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then stopping to take breath, until the dog coming up, the wolf would leave the victuals to attack him. The dog, however, was the stronger of the two; but as it was more gentle, in order to secure him from the wolf's attack, he had a collar put round his neck. In the third year, the quarrels of these ill-paired associates were more vehement, and their combats more frequent; the wolf, therefore, had a collar put about his neck, as well as the dog, who began to be more fierce and unmerciful. During the two first years, neither seemed to testify the least tendency towards engendering; and it was not till the end of the third, that the wolf, which was the female, showed the natural desire, but without abating either in its fierceness or obstinacy. This appetite rather increased than repressed their mutual animosity; they became every day more intractable and ferocious, and nothing was heard between them but the sounds of rage and resentment. They both, in less than three weeks, became remarkably lean, without ever approaching each other, but to combat. At length, their quarrels became so desperate, that the dog killed the wolf, who was become more weak and feeble; and he was soon after himself obliged to be killed, for, upon being set at liberty, he instantly flew upon every animal he met, fowls, dogs, and even men, themselves, not escaping his savage fury.*

The same experiment was tried upon foxes, taken young, but with no better success; they were never found to engender with dogs; and our learned naturalist seems to be of opinion that their natures are too opposite ever to provoke mutual desire. One thing, however, must be remarked, that the animals on which he tried his experiments were rather too old when taken, and had partly acquired their natural savage appetites before they came into his possession. The wolf, as he acknowledges, was two or three months old before it was caught, and the foxes were taken in traps. It may, therefore, be easily sup posed that nothing could ever after thoroughly tame those creatures, that had been suckled in the wild state, and had caught all the habitudes of the dam.

The dog, when first whelped, is not a completely finished animal. In this kind, as in all the rest which bring forth many at a time, the young are not so perfect as in those which bring forth but one or two. They are always produced with the eyes closed, the lids being held together, not by sticking, but by a kind of thin membrane, which is torn as soon as the upper eye-lid becomes strong enough to raise it from the under. In general, their eyes are not opened till ten or twelve days old.

This animal is capable of reproducing at the age of twelve months, (g) goes nine weeks with young, and lives to about the age of twelve. Few quadrupeds are less delicate in their food; and yet there are many kinds of birds which the dog will not venture to touch. He is even known, although in a savage state, to abstain from injuring some which one might suppose he had every reason to

* MONGRELS BETWEEN A DOG AND A SHE WOLF.-Dr. A. F. Wiegmann, jun., relates the following circumstance as occurring at the Isle of Peacocks, near Potsdam. A setter dog copulated with a she wolf; and she afterwards gave birth to three female pups, differing very much from each other. One, which died, resembled a wolf more than the two others, particularly in the hair, having, on the anterior parts of the legs, the black line which characterizes that animal. The second also resembled the mother, excepting in the position of the eyes, which was the same as in the dog. The third was, properly

speaking, a setter dog, but imperfect in some respects; its character was gentle, whilst the others had a ferocious appearance. The father was white, with brown spots; of the little ones, on the contrary, the first had the hair and colour of the wolf; the second was white on the throat, cheeks, and on the sides of the neck, and black on the back; and the third had a white band on the fore part of the neck, and between the legs, the back of the same colour as the second, and the ears rounded, pendent, and of moderate length. The tail was not erected in any of the three. -ARCANA OF SCIENCE, 1832.

(g) To this description I will beg leave to add a few particulars from Linnæus, as I find them in the original. Vomitua gramina purgatur: cacat supra lapidem. Album græcum antisepticum summum. Mingit ad latus (this, however, not till the animal is nine months old) cum hospite sæpe centies. Odorat anum alterius. Procis rixantibus crudelis. Menstrians coit cum variis. Mordet illa illos. Cohæret copula junctus.

oppose. The dogs and the vultures which live wild about Grand Cairo, in Egypt, (for the Mahometan law has expelled this useful animal from human society,) continue together in a very sociable and friendly manner. (g) As they are both useful in devouring such carcasses as might otherwise putrefy, and thus infect the air, the inhabitants supply them with provisions every day, in order to keep them near the city. Upon these occasions the quadrupeds and birds are often seen together, tearing the same piece of flesh, without the least enmity on the contrary, they are known to live together with a kind of affection, and bring up their young in the same nest.

Although the dog is a voracious animal, yet he can bear hunger for a very long time. We have an instance, in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, of this kind, in which a bitch, that had been forgotten in a country house, lived forty days, without any other nourishment than the wool of a quilt which she had torn in pieces. It should seem that water is more necessary to the dog than food; he drinks often, though not abundantly; and it is commonly believed, that when abridged in water, he runs mad. This dreadful malady, the consequences of which are so well known, is the greatest inconvenience that results from the keeping of this faithful domestic. But it is a disorder by no means so frequent as the terrors of the timorous would suppose; the dog has been often accused of madness, without a fair trial; and some persons have been supposed to receive their deaths from his bite, when either their own ill-grounded fears, or their natural disorders, were the true cause.*

* HYDROPHOBIA.- Hydrophobia has for ages been dreaded, and no subject is more involved in error than the origin and consequence of this dreadful malady. It is generally supposed that a dog affected with mad ness, as it is called, must be wild; but in a full-grown dog, with few exceptions, the mental faculties remain undisturbed, as the unhappy sufferers commonly know the voice of their masters, and sometimes exhibit symptoms of obedience. Another popular prejudice, more dangerous than the preceding, is that a dread of water is always a universal characteristic of the complaint; but the truth is, that rabid dogs sometimes seek water with the greatest avidity.

