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Testimony of the Rocks (1857), a work which he had just completed when madness impelled him to point the fatal pistol to his heart, mark the unceasing labour through which he held his way from year to year. He shot himself on the 24th of December, 1856. The Cruise of the Betsy, a geological voyage to the Hebrides; and The Sketch-book of Popular Geology, edited by his widow, have appeared since his death. The varied splendour of his style, and the giant grasp of his mental faculties, are displayed in his grand Mosaic Vision of Creation, woven of such coloured shadows as may have rolled in a gorgeous panorama before the eye of the prophet, sitting upon a hill top in the lonely Midian desert.

JOHN STUART MILL, the son of the historian of India, and the author of a System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (1843); Essays on Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844); Principles of Political Economy (1848); and takes rank among the first thinkers of the time.

Liberty (1859), His philosophy is opposed in most respects to the system of Bacon. He held, as did his father, the office of Examiner of Indian Correspondence, retiring when the Company was dissolved in 1859. Mr. Mill was born in 1806, and died in 1873.

Supplementary List.

WILLIAM SMITH.-(1769–1839)—Churchill, Oxfordshire-founder of English geology-Geological Map of England; Organic Remains.

WILLIAM BUCKLAND.—(1784–1856)-Dean of Westminster-Bridgewater treatise on Geology and Mineralogy in Reference to Natural Theology. GIDEON MANTELL.-(1788–1852)-an English physician-The Fossils of the South Downs; The Medals of Creation; Wonders of Geology. DIONYSIUS LARDNER.-(1793-1859)—Hand-Book of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy; Museum of Science and Art; edition of Euclid.

MICHAEL FARADAY.-(1794-1867)--a blacksmith's son- greatest English chemist Researches on Electricity; Chemistry of a Candle, &c.

SIR CHARLES LYELL.-(1797-1875)-Kinnordy, Forfarshire-Principles of Geology; Elements of Geology; Travels in North America.

RICHARD OWEN. (born 1804) Lancaster a distinguished surgeon and physiologist-History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds; British Fossil Reptiles.

JAMES FERRIER. —(1808–1864) - Professor of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrews-Institutes of Metaphysics; edition of Wilson's Works.

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THEOLOGIANS AND SCHOLARS.

CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN.-(1809-1882)—great geologist and naturalistOrigin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

HENRY LONGUEVILLE MANSEL.-(1820-1871)-Dean of St. Paul's-Limits of Religious Thought; one of the editors of Sir William Hamilton's Lectures; Philosophy of the Conditioned.

Valuable contributions to the literature of Mental and Moral Science have been made by Dr. J. D. MORELL, author of A History and Critical View of the Speculative Philosophy of Europe during the Nineteenth Century; Principal M'Cosн of Princeton College, author of the Method of the Divine Government; ALEXANDER BAIN of Aberdeen, author of The Senses and the Intellect; The Emotions and the Will; HERBERT SPENCER, author of First Principles of Psychology; and ALEXANDER CAMPBELL FRASER, the editor of Bishop Berkeley's Works.

The Dissertations, written for the Encyclopædia Britannica from time to time during the last hundred years, trace the progress of Physical and Mental Science with remarkable clearness and effect. DUGALD STEWART and Sir JAMES MACKINTOSH took up Ethical Philosophy; Archbishop WHATELY dealt with the History of Christianity; while Mathematics and Physics have been treated successively by JOHN PLAYFAIR (1748-1818), Sir JOHN LESLIE (1766-1832), and JAMES DAVID FORBES (1808-1868), for nine years Principal of the United College, St. Andrews. Forbes is well known for his books upon Glaciers.

