attached to the bottom of the ball, does not return precisely to the same point of the circumference of the table after two successive vibrations. Thus is rendered visible the motion which the table has in common with the earth. It is true that, correctly speaking, the table does not turn round its own centre, but turns round the axis of the earth; nevertheless, the effect of the motion relatively to the pendulum suspended over the centre of the table is precisely the same as it would be if the table moved once in twenty-four hours round its own centre, for although the table be turned in common with the surface of the earth round the earth's axis, the point of suspension of the pendulum is turned also in the same time round the same axis, being continually maintained verticle above the centre of the table. The plane in which the pendulum vibrates does not, however, partake of this motion, and consequently has the appearance of revolving once in twenty-four hours over the table, while, in reality, it is the table which revolves once in twentyfour hours under it.

METROPOLIS EVENING SCHOOLS.

The following Document has been issued by the London Diocesan Board

of Education.

79, Pall Mall, April, 1851. REV. SIR.-I am desired to call your attention to a very important communication from the Committee of Council to this Board, in reply to some inquiries made by one of its members, as to the amount of encouragement my Lords would be prepared to give, in establishing Evening Schools in the metropolis. The circular to which reference is made has already been sent to you, and agreeable to the offer therein expressed, this Board has already made several grants to aid in establishing Evening Schools. In consequence, however, of the facility afforded to Clergymen by the Committee of Council for providing Teachers, this Board will be prepared still further to aid, in cases where the local resources fail, in making up a proper salary for an Assistant Master, who should also have the charge of an Evening School. The annual allowance of £15 is the least sum granted by the Committee of Council to a certificated Master, but in order to obtain that grant, £30 additional and a lodging must be provided by the Local Committee. It is not improbable but this or even a greater sum might be obtained by a moderate charge for evening tuition, to be paid weekly by the scholars; and the grants made in still further augmentation by this Board, would in many cases remove the difficulty which the managers of schools in poor districts find in procuring a well-instructed assistant master. I have therefore to inform you, that this Board will receive applications from Clergymen who desire to establish an evening school, for grants in aid of assistant masters' salaries.

I am, your obedient servant,

RICHARD BURGESS, Hon. Sec.

The Circular of the Board of 21st January, 1851 :REV. SIR, The attention of the London Diocesan Board of Education having been called to the subject of Evening Schools for the children of the working classes, and particularly to the desirableness of adopting measures to encourage the extension of the system throughout the metropolitan districts, the Board have resolved on entertaining applications for pecuniary aid towards the establishment of such schools.

It is proposed that these schools should be limited to young persons between the ages of 12 and 17. They are not to be in any way identified with what are called Free or Ragged Schools, but are for the respectable and well-conducted of the labouring class; and it is thought that the offering to such increased and large facilities of obtaining evening instruction may do much to remedy the great defects which are found to exist in the means of education now so extensively afforded by the Church. The Board allude particularly to the very small amount of knowledge, religious or otherwise,

retained in after years by those whose education ceases at a very early period, the number of children of the labouring poor who never attend daily schools at all, and the hitherto insurmountable difficulties experienced by the Clergy, in their endeavours to keep up a pastoral and friendly connection with those who have left school before the period of Confirmation and admission to the Lord's Table. The Board are of opinion that such schools when once established, will in many, if not in most instances, become self-supporting; but as the difficulty of maintaining schools for the first year or two might in some instances be great, they will be ready to give assistance to the Clergy, according to the circumstances of the case and the means at their disposal, towards the establishment of Evening Schools in their respective parishes and districts.

I beg to remain, Rev. Sir,

Your obedient and fathful servant,
RICHARD BURGESS, Hon. Sec.

P.S. Any further information as to the nature of the proposed schools may be obtained on inquiry at the Office.

The Answer of the Committee of Council, dated 8th March, 1851 :

EVENING SCHOOLS FOR THE LABOURING CLASSES.

:

REV. SIR,-I have the honour to inform you that your letter of the 27th ultimo has been submitted to the Lord President of the Council, together with the circular enclosed in it from the Secretary of the London Diocesan Board of Education, relating to Evening Schools for young persons between the ages of 12 and 17 among the respectable and well-conducted portion of the labouring class.

The Lord President agrees with the Diocesan Board in attaching much importance to the effects which schools of this description are calculated to produce, among a section of the labouring population which is now launched from school into life too rapidly, for the most part, to have received any enduring impression, either upon the intellect or the character, in the course of their instruction. This remark applies with peculiar force to the children of the metropolitan poor, whose small opportunities for domestic association, and whose ready means of independent livelihood, remove them at once from influences that serve more or less to prolong the state of pupilage among persons of the same age in other classes.

