the subject and the evil to be remedied. In 1829, the Committee established a weekly paper entitled “The Journal of Humanity," to be the organ of temperance communications, and Dr. Edwards was re-appointed to the service of the Society. Additional local agents were appointed, and, at the close of the year, there had been formed and reported more than 1000 societies, embracing more than 10,000 members. More than 50 distilleries had been stopped. More than 400 merchants had renounced their traffic in ardent spirit, and more than 1200 drunkards had been reformed. In 1830, Mr. Hewit continued his labors, with success, till September, when he resigned his agency, and became the pastor of a church at Bridgport, Conn. During his agency, he visited most of the principal places in the middle and southern States, especially along the sea-board. Dr. Edwards also visited some parts of the middle States, most of New England, and the province of New Brunswick. In 1831, the reformation was equally successful, and the number of societies was increased to more than 3000, of which 18 were State Societies. The merchants who had abandoned the trade in ardent spirit were more than 3000, and more than 300,000 persons in all had become converted to the temperance cause. Among the agents this year, there were Dr. Edwards, the Rev. S. Graham, the Hon. F. Robinson, Governor Cass, now Secretary of War, and Jonathan Kittredge, Esq. Dr. Hewit visited Europe, where he was received with warm affection, and was instrumental of great good. He arrived at London just in time to attend the meeting for the formation of a Temperance Society for the United Kingdom, which, at his suggestion, was styled "The British and Foreign Temperance Society." There had been some movement on the subject of temperence before, especially in Ireland, where the first temperance society in Europe was formed by the Rev. George Carre, of New Ross. Professor Edgar, of Belfast, Ireland, also distinguished himself in the cause. Dr. Hewit, while absent, was solicited to go to Italy and Germany, to promote the cause on the continent. In 1832, important tempcrance meetings were held in England, at Worcester, York, Islington, and other places, and the consumption of ardent spirit was supposed to be diminished one third. Something was beginning to be done, too, in other countries abroad. The Emperor of China forbade spirit to be sold to nominal Christians, and temperance societies were formed at differ

ent places on the coast of Africa. In the Sandwich Islands, especially, the reformation was very prosperous. In this country, a most important temperance meeting was held in Washington, at which many distinguished members of Congress were present. In Nov. 1832, an order from the war department of government suspended the rations of spirit to the soldiers, and a reformation is taking place in the army generally. Additions to the temperance societies were made as in years previous, and the number of societies in all, taking the whole country together, was more than 10,000, embracing more than 1,500,000 members. The number of distilleries stopped was more than 1500, and more than 4000 merchants had given over the traffic. In accomplishing all this, adequate means were of course necessary, and besides agents and occasional correspondence, there were issued in the State of New York alone, not less than 327,725 copies of different temperance publications. Since the opening of 1833, another important meeting has been held at Washington, and resulted in the formation of a Congressional Temperance Society, embracing a large number of the principal men in both Houses of Congress. Correspondent to this in Massachusetts, there has been formed also a Legislative Temperance Society, embracing some of the principal men in the two branches of the State government of that State; his Excellency, the Governor being President, and the Lieut. Governor, Vice President. Publications in favor of temperance continue to multiply, among which may be mentioned "The American Quarterly Temperance Magazine," which has been lately established with considerable promise in Albany, N. York.

(c.) "The Chinese authorities at Canton have caused proclamations to be posted on the walls, forbidding the sale of wine or spirits to foreign seamen. This measure was much needed, as European and American seamen, in their fits of intoxication, have often disturbed the public peace, and some times so seriously as to cause the suspension of commercial intercourse between China and the European nations. In the present act we see the legislation of an Asiatic despot, directed to the promotion of the public good; we see a heathen government defending its subjects from the immoralities of those who claim to be Christians; we see a salutary guardianship of the morals of professed Christians and republicans, by a heathen monarch, and we see all this on the site of a Christian missionary station, designed to instruct these same heathen in the pure precepts of our religion.

Such a sight should make Americans blush, and send Christians to their closets weeping."-Jour. Hum.

"In the Sandwich Islands, a thousand in a day covenanted not to make, sell, or use it. The manufacture and sale of it are prohibited by law, and a man was fined two hundred dollars for selling a bottle of it. A Temperance Society has also been formed, designed to embrace the nation. I am told, that our young king has ordered a cask of spirits on board one of his brigs to be poured into the sea; that the British consul applied to the governor for permission to buy up rum for his Britanic majesty's ship when they touch here, and was denied; that others applied for the privilege of selling to foreigners only, not to natives, and the reply of the governor was, 'To hor es, cattle, and hogs you may sell rum, but to rcal men you must not sell on these shores.""-Jour. Hum. .

"The following extracts are from an Address on Ardent Spirits, by Dr. Mussey. A few years ago a tippler was put into an almshouse, in a populous town in Massachusetts. Within a few days he devised various expedients to procure rum, but failed. At length, however, he hit upon one which proved successful. He went into the wood yard of the establishment, placed his hand upon a block, and with an axe on the other struck it off at a single blow. With the stump raised and streaming, he ran into the house crying, get some rum, get some rum, my hand is off.'. In the confusion and bustle of the occasion, a bowl of rum was brought, into which he plunged the bleeding member of his body, then raising the bowl to his mouth, drank freely, and exultingly exclaimed, now I am satisfied.'"