Physical Science has advanced with rapid strides during recent years, and has been prosecuted by men who, like Brewster and Hugh Miller, were possessed of rare literary power. Dr. WILLIAM B. CARPENTER (born 1813) has published important works on Animal and Vegetable Physiology, and on Oceanic Circulation. Dr. ALLEN THOMSON of Glasgow (born 1809) is also a distinguished physiologist. Professor THOMAS HUXLEY (born 1825) is the author of Man's Place in Nature, and of other important biological works. Sir JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER (born 1817) has written on the Flora of the British Islands and of British India. Electrical Science has been advanced by the labours of Sir WILLIAM THOMSON (born 1824). Professor JOHN TYNDALL (born 1820), Faraday's successor at the Royal Institution, has added greatly to our knowledge of magnetism and diamagnetism, of the laws of heat, and of the motion of glaciers. HENRY ROSCOE (born 1833) and J. NORMAN LOCKYER (born 1836), have made interesting researches in Spectrum Analysis, in Chemistry, and in Astronomy. Sir JOHN LUBBOCK (born 1834) has pierced the dark cloud that overhangs the condition of man in prehistoric times, in his Origin of Civilization, and other works.

THEOLOGIANS AND SCHOLARS.

THOMAS CHALMERS, born in 1780, at Anstruther in Fifeshire, was a merchant's son. Educated at St. Andrews, he became minister first of Kilmany in his native county, and afterwards at

THEOLOGIANS AND SCHOLARS.

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Glasgow, where his fame as a pulpit orator was chiefly won. In 1823 he went to St. Andrews as Professor of Moral Philosophy in the United College; and in 1828 he exchanged this post for the Chair of Divinity in the University of Edinburgh. When the Disruption of 1843 took place, Chalmers was prominent among the founders of the Free Church of Scotland. On the 31st of May 1847 he was found dead in bed. A most interesting and graphic Life of this eminent orator and scholar has been written by his son-in-law, Dr. Hanna. His collected works fill thirty-four volumes. His Natural Theology, his Evidences of Christianity, his Lectures on the Epistle to the Romans, and his Astronomical Discourses, may be singled out as noble specimens of literary work.

ISAAC TAYLOR, born in 1787 at Lavenham, the son of an Independent minister, settled down at Stanford Rivers, not far from his home at Ongar in Essex, to write The Natural History of Enthusiasm. It appeared anonymously in 1829. The Physical Theory of Another Life, and Ancient Christianity, may be named among his many works. Taylor died in 1865.

WILLIAM MURE of Caldwell, born in 1799, a colonel in the Renfrewshire Militia, is distinguished for his learned and carefully written Critical History of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece. In the Homeric controversy Colonel Mure sides with those who consider the Iliad and Odyssey to have been the work of a single poet. He died in 1860.

THOMAS GUTHRIE, born in 1800, at Brechin in Forfarshire, was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. The "Times," in a review of one of his works, called him "the greatest of our pulpit orators." Some of his principal works are, A Plea for Ragged Schools; The Gospel in Ezekiel; The City, its Sins and Sorrows ; Christ and the Inheritance of the Saints. He died in 1873.

JOHN WILLIAM DONALDSON, born about 1810, was the son of a London merchant. He became a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and was for many years head-master of the Grammar School of Bury St. Edmunds. His principal works, The Theatre of the Greeks, The New Cratylus, and Varronianus, have wou for

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him a first-rate reputation among the classical scholars and philo logers of the century. Dr. Donaldson, who resided latterly at Cambridge, died in the year 1861.

HENRY ROGERS, a professor in the Independent College at Birmingham, is celebrated as the author of The Eclipse of Faith, or a Visit to a Religious Sceptic. This work, published in 1852, deals with all the controversies and new questions in theology that have arisen in England or Germany during the last twenty years. It is a reply to Newman's Phases of Faith. A Reply and Defence have been exchanged between the rival champions since the publication of the "Eclipse." Mr. Rogers contributed largely to the Edinburgh Review; and many of his essays have been republished. He was born in 1806, and died in 1877.

Supplementary List.

RALPH WARDLAW.-(1779-1853)-Dalkeith-Independent minister at GlasgowDiscourses on the Socinian Controversy.

JOHN BIRD SUMNER.-(1780-1862)-Kenilworth-Archbishop of Canterbury— St. Paul's Epistles; Records of Creation (second Burnett prize); Evi dences of Christianity.

THOMAS HARTWELL HORNE.-(1780-1862)-London-Episcopal minister and librarian in the British Museum-Introduction to the Study of the Scriptures.