There being therefore no doubt of the important ends which are to be answered in providing for the continued education of the persons contem plated in the circular of the London Diocesan Board, the Lord President is of opinion that any proposal which goes to connect the schools intended for their reception with the existing elementary day schools, unites many advantages. Among others, it employs an existing and improved machinery, while it secures the means of adaptation between the elementary and the secondary school.

The Lord President, therefore, would not see any difficulty in advising the Committee of Council on Education to allow the usual grant to a certificated teacher, who was engaged by the managers of an elementary day school under inspection, on the understanding that he would be employed during either the morning or afternoon in the elementary school, and afterwards in the evening school.

The Lord President is happy to find that the London Diocesan Board propose to release the teacher of the evening school either from the morning or afternoon school, since under no circumstances would his Lordship feel himself justified in encouraging arrangements whereby the same teacher (in addition, possibly, to the charge of pupil teachers) should be required to keep school in the morning, afternoon, and evening of each day.

An elementary, or even a secondary, school for the poor, differs essentially from schools where the children of opulent parents are sent to be educated. In schools of this latter kind, little more is done by the teacher in school

time beyond hearing the scholars repeat, and beyond examining them upon, the lessons which they are presumed to have learnt elsewhere. But in a school for the poor there is very little, if any, preparation of lessons. The whole work of the school has to be done in the school-hours, and the teacher, instead of having merely to ascertain what the children have learnt, has to be actively and positively teaching them from first to last. Six hours of such labour daily, with another hour and half devoted to pupil teachers, and the time needed for private study, form a task which few constitutions, even of the strongest kind, can continue to fulfil without suffering. To add to this routine of labour, the charge of an evening school can end only in exhausting or driving away the teacher.

There is also another point of considerable importance as regards the annexation of evening schools to day schools for the children of the labouring classes. Pupil teachers, apprenticed under their Lordships' Minutes of 1846, cannot with propriety be employed in evening schools. For purposes of superintendence, they are too nearly of the same age with the rest of the scholars, if not younger than a considerable portion of them; and the kind of instruction to be given, as well as the kind of influence to be exerted, are such as cannot be expected from pupil teachers. Added to which, their attendance in the morning and afternoon school, together with their own private studies and special instruction, are fully sufficient to occupy their time and tax their powers. The Committee of Council might not, perhaps, object to their occasional attendance at lectures, or during other simultaneous instruction of more than ordinary interest, in the evening school; but my Lords could not sanction any arrangement which should substitute attendance at the evening school for that special and separate instruction which (in virtue of the gratuity allowed on their account) pupil teachers are entitled to receive, and my Lords are bound to require for them, out of school-hours. The managers might find it necessary to provide specially for the apprenticeship of pupil teachers under the Minutes of 1846, but however (with the concurrence of the Committee of Council) this might in each case be settled, the responsibility for superintending and instructing the pupil teachers would continue (as at present) to rest with the master to whom they might be apprenticed, and who would receive the gratuity for them in consideration of this charge.

It only remains to notice the expense to be incurred for the second teacher. Their Lordships' lowest augmentation grant (£15 per annum) requires to be met by a salary of £30, in addition to a house, or suitable lodgings, rent free.

An evening school constituted in the manner now proposed, as supplementary to a daily school under inspection, would be admissible to receive grants (under the Minute of 18th December, 1847) for the purchase of books and maps at reduced prices.

I have the honour to be, Rev. Sir,

To the Rev. Henry Hughes,
12, Gordon Street, Gordon Square.

Your obedient servant,

R. R. W. LIngen.

Intelligence.

PROPOSAL FOR ESTABLISHING A TRAINING SCHOOL, APPROVED BY THE LORD BISHOP OF BATH AND WELLS, RESPECTFULLY ADDRESSED TO COMMUNICANTS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.

I. THE basis of the proposal made in this paper is the necessity which appears to have arisen, that the Church of England should organize Training Institutions which shall be altogether independent of State assistance, and shall have no connection, direct or indirect, with the Committee of Council on Education.

II.-The relations between the Church and the State of England in respect

of Education have not been of the Church's own seeking. It is not, however, the purpose of this paper to comment upon these relations and their causes in any spirit of hostility to the civil power; or to imply that the connection between Church and State cannot any longer subsist because it appears to have become necessary that the Church should decline the co-operation of the State in the matter of Education: the purpose is to deal with these relations and their causes simply as facts, which appear to force upon the Church the necessity of providing for the security of her doctrine and discipline-so far as this can be provided for in her Schools-by efforts exclusively her own, and subject to no external influence.