Dogs go mad sometimes without any ap. parent cause. Heat may be justly considered to accelerate the disease, as likewise great fatigue; though these do not give rise to it, for we have Barrow's authority in stating that it is almost unknown over the vast continent of South America. Seasons have been said to cause madness; but the following table, extracted from the Memoirs of the Royal Society of Paris, will show how little reliance can be placed on that opinion. Wolves.

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Cats.

....

Dogs.

3

12

5

8

16

8

13

8

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It has been received as a popular opinion, that the saliva of a human being under rabid hydrophobia, when applied to an abraded surface, was capable of producing the disease in another; but Drs. Vaughan and Babington submitted the matter to experiment, on dogs and other animals, without effect. A week is the shortest period between the bite and the rabid appearances, though instances are on record of an earlier developement. The following is a well attested fact:-On the day of his marriage, a young man was bitten on the leg by a strange dog; no notice was taken of this, and the day was spent with the usual festivity; but the next morning he was found to have literally torn out the entrails of his unhappy bride, and to have perished himself with every symptom of rabies. The excitement contingent on his nuptials, had, no doubt, accelerated the operation of the fatal poison.

DOGS OF THE EAST-PARIAHS.--The dogs of the East Indians, known by the name of pariahs, a troublesome breed of curs, are not remarkable for bravery. They are frequently thrown into the cages of tigers, by those persons who keep the royal beast of Bengal, as objects of sport to be by them destroyed. It has not always happened that the tiger has killed the pariah put into his cage. Captain Williamson informs us of an instance of one that was devoted to destruction, and which was expected to become the tiger's "daily bread," which stood on its defence in a manner that completely astonished both tiger and spectators. "He crept into a corner, and whenever the tiger approached, seized him by the lip or the nose, making him roar piteously! The tiger, impelled, however, by appetite, for

(g) Hasselquist Her. Palæstin, p. 232.

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THE WOLF.-The dog and the wolf are so very much alike internally, that the most expert anatomists can scarce perceive the difference; and it may be asserted also, that, externally,

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some

dogs more nearly resemble the wolf than they do each other. It was this strong similitude that first led some naturalists to consider them as the same animal, and to look upon the wolf as the dog in its state of savage freedom: however, this opinion is entertained no longer; the natural antipathy those two animals bear to each other, the

(The Wolf.)

longer time which the wolf goes with young than the dog, the one going over a hundred days, and the other not quite sixty; the longer period of life in the former than the latter, the wolf living twenty years, the dog not fifteen; all sufficiently point out a distinction, and draw a line that must for ever keep them asunder.

The wolf, from the tip of the nose to the insertion of the tail, is about three feet seven inches long, and about two feet five inches high; which shows him to be larger than our great breed of mastiffs, which are seldom found to be above three feet by two. His colour is a mixture of black, brown, and grey, extremely rough and hard, but mixed towards the roots with a kind of ash-coloured fur. In comparing him to any of our well-known breed of dogs, the great Dane, or mongrel grey-hound, for instance, he will appear to have the legs shorter, the head larger, the muzzle thicker, the eyes smaller and more separated from each other, and the ears shorter and straighter. He appears, in every respect, stronger than the dog; and the length of his hair contributes still more to his robust appearance. The feature which principally distinguishes the visage of the

no other supply was given him for several days, would renew the attack. The result was ever the same. At length the tiger began to treat the dog with more deference, and allowed him not only to eat the mess of rice and meat furnished for his daily subsistence, but even refrained from any attempt to disturb his rest. The two animals after some weeks became completely courteous, and each showed symptoms of attachment to his companion. But what is extraordinary, the dog, on being allowed free ingress and egress through the aperture, considered the cage as his home, always returning to it with confidence; and when the tiger died, moaning for want of his companion."-ORIENTAL FIELD SPORTS.

PRIVILEGES OF LONDONERS.-The citizens of London were permitted to hunt and hawk in certain districts. And one of the clauses in the royal charter granted to them by Henry the First, runs to this purport:-"The citizens of London may have chases, and hunt as well and as fully as their ancestors have had; that

is to say, in the Chiltre, in Middlesex, and Surrey." Hence we find that these privileges were of ancient standing. They were also confirmed by the succeeding charters. Fitzstephen, who wrote towards the close of the reign of Henry the Second, says, that the Londoners delight themselves with hawks and hounds, for they have the liberty of hunting in Middlesex, Hertfordshire, all Chilton, and in Kent to the waters of Grey; which differs somewhat from the statement in the charter. These exercises were not much followed by the citizens of London at the close of the sixteenth century. Strype, however, so late as the reign of George the First, reckons among the modern amusements of the Londoners," riding on horseback, and hunting with my lord mayor's hounds, when the common hunt goes out.-STRUTT'S SPORTS AND PASTIMES.

This is inaccurate. The female wolf goes with young sixty-three days, and has eight or nine in a litter.-ED.

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