shall proceed" expresses a command, but "If he shall proceed" expresses a mere future contingency.

V. Auxiliary, derived from the idea of Power, dependent upon circumstances external to the agent: MAY, Anglo-Saxon Magan. "He may purchase the field if he pleases." "He might (preterite) purchase the field if he pleased." May, when it stands before its subject, expresses a wish: May he Might it but turn out well.

come.

=

VI. Auxiliary, derived from the idea of Power, dependent on circumstances internal to the agent: CAN, Anglo-Saxon Cunnan to know how to do. May is simply permissive, can is potential. "May et can cum eorum preteritis might et could potentiam innuunt; cum hoc discrimine: May et might vel de jure vel saltem de rei possibilitate dicuntur, at can et could de viribus agentis."-Wallis, p. 107.

VII. Auxiliary, derived from the idea of Necessity: Must, Anglo-Saxon Mót=ought, or necesse est.

"For as the fisse, if it be dry,

Mote, in defaute of water, die."-GOWER.

§ 285. MAY, and likewise MUST and CAN (as well as CAN NOT), are each used in two senses, which are often confounded together. They relate sometimes to Power and sometimes to Contingency.

When we say of one who has obtained a certain sum of money, "Now he may purchase the field he was wishing for," we mean that it is in his power; it is plain that he may, in the same sense, hoard up money, or spend it on something else, though, perhaps, we are not quite sure, from our knowledge of his character and situation, that he will not. When, again, we say, "It may rain to-morrow," or "The vessel may have arrived in port," the expression does not at all relate to power, but only to contingency, i. e., we mean, that though we are not sure such an event will happen, or has happened, we are not sure of the reverse.

When, again, we say, "This man, of so grateful a disposition, must have eagerly embraced such an opportunity of requiting his benefactor;" or of one who approves of the slave trade, “He must be very hard-hearted," we only mean to imply the absence of all doubt on these points. The very no

tions of gratitude and of hard-heartedness exclude the idea of Compulsion. But when we say that "all men must die," or that "a man must go to prison who is dragged by force," we mean "whether they will or not ;" that there is no power to resist. So, also, if we say that a Being of perfect goodness can not" act wrong, we do not mean that it is out of his power, since that would imply no goodness of character, but that there is sufficient reason for feeling that he will not. It is in a very different sense that we say of a man fettered in a prison that he "can not" escape, meaning, that though he has the will, he wants the ability.

: =

VIII. Auxiliary, derived from the idea of Sufferance: LET, Anglo-Saxon Lætan Suffer, permit. Besides permission, it may express wishes, requests, command, and exhortation. It is used only in the Imperative Mode.

IX. Auxiliary, derived from the idea of Action: Do, Anglo-Saxon Don. Do and did, used as auxiliaries, mark the emphatic form of the verb; as, "I do teach;" "I did teach." They are generally used in negative and interrogative sentences; as, "I do not fear;" "Did he hear?" It sometimes supplies the place of another verb; as, "You attend not to your studies as he does," that is, as he attends.

§ 286. Classification of Auxiliary Verbs, in respect to their MODE OF CONSTRUCTION. Auxiliary verbs combine with others in three ways: 1. With Participles: (a) with the Present or Active participle, I am speaking; (b) with the Past or Passive participle, I am beaten; I have beaten. 2. With Infinitives: (a) with an Objective Infinitive, I can speak; (b) with the Gerundial Infinitive, I have to speak. 3. With both Infinitives and Participles, I shall have done; I mean to have done.

NOTE. In the foregoing tenses this verb is used either as a princi

pal verb or as an auxiliary.

INFINITIVE MODE.--PRESENT TENSE, To have.

PERFECT TENSE,

To have had. PRESENT PARTICIPLE, Having. PAST or PERFECT, Had. COMPOUND PERFECT, Having had.

The words did, hast, hath, has, had, shalt, wilt, are evidently, as Wallis observes, contracted for doed, havest, haveth, haves, haved, shallst, willst.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE.

§ 288. THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE, which is generally dealt with as a single Irregular Verb, is made up of Three different Verbs, each of which is Defective in some of its parts. The parts which are defective in one verb are supplied by the Inflections of one of the others.

I. WAS is Defective, except in the Preterite Tense, where it is found both in the Indicative and the Subjunctive. In the older stages of the Gothic languages the word has both a Full Conjugation and a Regular one. In the Anglo-Saxon it has an Infinitive, a Participle Present, and a Participle Past. In Moso-Gothic it is inflected throughout with s; as, Visa, vas, vêsum, visans. In that language it has the power of the Latin maneo = to remain.

II. BE is inflected, in Anglo-Saxon, throughout the Present Tense, both Indicative and Subjunctive; found, also, as an Infinitive, béon; as a Gerund, to beonne; and as a Participle, beonde.

The ancient form was as follows:

It is stated by Grimm, D. C., i., 1051, that the AngloSaxon forms beó, bist, bis, beod, or beó, have not a Present, but a Future sense; that while am means I am, beó means I shall be; and that in the older languages it is only where the form am is not found that be has the power of a Present form.

If we consider the word beon, like the word weorðan (see below), to mean not so much to be as become, we get an el