III. The facts of the case appear to be these:

1. The character of the State of England is not a Church character.
The State in its public acts proceeds upon the assumption that all
forms of religious belief are of equal value with "the Catholic
Faith" of the Church of England; and the traces which still
remain of the true position of that "Faith," in relation to the
State, only serve to weaken men's perceptions of the danger which
is involved in all the action of the State whenever it touches ques-
tions affecting the doctrine or the discipline of the Church-and
do not serve to provide one particle of real security.
2.-The State naturally seeks to engraft its own character of religious
indifference upon the Schools of the Church, and to assimilate all
Church Schools to what State Schools are, and must be, if founded
in this kingdom in the nineteenth century-and the State is ena-
bled to do this--as appears to those who do not look beneath the
surface, reasonably and equitably-because it is in the position of
making public grants of various kinds for Educational purposes.
3. The whole history of the Committee of Council on Education, and
of its antecedents, is an illustration of State tendencies, and of the
manner in which these tendencies operate.

4. Now the success of every attempt made in the direction of these
tendencies is not only-in whatever proportion it may succeed—
irreconcilable with the discharge of the office of the Church-but
to acquiesce in arrangements for making any such attempt at all
-however it may be disclaimed or disguised-is to open a door to
a very subtle and a very powerful temptation.

5. The position of the State is then aggressive in the matter of Edu-
cation-as indeed it is now in respect of all matters ecclesiastical-
and there can be no doubt that the aggression is assuming every
day a more formidable aspect.

6. The danger is much aggravated by the fact that circumstances com-
bine to make the aggression gradual, plausible, and palatable.
1.-It is gradual both from necessity and from policy, because it

has much to encounter and to supersede before it can finally
triumph.

2.-It is plausible because it falls in with what appears to be the
peculiar temptation of this portion of "the last time." It is
a Christian's common temptation to bring the deductions of
his reason into the place of "the Catholic Faith," and the
dictates of his will into the place of Catholic obedience; and
there have been many special circumstances of our religious
and civil condition, as Englishmen, which have added power
to the temptation. But there is something even more than
this now.
We are encouraged now-by what is to many of us
high authority-to believe that, after all, there is no such
thing in the world as objective truth, i. e., no such thing in
the world as "the Catholic Faith :" that religious belief is,
after all, only matter of opinion; and that therefore, whenever

any part of "the Catholic Faith" is denied, those who "hold the Catholic Faith" have no cause to be concerned about the denial, because it leaves unquestioned their "right of private judgment," and attempts no interference with their" religious liberty."

The peculiar temptation then of these days appears to be that men are encouraged by authority to "hear" themselves, and not to "hear the Church."

3.-The aggression is palatable, because to yield to it in one degree or another supplies resources which it might, otherwise, be difficult to supply.

7. The position of the Church, in relation to the State, is a defensive position. The Church makes no aggression upon any of the rights of the civil power; she only claims to maintain and to deliver what has been committed to her by God.

8. But the Church of England, in her collective capacity, is not acting upon this claim-rather she is surrendering outwork after outwork into the hands of the aggressor. When two parties, in the present relative position of the Church and the State of England, attempt to negotiate for the adjustment of their conflicting claims, the mischief is more than half done; for negotiation is inadmissible in any case where one party has received certain definite things to maintain and to deliver, and which are therefore not its own to surrender or to compromise, as is the case with the Church-and when the other party insists upon what is nominally a compromise, but really a surrender, of these specific things-as is the case with the State.

9.—The conclusion appears inevitable, that, under such circumstances, one principal security against the operations which are gradually, but surely, undermining the fabric of "the Catholic Faith" of the Church of England, lies in the simple abandonment by the Church of all attempts to negotiate for the adjustment of claims which are in their nature irreconcilable-and in the adoption of systematic efforts within the Church herself, and removed from all pretext for interference on the part of the civil power.

10. This principle, as applied to Education, leads directly to that which it is the purpose of this paper to propose, and which I beg very respectfully to submit for consideration to Communicants of the Church of England.

PROPOSAL―That a vigorous and steady effort be made to raise funds for the establishment of a Training School, which shall be altogether independent of State assistance, and shall have no connection, direct or indirect, with the Committee of Council on Education.

As a humble means of commencing the work in this part of England, I beg to say that I am ready to receive into the Vicarage House of East Brent, young men to be trained, and that I shall be able to accommodate a Master and Assistant and twenty Students.

To enable me to do this, I am compelled to make an appeal to Commun i cants of the Church of England for Donations and yearly Subscriptions. The expenses will be

1.-Articles of Furniture, Linen, &c., Books and School apparatus, with one or two little alterations in the House.

2.-Salary of Master and Assistant.

3. Half the cost of maintenance of twenty Students.
4.-Wages and maintenance of additional Servants.

1. Will be covered by the Donations.

2. 3. 4. By the yearly Subscriptions.

It will be my endeavour to train Masters equal to the charge of all classes of Schools. Great care will be taken to make the whole character of the