for the nurses, two rooms for the superintendent, a library, six rooms for the head nurses, two others for sick nurses, and water-closets and bathrooms. This story is reserved for the graduate nurses.

"The second and third stories are identical and have seventeen rooms heated by steam (a manner of heating very common in America), four rooms with fireplaces for sick nurses, a laundry, and bathrooms and water-closets. As a matter of simple information I believe it useful to describe the nurses' parlor, which is furnished with a view to comfort rather than luxury. This room is heated by hot water although one of its few luxuries is a fireplace, a rarity in modern American houses. The waxed floor is covered with soft rugs; easy wicker chairs, stuffed chairs, and the traditional rocking chair of America supply inviting seats. The clean white walls are bare of pictures and the windows are without curtains or draperies. I will add only one word more. We not only have nothing in France to be compared with institutions of this kind in the United States, but there is nothing in our country which can truly be called an autonomous and complete lay school for nurses. What has been done at Paris can not be compared with the institutions of this sort in the United States.

"The new hall for surgical operations is reserved for the practice of gynecology and surgery, and is profusely lighted by electricity.

"The surgical amphitheater, in the form of a half circle, is provided with rows of seats rising one above another. At the rear is the entrance for students. Not far from this room is a smaller room for operations on the wounded, or patients requir ing antiseptics. This is lighted from the two sides, while the large hall receives its light from above.

"At the outer edge of the hall is an anesthetic room, which serves for both operating rooms, an arrangement somewhat objectionable. There is a dark room for ophthalmology, a room for the surgeon, a room for watchers, a room for those who have undergone an operation, and a small hall for the sick. Situated at the side of the office through which all the wounded must be brought who require immediate operation is a bathroom and a room for gynecological examinations. The wounded do not enter the operating room by the same passage as the hospital patients, and the students have still another entrance. I pass over the dispensary building (a description of which would greatly astonish French physicians), to say a word about the isolating ward. In the basement of this building are the usual arrangements for heating, and from the roof project the usual ventilating chimneys. So numerous are these that one could well describe the Johns Hopkins Hospital as the hospital of little chimneys and hot-water coils.

"Above the basement there is a single story a little more than 10 meters in height. It contains twenty alcoves which open on a central hall. A single bed is in each. In three of the alcoves the floor is perforated in order to insure perfect cleanliness and to admit extra heat from the coils immediately beneath. There are also two rooms for nurses, with two beds in each room, a laundry, a bathroom, and a special kitchen.

"Heating and ventilation.-I can not say enough in praise of the system of ventilation and heating which has been adopted by Dr. Billings. I should certainly fail in my duty if I did not make special mention of this feature, which distinguishes Johns Hopkins Hospital from all other American hospitals as well as from those of Europe. "Machinery.—The basement of this establishment should also be seen in detail. Here is machinery unlike any to be seen in France and which can be equaled only in Berlin. Unfortunately it is impossible to describe it in a few lines. Therefore I shall only mention its principal points. Acoustic tubes are placed in all the halls and corridors and communicate with the different buildings. The separated buildings are connected by telephone with the office and through this with the city. Almost every room is supplied with an electric register of temperature.

"Altogether this hospital presents exquisite cleanliness and admirable organization and is constructed with that view to convenience that is met with only in a country where time is money and where in order to work well and profitably it is necessary to work quickly. It is a unique hospital which should be seen and studied."

WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

"As everyone knows, in America there are several colleges devoted exclusively to women. I have examined in all its details the most important of these, The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, situated in Philadelphia. It was organized in 1850, and is the oldest and most celebrated of the existing woman's colleges. The first college of this class, founded in Boston in 1848, is no longer in existence.

"The school of medicine is under the direction of a board composed of men and women (the latter six in number). The president is a woman (Mrs. Mary E. Munford), as is also the dean (Mrs. Clara Marshall). There are, besides, teachers,

demonstrators, assistants, and prosectors, many of whom are women. Like most of the American universities, it has a woman librarian.

