Catholic priest, and an elegant writer, was the author of a work which was once in general repute, A Classical Tour through Italy, 2 vols., 4to. It is written in a pleasant, attractive style, and passed through many editions.

SIR THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES, 1731-1826, rose to high distinction in the British Foreign Service, being made Lieutenant-Governor of Java and Sumatra. He published several interesting works on Java, the chief of which is a history of the island, in two large volumes, quarto. It gives ample details concerning the archæology, literature, law, manners, mythology, etc., of the Malayan Archipelago, and a comparative vocabulary of five or six of the languages. Sir Thomas's valuable collection of plants, animals, and manuscripts was lost by a fire at sea, on his homeward voyage in 1824.

SIR JOHN MALCOLM, 1769–1833, a native of Scotland, distinguished himself in the East India service, and rose to the post of Governor of Bombay. Sir John is the author of a number of works upon oriental history and manners. The most important are: A History of Persia; Memoir of Central India; Political History of India from 1784 to 1823; and Sketches of Persia. He is a warm advocate of British aggrandizement in the East. He is described as amiable in disposition, but of great enterprise and perseverance. "Sir John Malcolm's name will always maintain a respectable place in the annals of Indian diplomacy; but his published works are prolix, and deficient in the reach and vigor of mind required in a philosophical historian.”— McCulloch,

THE PERCY ANECDOTES.- Sholto and Reuben Percy were the assumed names of two editors, Byerly and Robertson, who published, in 1820, a collection called "The Percy Anecdotes," which met with immense success, and which was for a time the standard collection of jests and humorous stories.

JOHN GORTON published, in 1828-1830, a Biographical Dictionary, in 2 vols., Svo, subsequently enlarged to 4 vols., which was regarded as a work of great convenience and utility. It has since been superseded by other and more complete works. Little is known of the author.

MICHAEL BRYAN, 1757-1821, wrote a Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, 2 vols., 4to, (1813-1816,) which was held in high esteem as a standard work on that subject.

JOHN LEMPRIERE, D. D., 1760-1824, was once universally known among scholars by his Classical Dictionary.

Lempriere was a native of the Isle of Jersey, and a graduate of Oxford. He was a clergyman of the Church of England, and for some time Head Master of Abingdon and of Exeter Grammar-Schools. He is especially noted for his Classical Dictionary, which for a long time was the only manual of the kind in English for the use of classical students. He published some other things, but the Classical Dictionary is the only one by which he is now known.

JOHN JONES, LL. D., 1765-1827, is known chiefly by his Greek Lexicon.

Jones was a Unitarian preacher, and afterwards a teacher in London. The following are his principal publications: A Greek and English Lexicon; The Epistle of Paul to the Romans Analyzed; Ecclesiastical Researches, 2 vols., 8vo; A New Version of the Epistles to the Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and the General Epistle of James; A New Version of the First Three Chapters of Genesis. His Lexicon is noteworthy as being the first in Greek and English. All the Greek Lexicons before that were in Greek and Latin.

Mungo Park.

MUNGO PARK, 1771-1805, was a celebrated English explorer of the interior of Africa.

He made two explorations of the River Niger district, one in 1795-7, the other in 1805, when he was drowned. The account of his first trip was published by himself; the account of the second appeared after his death. Although Mungo Park's travels have been eclipsed in interest by those of subsequent explorers, the results of his enterprise are of permanent value.

DENHAM AND CLAPPERTON. — Hugh Clapperton, 1788-1827, was a celebrated traveller, whose explorations in Africa, in connection with Denham, Lander, and others, added much to our knowledge respecting that continent. He died on his journey, but his notes were preserved, and formed a part of the materials of Denham and Clapperton's Travels. He was a Scotchman. - Col. Dixon Denham, 1786-1828, a British officer, was associated with Clapperton in African explorations. The work, Denham and Clapperton's Travels, was written chiefly by Denham.

Burckhardt.

JOHN LUDWIG BURCKHARDT, 1784-1817, was a traveller of great celebrity, and one of the earliest of those whose names are associated with African exploration.

Burckhardt was a native of Switzerland, but became an Englishman by adoption. His works, all of which are considered as among the best of the class, are: Travels in Nubia; Travels in Syria and the Holy Land; Travels in Arabia; Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys; Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians.

RICHARD LANDER, 1804-1834, was noted as an enterprising trav

eller.