"In another populous town in the same state there lived an habitual drinker, who in an interval of reflection made a vow that he would drink no more spirit for forty years, not doubting at the time that forty years would place him in his grave. He faithfully kept his vow, and at the expiration of the stipulated period, ventured to take a little liquor, as it seemed no more than a friendly salutation given to an old acquaintance, and in no very long time died a sot."

(J.)

Colonization Societies.

Slavery may be considered as having commenced with the 16th century. Slaves were introduced into Spanish America, in 1502. Ferdinand V. of Spain brought multitudes of them into the country in 1511. The first slaves that were brought into the United States, came in a Dutch ship in 1620. The celebrated John Hawkins, who was afterwards knighted by Queen Elizabeth, and made treasurer of the navy, was the first Englishman concerned in this commerce, the buying and selling the bodies and souls of men. He sailed from England for Sierra Leone, in the month of Oct. 1562, and in a short time after his arrival upon the coast, got into his possession by the sword,

"In

and partly by other means, three hundred negroes." the reign of Charles I. and Charles II. we find that British settlements were formed in the West Indies, and that at home, joint-stock companies were chartered to supply them with slaves. In 1662, a charter was obtained from Charles 11. for the "Royal African Company," in which many persons of high rank and distinction were incorporated, and at its head was the king's brother, the duke of York, afterwards James II. This company undertook to supply the West India colonies with three hundred negroes annually." From that time slavery continued to increase till 1787, when the first united and efficient efforts to abolish it were commenced in England. The first treatise on the subject was written by Morgan Godwyn, under the title of "The Negro's and Indian's Advocate." Richard Baxter followed, and in the succeeding early movements, the Quakers or Friends, took a distinguished part. But the most prominent individual in favor of abolition, was Thomas Clarkson. The occasion of his becoming interested on the subject was, the giving out a Thesis, while he was yet a member of college. At first he engaged in it only as a literary thing, from motives of ambition. But in studying the subject, he became interested in it as a man and a philanthropist, nor could he disengage himself. Having written his essay therefore, and obtained the first prize as was expected of him, he resolved on something further, and published it. This was in 1783. And now the subject was before the public, and Clarkson, with great seriousness of purpose, had given himself to the cause as the great business of his life. At length he secured the co-operation of several men of distinction, among whom were Mr. Ramsay, Dr. Gregory, Granville Sharpe and Mr. Wilberforce. The last brought the subject before Parliament, and in 1794 the motion to abolish slavery, though lost in the House of Lords, was carried in the House of Commons. It was also finally carried in the House of Lords by a vote of 100 to 36. This was at four o'clock, A. M. Jan. 5, 1807. Subsequently, in 1811, Mr. Brougham procured that it should. be considered felony to be engaged in the slave trade. The trade was prohibited in the United States also, as early as March, 1807. In 1810, Portugal entered into a treaty to abandon it. The Congress of Vienna declared against it in 1815. France and the Netherlands followed in treaty against it. Spain abolished it in 1820, and the United States the same year, declared it piracy. A law to the

same effect was passed in Great Britain, Jan. 5, 1825.

In March, 1830, Brazil engaged in treaty to abandon it. It has been abolished in Austria also, and now, in France all who are convicted as being concerned in it are exposed to banishment.

Among the voluntary philanthropic institutions for the removal of the evil, there are the African Institution, formed in London, April 7, 1807, directly after the passing of the act of Parliament for abolishing slavery. The AntiSlavery Society, formed also in London, January, 1823, and the Colonization Society, formed at Washington, in December, 1816. Besides these there are other societies for the benefit of Africans, as the "Conversion of Negro Slaves Society," England. "The African Education Society of the United States," and "the New England AntiSlavery Society." The last named Society was formed in 1832. The second article of its Constitution is, "The objects of this Society shall be to endeavor by all means sanctioned by law, humanity, and religion to effect the abolition of slavery in the United States; to improve the character and condition of the free people of color, to inform and correct public opinion in relation to their situation and rights, and to obtain for them equal, civil, and political rights and privileges with the whites:" It contemplates the establishment of an Institution for the education of people of color, on the manual labor system. John Kenrick, Esq. is President of the Society, Samuel E. Sewall, Esq., Corresponding Secretary, Mr. Oliver Johnson, Recording Secretary, and Mr. James C. Odiorne, Treas urer. Of the foreign societies, documents have not been at hand to make out a more full account, and of the societies in this country, only the Colonization as yet, has greatly distinguished itself. This only, therefore, will be further noticed in this place. The principal originators of the Society were the late Dr. Finley of New Jersey, Rev. Samuel J. Mills, Gen. Mercer of Virginia, and a few others of a kindred spirit. Its object is, as its name imports, and as is mentioned in the second article of the constitution, "to promote and execute a plan of colonizing (with their consent) the free people of color, residing in our country, in Africa or such other place as Congress shall deem most expedient." The income of the Society is about $50,000 annually, and it has received the approbation and countenance, not only of distinguished individuals, but of most of the state governments throughout the