"The examination for entrance into this college is not difficult. In order to show the plane upon which medical colleges stand I add that the applicants for admission are required to know a little orthography, arithmetic, physics, and Latin (the conjugation of the verbs is sufficient); nothing more is required. The professors, evidently, are content with very little. In the United States it is necessary not to be too severe if one intends to have pupils, a fortiori if they are women." (Here follows a synopsis of the curriculum.)

"I went through the building, even to the roof, and found that, as in almost all American colleges, the dissecting room was in the top story. The room in this case is lighted by electricity, and each table is supplied with a small light that can be moved to accommodate the operator. I wondered at the location of the operating room, but it is probably so placed to prevent the odor from getting to all the rooms of the building and for freer admission of air into the room.'

(Brief descriptions are also given of a few other rooms.)

THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

"In spite of the importance of Jefferson College, in spite of the relative éclat, at least, of the Woman's College, the place of honor among the medical schools of the metropolis of Pennsylvania must be accorded to the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. It is situated some distance from the center of the city, on the left bank of the Schuylkill River, not far from the Drexel Institute. The campus of the university covers five squares, on which are located the immense buildings separated by grass plats. The first block inclosed by a railing is in the form of a trapezoid, on which stands the college hall of the university; that is to say, the offices of the directors and the halls of the faculty of philosophy, of the faculty of medicine, the laboratories for dental clinics, the library, the mechanical laboratories, and the machine shops. Behind these are the hospital of the university, the nurses' home, the maternity hospital, and the morgue, with a mortuary chapel. A little farther away in a triangular park are the veterinary hospital, the veterinary school, a hospital for dogs, and the school of biology (faculty of natural sciences). Finally, there is in course of construction an immense building, which will receive the name of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology.

"The school of medicine connected with this university is one of the oldest in the United States and one of the most important. Organized in 1765, it conferred its first diploma in 1768. Owing largely to the influence of Benjamin Franklin and William Smith, its early development was rapid. The course of study in this school is for three years only, but most of its professors are men of great distinction, and some of them, as, for instance, J. W. White, L. A. Duhring, J. Ashhurst, J. S. Billings, and J. Marshall, have a European reputation. The corps of teachers comprises 22 professors, 4 assistant professors, 1 demonstrator, 7 teachers, and 20 prosectors and instructors in anatomy. The dean, Mr. Marshall, still quite a young man, is only an assistant professor. The total number of students for the present scholastic year (1892-93) is 847, of whom 1 is French, 1 African, 1 Haitian, 1 Japanese, 2 Germans, and 2 natives of the West Indies. It was with great interest that I went through the laboratories of this university, especially the two for chemistry, each of which accommodates more than 200 pupils. The dissecting room, like that at the Woman's College, is in the top story, and is lighted by electricity and supplied with lavatories. I saw also the old museum of anatomy, which contains one or two curious specimens, and the museum of geology.

"School of dentistry.-I was much struck by the location of this department. One room is in the lower story of the chemical laboratory, and is reserved for clinic exercises and for operations by the pupils. This immense hall contains a succession of dentists' chairs, in which, at the time of my visit, were seated a large number of patients, upon whom the students were operating. This department is, moreover, much appreciated. It has 8 professors, 3 assistant professors, 9 instructors, and 17 demonstrators. The course of study is for three years. In the years 1892 and 1893 there were 153 pupils, of whom 72 were in the first year, 60 in the second, 17 in the third, and 17 more taking special studies. Among them were 1 French and 2 German pupils.

"The operating room is one of the largest I visited in the United States. It measures 140 feet long by 40 feet wide. It is lighted from all sides by large bay windows. Before each of these windows, where the light is very strong, is placed a Morrison chair and all the instruments necessary in dentistry. The mechanical laboratory has been supplied with all the modern appliances and with electric lights. In 1891-92 8,536 persons were treated in the operating room. From this it will be seen that the patronage is large and the students active.