He made three journeys into the interior of Africa,—the first with Clapperton, the second with his brother John Lander, and the third with Macgregor Laird and Dr. Oldfield. Lander was not a man of letters, but he took notes of what he saw, and these formed a valuable part of the materials for the important works of travel which were the fruits of these expeditions.

EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE, LL. D., 1769-1822, Professor of Mineralogy in Cambridge University, derives his chief celebrity from his Travels.

In company with a pupil, he set out on a journey which was intended to last six months, but which actually lasted more than three years. They visited Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, Tartary, Circassia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Greece, returning across the Balkan Mountains through Germany and France. His account of these travels was published in 6 vols., 4to. They are considered the best books of travel by any Englishman, — which is certainly saying much, as the English excel in this line of adventure. "If Humboldt be the first, Clarke is the second, traveller of his age." — Dibdin.

WILLIAM COXE, 1747-1828, an Archdeacon in the English Church, was a very voluminous writer of travels and history. Few persons who have written so much have written so well.

For each of the large number of works that Archdeacon Coxe produced, he has obtained a verdict of high excellence from judges fully competent to decide. He made several excursions to different countries with young members of the nobility as pupils, and in this way laid the foundation for his various works of travel. His chief publications are the following: Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Switzerland; Travels in Switzerland and in the Country of the Grisons; Travels in Russia, Poland, Sweden, and Denmark; Account of the Russian Discoveries between Asia and America; A Comparative View of the Russian Discoveries; Account of the Prisons and Hospitals in Russia, Sweden, and Denmark; Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole; Memoirs of John Duke of Marlborough; History of the House of Austria; Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon. Archdeacon Coxe published also several large topographical works, besides some of a religious character. A set of his Historical Works and Travels was published in 24 vols., imperial 4to.

HENRY DAVID INGLIS, 1795-1835, a native of Edinburgh, travelled extensively in Europe, and embodied the results of his journeyings in a number of very entertaining and trustworthy sketches. The principal are: Journey through Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; Tour through Switzerland, etc.; The New Gil Blas; A Journey through Ireland.

CLAUDIUS JAMES RICH, 1787-1821, is one of that band of eminent scholars who by their researches have revealed to the world the longburied history of Babylon and Nineveh.

Rich was a native of France. He removed to England, when very young, and entered the East India service. By his linguistic talents he attracted the attention of Sir James Mackintosh, and subsequently became that gentleman's son-in-law. Rich was for five years the East India Company's Resident in Bagdad. His health failing, he resigned, and passed the remainder of his life in travels in Asia. He accumulated and also published important information concerning the regions about Babylon and Nineveh, which was turned to great account by Layard, Rawlinson, and other subsequent orientalists. Rich's works are A Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon, A Second Memoir of the same, Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and Narrative of a Journey to the Site of Babylon. His collection of manuscripts has been placed in the British Museum.

MAJ. JAMES RENNELL, 1742-1830, a native of England, served under Clive in India, and was made Surveyor-General of Bengal. He travelled extensively in Asia and Africa, and gave to the world the results of his observations in several magnificent works. These, although superseded in part by the discoveries of recent travellers, still possess great historical value. The chief of them are Memoirs of a Map of Hindostan, where for the first time the Punjab (or five branches of the Indus) is accurately laid down, a Memoir of the Geography of Africa, The Geographical System of Herodotus, and Geographical Illustrations of the Anabasis.

THE present chapter embraces the time from 1830 to 1850. It includes the long period of tranquillity that ensued after the accession of Louis Philippe to the throne of France. It was a time of general peace and thrift throughout the world.

The writers of this period may be divided into six sections: 1. The Poets, beginning with Wordsworth; 2. Writers of Novels and Tales, beginning with Miss Mitford; 3. Writers on Literature, Politics, and Science, beginning with Sydney Smith; 4. Writers on Religion and Theology, beginning with Chalmers; 5. Writers on History, Biography, Antiquities, and Travel, beginning with Lingard; 6. Miscellaneous Writers, beginning with Arnold of Rugby.

I. THE POETS.

Wordsworth.

William Wordsworth, 1770-1850, had been contemporary with Coleridge and Southey and the other illustrious writers mentioned in the preceding chapter, and had risen to fame with them. But he continued steadily to rise after those stars had set, and during all the latter part of his course he reigned supreme in the poetical firmament, in solitary and unapproachable splendor. From 1840 to 1850