c. To repeat the rule or note which sanctions or condemns the use of each adjective. See models, §§ 363 and 421.

1. We may reason very clearly, and exceedingly strong, without knowing that there is such a thing as a syllogism.

2. By discussing what relates to each particular in their order, we shall better understand the subject.

3. Let us, however, hope the best rather than fear the worst, and believe that there was never a right thing done nor a wise one spoken in vain, although the fruit of them may not spring up in the place designated nor at the time expected.-W. S. LANDOR.

4. My father had been a leading mountaineer, and would still maintain the general superiority in skill and hardihood of the above boys (his own faction) over the below boys (so they were called), of which party his contemporary had been chieftain.-CHARLES LAMB.

5. I do not know what I may seem to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself with now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.-Sir ISAAC NEWTON.

6.

Higher, higher still we climb

Up the mount of glory,

That our names may live through time

In our country's story.-MONTGOMERY.

7. Pardon me, gentlemen, confidence is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom.-Lord CHATHAM.

8. The new set of curtains did not correspond with the old pair of blinds.

9. The shortest and the best prayer that we can address to him who knows our wants is this: Thy will be done.-Bolingbroke.

10. Be you assured that the works of the English chisel fall not more short of the wonders of the Acropolis, than the best productions of modern pens fall short of the nervous and overwhelming compositions of those that resistless fulmined over Greece.-Lord BROUGHAM.

11. Mark, I do beseech you, the severe simplicity, the subdued tone of the diction in the most touching parts of the old man eloquent's loftiest passages.-Lord BROUGHAM.

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES OF THE PROPER AND IMPROPER USE OF THE ARTICLES.

§ 372. a. "And the Pharisees and Scribes murmured." The should be inserted before "Scribes," to signify that they were a class distinct from the Pharisees.

b. "Howbeit, when he, the Spirit of Truth, shall come, he will guide you into all truth." The passage should have run, all the truth, that is, the truth concerning the Christian religion.

C. "There are few words in the English language which are employed in a more loose and circumscribed sense than those of the fancy and the imagination."-Spectator. The words those of the are worse than superfluous.

d.

"If I but stretch this hand,

I heave the gods, the ocean, and the land.”—POPE.

The objects here are distinct, and are properly marked as such by the repetition of the definite article.

e. "A cool head, an unfeeling heart, and a cowardly disposition, prompted him, at the age of nineteen, to assume the mask of hypocrisy, which he never laid aside." The repetition of the article distinctly marks the three properties in Augustus which GIBBON wished his readers to notice.

f. "But the great triumphs of modern ingenuity and art are those astronomical clocks and watches, in which the counted vibrations of a pendulum or balance-wheel have detected periodical inequalities even in the motion of the earth itself."-ARNOTT'S Physics. A pendulum is not a balance-wheel. The distinction should have been marked by the insertion of the article a before the word balance-wheel.

CHAPTER IV.

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

§ 373. RULE X.-PERSONAL PRONOUNS agree with their Antecedents in Gender, Number, and Person; as, "Dryden then betook himself to a weapon at which he was not likely to find his match;" "If Lady Alice knew her guests to have been concerned in the insurrection, she was undoubtedly guilty of what in strictness is a capital crime."

Note I.-When the Antecedent is a Collective noun conveying the idea of Unity, the pronoun must agree with it in the Singular number; as, The Court gave its decision in favor of the plaintiff."

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Note II.-When the Antecedent is a Collective noun, conveying the idea of Plurality, the pronoun must agree with it in the Plural number; as, The Senate were divided in their opinions."

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Note III.-When the Antecedent is a noun denoting a young Child, or an Animal which is masculine or feminine, without any regard to sex, the pronoun must agree with it in the Neuter gender; as, "That is a beautiful child; how old is it?" "The robin builds its nest near the habitations of men."

Note IV.-When the Antecedent, in the Singular number, is qualified by the adjective many and the article a, it may sometimes have the pronoun agree with it in the Plural number; as, "But yesterday I saw many a brave warrior, in all the 'pomp and circumstance of war,' marching to the battle-field. Where are they now?"

Note V.-When the Antecedent, in the plural form, indicates a single object, the pronoun is Singular; as, “Young's Night Thoughts is worthy a perusal. It is a work of genius."

Note VI.-When the Antecedent is in fact singular, but not expressed, the personal pronoun we is used by monarchs, reviewers, and authors generally, instead of the pronoun I; as, "To promote the prosperity of this kingdom, we send forth this our proclamation;" "we owe an apology to the public for not noticing this work on its first publication."

EXERCISES UNDER RULE X.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE X.-a. I know these men, said Monmouth; they will fight. If I had but them, all would go well. C. S.

b. Every man in the community, whatever may be their condition, should contribute to the common weal. F. S.

C.

A milk-white hind, immortal and unchanged,
Fed on the lawns, and in the forest ranged.
Without unspotted, innocent within,

She feared no danger, for she felt no sin.-DRYDEN. C. S.

Note I. The committee was divided in its opinions. F. S. Note II.-The crowd was so great that the judges with difficulty made their way through them. F. S.