Since this article was written this school and many others have adopted courses of four years.

"Among the diseases treated are recorded 143 cases of alveolar abscesses and 1,321 cases-an almost incredible number-of salivary calculi. If this is so, it is certainly a very characteristic pathologic fact, or else the American dentists have a special means of discovering these minute concretions. At the mechanical laboratory they made 794 artificial pieces (prothétiques) of various sorts during the year. At this school the study of dentistry costs from $100 to $120 a year, or about $400 for the three-years course."

ROOSEVELT HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.

Dr. Baudouin passes in rapid review the various medical institutions and hos pitals of New York. Respecting the Roosevelt Hospital he says:

"Of all the medical institutions this is the one which a doctor ought to see on visiting America. It is a hospital comprising nearly 250 beds, not large but well arranged, although not at all according to the modern ideas for the construction of hospitals. The most interesting part to study is an annex which forms at this time certainly the most beautiful structure in the world intended for operations. I speak of the Syms Building, which was finished in 1892 and has not yet been described in Europe.

"Thanks to Dr. McBurney, the chief of service, I visited this famous operating room. It is, in fact, a marble palace erected in honor of aseptic surgery. The luxurious operating rooms of M. Poncet, in Lyons; of the Urban Spital, in Berlin; of Professor Kelly, of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, are nothing beside this veritable temple of shining white marble. It cost 1,750,000 francs ($350,000), which was generously donated by Mr. W. J. Syms, on the express condition that it should be spent for the especial purpose of erecting a model establishment. The plans are worthy of the greatest praise, and the execution is equal to the majestic conception of the architect, Mr. W. Wheler Smith, and the consulting surgeon, Dr. Ch. McBurney.

"The Syms Building was opened November 5, 1892. Its principal entrance is on Fifty-first street, opposite the College of Physicians, and it communicates at the left by a special passage with Roosevelt Hospital. In the center is a vast amphitheater admirably arranged. It is lighted from the sides, and has a floor, doors, and walls of marble. (Marble has been used here not for luxury, but because it can be so easily kept clean.) The building is lighted by gas and electricity. Arranged around the amphitheater are little rooms where all necessary preparations are made for operating; also a large circular lobby from which open a dozen rooms whose enumeration sufficiently indicates their uses. These are a waiting room for the sick near the operating room for septic patients; an examination room for the sick; two rooms for etherization (anesthesia); a photograph room, with dark cabinet; a laboratory of histology; a room for bandages; a room for articles used in dressing wounds; a room for the sterilizing stoves (I counted six, very complete); a room supplied with two reservoirs for sterilized water, where the instruments are cleaned; another room fitted with glass cases for the surgical instruments; finally, a large toilet room for the assistants. At the side there is still another operating room for laparotomy, and the surgeon's room.

"We were particularly interested in an arrangement the advantages of which are at once apparent. I speak of a great inclined plane which takes the place of a staircase, or rather of an elevator, by which the patients are conveyed to the operating room in the second story, with the least possible jolting. On the floor of this incline are projections, which make the descent of the litters and slides on which are placed the couches of the patients, slow and easy. I repeat, with pleasure, that I was amazed, not only at the luxurious appointments, but above all at the services rendered in this magnificent institution of surgery, which from all points of view must be regarded as a model."

At Bellevue Hospital Dr. Baudouin noted particularly the morgue, the tents in the open court for typhus cases, the old war ship at the quay fitted up as an isolating ward and more especially, as he says, "a large building reserved for inebriates, who multiply alarmingly in New York, and who are generally of Irish origin. A visit to the rooms where delirium tremens and pneumonia with pulmonary edema are common is very interesting."

The author devotes several pages to the hygienic aspects of New York City, noting in particular the abundant provisions for securing heat, light, and ventilation in private houses and in the principal hotels. He closes this chapter in these words: Three things are greatly appreciated in the United States, first, the dollar, then equality, and finally, material comfort. If comfort comes last, it is nevertheless an adored idol.”

