than those of the human type for all species of animals with which comparative tests have been made, it seems reasonable to ask, Why should they be regarded as less virulent for man?

(9) Tubercle bacilli of the bovine type are more frequently associated with the tuberculous lesions of children than with those of adults. Does this mean that children are oftener affected with tuberculosis from bovine sources than adults, or does it mean that mutations, shown to occur among tubercle bacilli, have had more time to pass thr ugh a complete transition from the bovine to the human type in tuberculous adults than in tuberculous children? This question is of special interest in connection with Von Behring's view-that tuberculosis, at whatever age it occurs and wherever the lesions are located, arises from latent tubercle bacilli that entered the body through the intestinal canal during childhood.

The authority of Von Behring in the field of tuberculosis is so great that we could not afford to discard his view lightly even if it lacked the abundant support other investigators have given it. If it is true, we certainly have good reasons to believe that the mutations, which quite a number of investigators have recorded as occurring among tubercle bacilli, have had ample time in the lesions of adults to result in a complete adaptive transition from the bovine to the human type of bacillus. Tuberculosis is undoubtedly contracted from two great sources, namely, from tuberculous individuals and tuberculous cattle. When contracted by persons from a human source the bacilli should have the human type; when contracted from cattle we should find the bovine type common in the lesions of young children, less common in those of older children, and very rare in adults. The occurrence of the bovine type, or of transition forms, in the lesions of adults would signify an exception to the rule of infection through latent bacilli introduced into the body during childhood.

This conception of tuberculosis, like most other modern views of the disease, brings with it no encouragement to regard tuberculous dairy products with complacency; on the contrary, it stamps the tuberculous cow as one of the greatest dangers to which public health is exposed.

(10) The inhalation theory to account for the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis has been shown to be no longer tenable, because no substance can be carried into the finer bronchioles by the respiratory process, and because tuberculous lesions in the lung have been shown to spread from the vascular system, the finer capillaries, and not from the air passages. Dried and pulverized tuberculous material has been shown to lack infectiousness, and the infectious spray discharged from the mouths of tuberculous persons during speaking and coughing has been shown to be of importance only in their immediate environments unless such persons are permitted to handle articles of food, to which the larger droplets of the spray may adhere. The introduction of bacilli into the body through the uninjured wall of the digestive tract, anywhere from the mouth downwards, has been shown to be the chief mode of infection with tuberculosis:

Consequently, fresh, virulent tubercle bacilli in articles of food must be regarded as the greatest of tuberculous dangers, and among these, tubercle bacilli in butter, because of their frequent occurrence and their long-continued life and virulence, must rank very high as a danger of the utmost significance for public health.

(11) It is imperatively necessary for the protection of public health that all dairy herds should be cleared of tuberculous animals. It makes no difference whether the milk obtained from a tuberculous herd, or a herd that contains one or more tuberculous animals, is sold as milk or cream or butter; in all forms it is equally objectionable and dangerous. It is not a question of the exposure of children alone, but also of adults; the former drink more milk, but the latter eat butter oftener and in larger quantities.

(12) Until we are certain that the milk delivered to us by dealers is obtained from healthy cows in every way protected from exposure to tuberculosis, we should not use it until it has been pasteurized or sterilized, and all cream that is not above suspicion should at least be pasteurized before it is used in the preparation of butter.

While we are not special advocates of the pasteurization or sterilization of dairy products, we recognize that the public is forced to resort to some such expedient for its protection, not only against tuberculosis, but also against numerous other infections. Thoroughly clean dairy products require no pasteurization. While unclean, pasteurized milk is fairly safe, unclean raw milk is to-day the most important cause tolerated by civilization for unnecessary disease, suffering, and death.

To Health Officers:—It is apparent that, in too many instances, the first cases of various communicable diseases are not reported to the health officer, the result being that these diseases are spread broadcast. We would therefore call the attention of all local health officers to chapter 225, section 5454, of the Public Statutes. This section imposes a fine of not more than fifty nor less than ten dollars on any head of a family or a physician who fails to give such necessary notice. You will, in the future, in all cases when any of the communicable diseases which may exist in your town are not reported promptly to you, either by the head of the family or the attending physician, at once report the case to the state's attorney of your country, with such evidence as you may be able to secure with reference to such omission to report, with the request that he will prosecute the parties who have failed to make report as required by law. See Section 5464, Public Statutes.

Foods that Do Not Comply with the Law:-The State Board of Health has directed Dr. L. P. Sprague, one of the chemists of the Laboratory, to seize and destroy any food substances which do not meet the requirements of the pure food laws of the state.

SCHOOL OF INSTRUCTION FOR

HEALTH OFFICERS

BURLINGTON, VT.

June 29 to July 2, inclusive, 1908

PROVISIONAL PROGRAM*

MONDAY EVENing, June 29, 8.00 O'CLOCK.

Address: Charles S. Caverly, M. D., President of the State Board of Health, Rutland.

