Names of the Authors from whence these Relations have been taken; being all either Eyewitnesses, or immediate Relaters from such as were. The journal of Sir Hugh Willoughby. Discourse of Richard Chancelor. Another of Clement Adams, taken from the mouth of Chan celor. Notes of Richard Johnson, servant to Chancelor. The Protonotaries Register. Two Letters of Mr. Hen. Lane. Several voyages of Jenkinson. Southam and Sparks. The journal of Randolf the embassador. The coronation of Pheodor, written by Jerom Horsey. The voyage of William Pursglove to Pechora. Of Josias Logan. Hessel Gerardus, out of Purchas, part 3, 1. 3. Jansonius. ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR, SUPPLIED WITH SUFFICIENT RULES FOR THE USE OF SUCH AS, YOUNGER OR ELDER, ARE DESIROUS, WITHOUT MORE TROUBLE THAN NEEDS, TO ATTAIN THE LATIN TCNGUE; THE ELDER SORT ESPECIALLY, WITH LITTLE TEACHING AND THEIR OWN INDUSTRY. [FIRST PUBLISHED, 1669.] TO THE READER. IT hath been long a general complaint, not without cause, in the bringing up of youth, and still is, that the tenth part of man's life, ordinarily extended, is taken up in learning, and that very scarcely, the LATIN TONGUE. Which tardy proficience may be attributed to several causes: in particular, the making two labours of one, by learning first the Accedence, then the Grammar in Latin, ere the language of those rules be understood. The only remedy of this was to join both books into one, and in the English Tongue; whereby the long way is much abbreviated, and the labour of understanding much more easy: a work supposed not to have been done formerly; or if done, not without such difference here in brevity and alteration, as may be found of moment. That of Grammar, touching letters and syllables, is omitted, as learnt before, and little different from the English Spelling-book; especially since few will be persuaded, to pronounce Latin otherwise than their own English. What will not come under rule, by reason of the much variety in declension, gender, or construction, is also here omitted, lest the course and clearness of method be clogged with catalogues instead of rules, or too much interruption between rule and rule: which Linaker, setting down the various idioms of many verbs, was forced to do by alphabet, and therefore, though very learned, not thought fit to be read in schools. But in such words, a dictionary stored with good authorities will be found the readiest guide. Of figurate construction, what is useful is digested into several rules of Syntaxis: and Prosody, after this Grammar well learned, will not need to be Englished for him who hath a mind to read it. Account might be now given what addition or alteration from other Grammars hath been here made, and for what reason. But he who would be short in teaching, must not be long in prefacing the book itself follows, and will declare sufficiently to them who can discern. : ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR. LATIN Grammar is the art of right understanding, speaking, or writing Latin, observed from them who have spoken or written it best. Grammar hath two parts: right wording, usually called Etymology; and right joining of words, or Syntaxis. Etymology, or right wording, teacheth what belongs to every single word or part of speech. Of Latin Speech are eight General parts. DECLINED are those words which have divers endings; as homo a man, hominis of a man; amo I love, amas thou lovest. Undeclined are those words which have but one ending, as bene well, cum when, tum then.. Nouns, pronouns, and participles are declined with gender, number, and case; verbs, as hereafter in the verb. Of Genders. GENDERS are three, the masculine, feminine, and neuter. The masculine may be declined with this article hic, as hic vir a man; the feminine with this article, hæc, as hæc mulier a woman; the neuter with this article, hoc, as hoc saxum a stone. VOL. V. F F Of the masculine are generally all nouns belonging to the male kind, as also the names of rivers, months, and winds. Of the feminine, all nouns belonging to the female kind, as also the names of countries, cities, trees, some few of the two latter excepted of cities, as Agragas and Sulmo, masculine; Argos, Tibur, Præneste, and such as end in um, neuter; Anxur both. Of trees, oleaster and spinus, masculine: but oleaster is read also feminine, Cic. Verr. 4. Acer, siler, suber, thus, robur, neuter. And of the neuter are all nouns, not being proper names, ending in um, and many others. Some nouns are of two genders, as hic or hæc dies a day; and all such may be spoken both of male and female, as hic or hæc parens a father or mother: some be of three, as hic hæc and hoc felix happy. Of Numbers. WORDS declined have two numbers, the singular and the plural. The singular speaketh but of one, as lapis a stone. The plural of more than one, as lapides stones; yet sometimes but of one, as Athenæ the city of Athens, literæ an epistle, ædes ædium a house. Note, that some nouns have no singular, and some no plural, as the nature of their signification requires. Some are of one gender in the singular; of another, or two genders, in the plural, as reading will best teach. Of Cases. NOUNS, pronouns, and participles are declined with six endings, which are called cases, both in the singular and plural number. The nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. The nominative is the first case, and properly nameth the thing, as liber a book. The genitive is englished with this sign of, as libri of a book. The dative with this sign to, or for, as libro to or for a book. The accusative hath no sign. The vocative calleth or speaketh to, as O liber, O book, and is commonly like the nominative. But in the neuter gender the nominative, accusative, and vocative, are like in both numbers, and in the plural end always in a. The ablative is englished with these signs, in, with, of, for, from, by, and such like, as de libro of or from the book, pro libro for the book: and the ablative plural is always like the dative. Note, that some nouns have but one ending throughout all cases, as frugi, nequam, nihil; and all words of number from three to a hundred, as quatuor four, quinque five, &c. Some have but one, some two, some three cases only, in the singular or plural, as use will best teach. Of a Noun. A NOUN is the name of a thing, as manus a hand, domus a house, bonus good, pulcher fair. Nouns be substantives or adjectives. A noun substantive is understood by itself, as homo a man, domus a house. An adjective, to be well understood, requireth a substantive to be joined with it, as bonus good, parvus little, which cannot be well understood unless something good or little be either named, as bonus vir a good man, parvus puer a little boy; or by use understood, as honestum an honest thing, boni good men. The Declining of Substantives. NOUNS substantives have five declensions or forms of ending their cases, chiefly distinguished by the different ending of their genitive singular. The first Declension. THE first is when the genitive and dative singular end in æ, &c. as in the example following. Singular. No. Voc. Abl. musa Gen. Dat. musæ Acc. musam Plural. Nom. Voc. musæ Gen. musarum Dat. Abl. musis Acc. musas This one word familia joined with pater, mater, filius, or filia, endeth the genitive in as, as pater familias, but some times familiæ. Dea, mula, equa, liberta, make the dative and ablative plural in abus; filia and nata in is or abus. |