From New York Dr. Baudouin continued his journey eastward, stopping first at Yale and then at Clark University. After a brief account of Yale he adds: "I would like to describe in detail the organization of the American university, taking

Yalo, one of the most celebrated, as a type, and also to show how and why in America they unite under the name of university what is called a high school or a college and the various faculties. This organization is extremely curious and deserves the attention of those who are occupied with questions of education, but it would lead me too far astray from the medical schools, which is my legitimate subject."

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE OF YALE UNIVERSITY.

Of this school our author says: "It dates from 1810, at least it was authorized at that time, but was not organized until 1813, and the first instructors were chosen by the professors of Yale from the members of the Connecticut Medical School. In 1879 an examination for admission was required of applicants, and at least a three years' course of study was demanded, together with practical work in the labora tories. In 1884 the school passed entirely from the control of the Medical Society of Connecticut, under the authority of Yale College. It was then organized like one of our best full-course schools (écoles de plein exercise), and bears comparison with several of our provincial faculties.

(Here follows a brief outline of the course of study.)

Dispensary and hospital." One word on the hospital of New Haven and the dispensary annexed to the university where the students take their course in clinics. The dispensary occupies one of the buildings which form a part of the school of medicine. It has recently been enlarged and the old buildings have been remodeled. In spite of this it is not very important and furnishes only restricted means of study to the students.

The New Haven Hospital.-"This hospital is more worthy of interest on account of the numerous accidents which necessarily occur in an industrial city of nearly 100,000 inhabitants. Operations are frequently performed in the hospital, and the new amphitheater which is annexed to the surgical division is equipped after the most approved models. There are three resident physicians.

Medical instruction at Yale approaches ours as far as regards practical work and clinic exercises, but the same can not be said with respect to its theoretic course; which system is the best remains to be decided (a difficult question to solve, since the duration of studies in the United States of America is notoriously too short). It is absolutely impossible to make a real doctor in three years-I do not say a learned physician. This is beginning to be recognized everywhere, since even in this country, where (as one said to me) 'everything goes by steam,' they realize that it is necessary to demand at least four years' study."

[As stated before, nearly all American medical colleges have now a four years' course, adopted since the above was written.-Ed.]

"The gymnasium of Yale University, the plans of which were seen by M. Perre de Coubertin during his visit in the United States, is magnificent. It is now almost finished and a few words will characterize it better than a long description. It is a palace of white marble erected for hygienic and physical exercises. The old gymnasium being totally out of keeping with the splendid edifices of the university and insufficient for the needs of the constantly increasing number of students, the alumni gave $200,000 for the construction of this temple of hygiene which was intrusted to the architect, Mr. Gaugolpho.

"I went over the monumental staircase, the reception room, the hall of trophies, the swimming pools, and the immense hall at the top of the building which M. Perre de Coubertin saw only in drawings. I visited the toilet room, the water-closets, the baths in the basement. I saw the gymnastic apparatus and the students practicing and spectators watching their work. I saw all this, and my eyes, dazzled at the sight, shed tears of regret at the remembrance of what we had in France to compare with the American gymnasium! In proportion as I admired the beautiful and luxurions appointments and arrangements, just so much was I pained to see the abuse of sports, artificial and useless, such as rowing indoors and riding wooden horses, etc. I repeat what many have said-they will abandon this system which consists in transforming the colleges into places of sport. There must be a limit to everything, even to physical exercise. Please Heaven, may I never hear from a French woman, since I value highly the universities of past times, the remark made by a young American woman, daughter of an old governor of one of the Middle States: It is so interesting and beautiful to see our brothers and our friends contesting in public the palm of baseball on the athletic field of the university, that I would wil lingly sacrifice a night at the opera at Paris to be present at a performance of this kind.' That day Paris and France will exist no more! Physical exercise in the open air without rule or torture as much as you wish; but these rowing regattas on wooden streams, these trials of strength or races on the velocipede-to what good? Everyone knows the races have not benefited the horse and I do not believe they are any more efficacious for man."

SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL.

"This institution is in reality designed to train men engaged in mechanical pursuits. It resembles a little our École Centrale, since biologists, chemists, mechanical and mining engineers, and agriculturists are graduated from its halls. There are also students who are occupied in high scientific researches as at Clark University. Altogether we have nothing in France absolutely analogous to this institution. The great American universities, such as Yale, are unique; this bringing together under one roof and classifying students of such diverse courses has truly a stamp of originality and grandeur.

CLARK UNIVERSITY.

"What a contrast with Yale! Clark has as yet only a few professors and few pupils. But let Yale take care; Clark will become great, provided the donations continue to flow to its treasury, and its future professors possess the qualities and courage of the president, Mr. G. Stanley Hall. Although Clark University has existed only a few years it is in a flourishing condition. In America universities are born and grow like cities. For instance, four of these universities, and four very important ones, have been founded within five years; Clark at Worcester, Stanford, the Catholic University at Washington, and that of Chicago, in course of construction.

"Clark University is an establishment which in its tendencies fairly represents a university as we comprehend it in France, but where we have only two faculties, that of science and that of literature, Clark in reality has five departments, as they say in America; mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology. It has no faculty of theology, nor of law, nor of medicine, nor of pharmacy; but I ought to add that they expect to organize these several branches of education as soon as possible.

The campus of the university is about a mile and a half from the center of the city, north of Main street. Two large buildings are completed, the most recent of which is reserved for chemistry; the other contains the offices and Prof. G. Stanley Hall's magnificent laboratory of physiological psychology. I visited this department with lively interest, as well as the laboratories of physics and biology, which are of less importance. I repeat, it is absolutely necessary when on a scientific mission to the United States to devote one day to the department of chemistry and experimental psychology of this university.

Laboratory of experimental psychology.-The physician will be especially struck with the lavish appointments of Dr. Hall's laboratory, with the nature of the original work which is done there, and with the ideas which prevail. It is certainly a model of its kind, and it is to be desired that one laboratory of physiological psychology at the Sorbonne, which serves the 'Ecole pratique des hautes études,' be as well equipped, and that the means of study be as perfect. My attention was specially directed to the specimens that were used in a delicate study in histology, i. e., the sudden transformation of the cells of the nerve centers from various causes. I could not help admiring the patience and technical skill of the young assistants who successfully conducted very complicated work. Dr. Hall has a high conception of the rôle of a professor of psychology. He is not content with teaching his pupils merely the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system; he takes them on Sundays to the insane asylums of the city, shows them the patients, and gives them living examples of the different affections of the will, the memory, etc. It is evident that the school of M. Ribot of the 'Revue Philosophique' is not the only one in which the sick are made the subjects of psychological observations."

Here follows an outline of the course in psychology, to which the writer adds: “It is evident that here we have a true institute of psychology worthy to be compared with the Paris School of Anthropology."

"Clark University publishes a review more important than the Revue de l'école d'Anthropologie, the American Journal of Psychology, much appreciated by competent judges, and of which Dr. Hall is the founder and editor in chief.

"In 1892 there were only 18 students following the course of higher studies at Clark University. Ultimately they become professors of specialties, and are much sought after by other colleges.

"I am convinced that these few remarks on Clark University, on the course of study, and the laboratories of psychology will suffice to show what impulse a professor of talent is able to give to an institution; what results a man of great energy may accomplish when supported by generous donators, if he is simply guided in his enterprise by the love of science and his own original ideas. Is it not to be regretted that in our country such men are never able to give proof of their moral vigor and their power as organizers? But what system is without faults? We must acknowledge that the American system is far from perfect.”