Note III.-a. The infant puts its loving hands upon its mother's neck. C. S.

b. The deer, pursued by the hounds, hurried back to its old haunts. C. S.

Note IV.

In Hawick twinkled many a light;

Behind him soon they set in night. C. S.

Note V.-Read "Kent's Commentaries." It will furnish you with a clear statement of the doctrine. C. S.

Note VI.-We have taken up this book chiefly for the purpose of presenting our own views on the subject of which it treats.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

C. S.

RULE XI.-The Same Pronoun should not refer to Different antecedents in the same sentence; as, "He (Philip) wrote to that distinguished philosopher in terms polite and flattering, begging of him (Aristotle) to come and undertake his (Alexander's) education, and to bestow on him (Alexander) those useful lessons of magnanimity and virtue which every great man ought to possess, and which his (Philip's) numerous avocations rendered impossible for him (Philip)."-GOLDSMITH.

Note I.-The same or a similar form of the pronoun should be preserved throughout the sentence: "Pain! pain! be as importunate as you please, I shall never own that thou art an evil." Here either thou or you should be preserved throughout.

t

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XI.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XI.-a. He pursued the fugitive with his man-at-arms; but he, proving treacherous, deserted, and consequently he made his escape. F. S.

b. She was devoted to the welfare of her daughter, and furnished her with an accomplished governess, but she became discontented, and sought another home. F. S.

Note I.-a. Think me not lost, for thee I Heaven implore,

Thy guardian angel, though a wife no more;

I, when abstracted from the world you seem,

Hint the pure thought, and frame the heavenly dream. F. S.

b. Thou shalt be required to lie down in death, to go to the bar of God, and give up your account. F. S.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XII.-The Pronoun and the Antecedent must not be introduced together as subjects of the same verb; as, "My trees they are planted." There are in the language, as written and spoken, numerous exceptions to this rule. See § 355 and 441.

Note I.-When the Name of a person is employed in apposition with a pronoun in the way of explanation, as in formal writings, the two are subjects of the same verb, and the pronoun precedes the name; as, "I, John Hancock, of Boston;" "Seest thou, Lorenzo, where hangs all our hope ?"

Note II.--The pronoun sometimes precedes the noun which it represents in the same clause; as, “She was seated outside of the door, the young actress."-BULWER.

Note III.-The pronoun ME is sometimes used as an expletive, and is equivalent to for me; as, "Rob me the exchequer." This expletive use of ME occurs more frequently in the Latin than the English, and more frequently in the Greek than in the Latin. As the dative case existed in the Anglo-Saxon, so GUEST has shown, by a large induction, that it is found in the Old English, though the inflections in Anglo-Saxon had disappeared. Certain forms of the current English like the one quoted indicate the dative case; as, "Now play me, Nestor ;" "I will roar you as gently as a sucking dove."

Note IV. The personal pronoun THEM is sometimes improperly used for the demonstrative pronouns THOSE OF THESE; as, "Give me them

books."

Note V.-Personal pronouns are improperly used in the wrong case. See exercises.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XII.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XII.—a. The commander of the detachment was killed, and the soldiers they have all fled. F. S.

b.

The lamb thy riot doom'd to bleed to-day,

Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? C. S.

Note I.-I, Franklin Pierce, President of the United States.
Note II.- -a. It curled not Tweed alone that breeze.

C. S.

b. It is gone, that sensibility of principle, that chastity of honor, which felt a stain like a wound, which inspired courage while it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled whatever it touched, and under which vice lost half its evil by losing all its grossness.-BURKE. It here represents the "sensibility of principle and the chastity of honor."

Note III.

Villain, knock me at this gate,

And rap me well.-Taming of the Shrew. C. S.

Note IV. Do you see them soldiers escorting the governor to the State-house? F. S.

Note V.-a. Gentle reader, let you and I, in like manner, endeavor to improve the inclosure of the car.-SOUTHEY. Here I should be changed to me.

b.

At an hour

When all slept sound, save she who bore them both.-ROGERS. Here the nominative she should be changed to the objective her. c. It is not fit for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land.-SCOTT. Here "such as us" should be changed to "such as we."

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d. Stimulated in turn by their approbation, and that of better judges than them were, he turned to their literature with redoubled energy.Quarterly Review. It should stand "better judges than they were," not "than them were."

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XIII.-Personal pronouns are employed without any antecedents when the nouns which they represent are assumed to be well known. Thus the pronouns I, THOU, YOU, YE, and WE, representing either the persons speaking or the persons spoken of, are employed without having any antecedents expressed.

You is used indefinitely for any person who may read the work in which the word is thus used; as,

You

may trust an honest man. HE and THEY are used in the same indefinite manner; as, "He seldom lives frugally who lives by chance;" "Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted."

Note I. The pronoun ME is often incorrectly substituted for I; as, "Who is there? me;" "Is she as tall as me?" The reason of this erroneous practice seems to lie in the fact that there is less consciousness of personality indicated in the objective me than in the subjective I. Grammatically, too, it seems to us as if I always requires something to follow it.