Address: Governor F. D. Proctor, Proctor.

Address: Hon. Walter J. Bigelow, Mayor of Burlington.

Address: Judge Edward C. Mower, Burlington.

TUESDAY MORNING, JUNE 30, 9.30 o'CLOCK.

"Infectious Diseases," by Charles C. Caverly, M. D., President of the Board. Discussion: W. B. Hyde, M. D., Bakersfield; J. H. Bean, M. D., Cambridge; F. C. Kenney, M. D., Greensboro.

"Nuisances-How Cared For," by S. E. Darling, M. D., Hardwick. Discussion: H. E. Somers, M. D., West Derby; M. P. Stanley, M. D., Hartford; I. S. Coburn, M. D., Milton.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE 30, 2.00 o'clock.

"The Local Health Officer and Local Boards of Health," by H. L. Stillson, Esq., Bennington.

Discussion: A. C. Bailey, M. D., Randolph; C. M. Campbell, M. D.,

Rochester; Fred C. Russell, M. D., Wells River.

*Subject to slight modifications.

"Sanitation of Public Buildings," by William Paul Gerhard, C. E., New York City.

Discussion: S. W. Butterfield, Weathersfield; C. B. Kent, Dorset; Prof. D. B. Locke, Superintendent of Schools, Rutland.

TUESDAY EVENING, JUNE 30, 8.00 O'CLOCK.

"Advanced and Simplified Plumbing," with lantern slides, by William Paul Gerhard, C. E.

Discussion: Henry Tucker, M. D., Brattleboro; H. L. Townshend, M. D., Bridport.

WEDNESDAY MORNING, JULY 1, 9.30 O'CLOCK.

"Bovine Tuberculosis, Relative to the Effect on the Human Subject," by V. A. Moore, V. S., Ithaca, N. Y.

Discussion: H. D. Chadwick, M. D., Superintendent Vermont Sanitarium, Pittsford; C. W. Peck, M. D., Brandon; W. N. Bryant, M. D., Ludlow.

"Ideal Dairying and Ideal Milk," by Charles Harrington, M. D., Secretary Massachusetts State Board of Health, Boston.

Discussion: L. P. Sprague, M. D., Food Chemist, Laboratory of Hygiene, Burlington; Prof. J. L. Hills, Experiment Station, University of Vermont; A. Morton, M. D., St. Albans.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JULY 1, 2.00 O'CLOCK.

"Slaughter Houses and Meat Inspection," by R. O. Brock, V. S., United States Inspector.

Discussion: C. F. Ball, M. D., Rutland; W. H. Ranks, M. D., Shelburne; James Haylett, M. D., Mooretown.

"Practical Phases of Laboratory Work," by B. H. Stone, Director of the Laboratory of Hygiene, Burlington.

Discussion: C. F. Dalton, M. D., Burlington; F. H. Palmer, Esq.,
Bristol; Thomas H. Hack, M. D., Proctor.

WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 1, 8.00 O'CLOCK.

"The Nature and Control of Bovine Tuberculosis," with lantern slides, by V. A. Moore, V. S., Ithaca, N. Y.

Discussion: Prof. C. L. Beach, Burlington; H. S. Wilson, Cattle Commissioner for Vermont, Arlington; George Aitken, ex-Secretary of

the Board of Agriculture, Woodstock; F. L. Davis, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, North Pomfret.

THURSDAY MORNING, JULY 2, 9.00 O'CLOCK.

"Health Laws," with Question Box, by Hon. Benjamin Gates, State's Attorney for Washington County.

Discussion: H. L. Manchester, M. D., Pawlet; Hon. A. A. Butterfield, Jacksonville; George B. Hulburd, M. D., Jericho.

ACT No. 90, or LAWS OF 1900, AUTHORIZES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SCHOOL OF INSTRUCTION FOR HEALTH OFFICERS OF THE STATE.

In accordance with the provision of this law the Tenth Annual School for the Health Officers of the State will be held in Armory Hall, Burlington, opening Monday evening, June 29, at eight o'clock. All health officers of the state are hereby notified and called to be present on that date to attend the sessions of said School. Only in case of his sickness will any health officer be excused for non-attendance; such excuse must be filed with the Secretary.

Per order of the State Board of Health.

HENRY D. HOLTON, Secretary.

This School is held for the purpose of giving instruction to health officers.

Every member of a local health board should register immediately on arrival.

The public are invited to be present, as every citizen will be equally interested and instructed.

Arrangements will be made with the railroads of the state to give convention rates to all those attending the School.

The selectmen, with the local health officer of every town, constitute the local board of health. The selectmen are especially urged to be present.

The Laboratory of Hygiene, 196 Main Street, will, as usual, be open at all times to visiting health officials, and all are expected to make free use of the Laboratory rooms.

A register of the School will be open at the Armory, where hand baggage and overcoats may be checked at any time. Those who wish board in private families will find there a list of boarding houses.