JOHN BROWN.-(1785-1859)—minister of the United Presbyterian Church in Edinburgh-Commentaries upon Romans, Galatians, First Peter, &c. HUGH M'NEILE.-(born 1795)-Ballycastle, Antrim-rector of St. Jude's, Liverpool-a celebrated pulpit orator.

JULIUS HARE.-(1795-1855)—archdeacon of Lewes-a leader of Broad Church party-sermons on Victory of Faith and Mission of the Comforter; Life of John Sterling; Niebuhr's Rome, (trans.)

ROBERT CANDLISH.-(1807-1873)-minister of Free St. George's, EdinburghLectures on Genesis; Scripture Characters; The Atonement; Reason and Revelation, &c.

JOHN KITTO. (1804-1854)-Plymouth-deaf-Pictorial Bible; Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature; Daily Bible Readings.

RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH.-(born 1807)—-Archbishop of Dublin-Justin Martyr, and other poems; Notes on the Parables and Miracles ; Synonyms of the New Testament; Study of Words; English-Past and Present.

WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. (born 1809)-Liverpool-Prime Minister of England-Homer and the Homeric Age.

SIR HENRY RAWLINSON.-(born 1810)-Chadlington, Oxfordshire-decipherer of Assyrian inscriptions-Outline of the History of Assyria.

TRAVELLERS AND GEOGRAPHERS.

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HENRY ALFORD.-(1810-1870)—London-Dean of Canterbury-edition of the Greek Testament; Sermons and Poems.

WILLIAM ARCHER BUTLER.-(1814-1848)—Annerville, near Clonmel-Professor of Moral Philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin-Sermons; Lectures on Ancient Philosophy.

ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY.-(1815-1881)-Alderley-Dean of Westminster -Discourses on Epistles to the Corinthians; Life of Dr. Arnold; Memorials of Canterbury.

ROBERT ANCHOR THOMPSON.-(born 1821)-Durham-once curate of Louth in Lincolnshire-Theism (first Burnett Prize Essay).

JOHN TULLOCH.-(born 1822)-Tibbermuir in Perthshire-Principal of St. Mary's College at St. Andrews-Theism (second Burnett Prize); Leaders of the Reformation; English Puritanism.

JOHN CAIRD.-(born 1823)—Greenock-Principal of the University of Glasgow -Sermons, (Religion in Common Life).

NORMAN MACLEOD.-(1812-1872)-minister of Barony Church, Glasgow-eloquent preacher and popular writer.

The leaders of the Tractarian party in the Church of England (so called from the publication of Tracts for the Times, between 1832 and 1837) were EDWARD PUSEY and JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, the latter of whom wrote also an Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine. Mr. NEWMAN has since become a member of the Roman Catholic Church. His brother, FRANCIS NEWMAN, Latin Professor in University College, London, is author of a sceptical work, The Phases of Faith, to which Henry Rogers replied in "The Eclipse of Faith." A volume entitled Essays and Reviews, published in 1860, created great excitement in the Church of England, from the freedom with which it handled questions of faith and doctrine. It consisted of separate papers, contributed by seven Oxford men, the chief of whom were BENJAMIN JOWETT (now Master of Balliol College) and FREDERICK TEMPLE (now Bishop of Exeter). The excitement had not subsided when Dr. COLENSO, Bishop of Natal, published his work on The Pentateuch, which was declared by the bishops in Convocation to contain " of the gravest and most dangerous character." FREDERIC DENISON MAURICE (1805–1872), the associate of Kingsley in founding the Working-Men's College, was the author of Theological Essays, The Religions of the World, and other works, which made him the recognized chief of the "Broad Church" party in the Church of England. JAMES MARTINEAU, a Unitarian minister in London, has produced some most eloquent works, among which may be named Studies in Christianity, and the Rationale of Religious Inquiry.

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Cardinal WISEMAN, born at Seville in 1802, represented theology from the Roman Catholic point of view. He published an interesting contribution to general literature, entitled Recollections of the Last Four Popes.

TRAVELLERS AND GEOGRAPHERS.

SAMUEL LAING, of Papdale in Orkney, is the author of A Residence in Norway (1834-36); A Tour in Sweden (1838); Notes of

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