the time, when we consider, 1. the version of a book or writing That it is short.-2. Swift.-3. into a different language from that Irrecoverable.-4. Uncertain.- in which it was written. 5. That it is a talent committed to our trust.-And, 6. That the improvement of it is advantageous and interesting in every respect. See Shower on Time and Eternity; Fox on Time; J. Edwards's Posthumous Sermons, ser. 24, 25, 26; Hale's Contemplations, p. 211; Hervey's Meditat.; Young's Night Thoughts; Blair's Grave.

In translating the scriptures, great knowledge and caution are necessary. Dr. Campbell lays down three fundamental rules for translating: 1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.-2. The style and manner of the original should be preserved.-3. The translation should have all the ease TOLERATION, in matters of of original composition. He obreligion, is either civil or ecclesi- serves, that the difficulties found astical. Civil toleration is an im- in translating the scriptures, arise, punity, and safely granted by the 1. From the singularity of Jewish state to every sect that does not customs.-2. From the poverty maintain doctrines inconsistent (as appears) of their native lanwith the public peace. Ecclesi- guage.-3. From the fewness of astical toleration is the allowance the books extant in it.-4. From which the church grants to its the symbolical style of the promembers to differ in certain opi-phets.-5. From the excessive innions not reputed essential. See fluence which a previous acquaint·Dr. Owen, Locke, and Dr. Furne-ance with translations have ocaux, on Toleration; Milton's Civil casioned.-And, 6. From prePower in Ecclesiastical Causes. possessions, in what way so ever TONGUES, GIFT OF. See acquired, in regard to religious GIFT OF TONGUES.

TRADITION, something handed down from one generation to another. Thus the Jews pretended that, besides their written law contained in the Old Testament, Moses had delivered an oral law, which had been conveyed down from father to son; and thus the Roman Catholics are said to value particular doctrines, supposed to have descended from the apostolic times by tradition.

TRANSLATION, in the ecclesiastical sense of the word, is the removing of a bishop from one see to another. It is also used for

tenets.

Notwithstanding these difficultics, however, the divines employed by King James to translate the Old and New Testaments have given us a translation which, with a very few exceptions, can scarcely be improved. These divines were profoundly skilled in the learning as well as in the languages of the East; whilst some of those who have presumed to improve their version seem not to have possessed a critical knowledge of the Greek tongue, to have known still less of the Hebrew, and to have been absolute strangers to

the dialect spoken in Judea in the || remain without a substance, and days of our Saviour, as well as to substance without accidents; and the manners, customs, and pecuthat a part of Christ's body is equal liar opinions of the Jewish sects. to the whole. It is also contrary. "Neither," as one observes, "me- to the end of the sacrament, taphysical acuteness, nor the most which is to represent and comperfect knowledge of the princi- memorate Christ, not to believe ples of translation in general, will that he is corporally present, 1st enable a man who is ignorant of Cor. xi, 24, 25. But we need these things to improve the au- not waste time in attempting to thorised version either of the Gos- refute a doctrine which by its ples or Epistles; for such a man impious consequences refutes itknows not accurately, and there-self. See Smith's Errors of the fore cannot give a complete tran-Church of Rome, dial. 6; Å Diascript of the ideas of the original logue between Philalethes and Bework." See BIBLE; Mr. Tyt- nevolus; Kidder's Messiah, part ler's Essay on the Principles of iii, p. 80; and Brown's CompenTranslation; and Dr. Campbell's dium, p. 613. Preliminary Dissertations to his TRENT, Council of, denotes Translation of the Gospels. the council assembled by Paul III, TRANSUBSTANTIATION, in 1545, and continued by twenty

five sessions till the year 1563, under Julius III and Pius IV, in order to correct, illustrate, and fix with perspicuity, the doctrine of the church, to restore the vigour of its discipline, and to reform the lives of its ministers. The decrees of this council, together with the creed of pope Pius IV, contain a summary of the doctrines of the Roman Catholics. See Mosheim's Church History; The Modern Universal History, vol. 23; Fra. Paolo Sarpi's and Father Paul's Histories of the Council of Trent.

the conversion or change of the substance of the bread and wine in the eucharist into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, which the Romish church suppose to be wrought by the consecration of the priest. Nothing can be more contradictory to scripture, or to common sense, than this doctrine. It must be evident to every one who is not blinded by ignorance and prejudice that our Lord's words, "This is my body," are mere figurative expressions: besides, such a transubstantiation is so opposite to the testimony of our senses, as completely to undermine the whole proof of all the miracles by which God hath confirmed revelation. According to such a transubstantiation, the same body is alive and dead at once, joined with them. and may be in a million of differ-power to try all that came for inent places whole and entire at the stitution and induction; and withsame instant of time; accidents out their approbation none were VOL. II.

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TRIERS, a society of ministers, with some others, chosen by Cromwell to sit at Whitehall. They were mostly Independents, though some Presbyterians were They had

admitted. They examined all TRITHEISTS, a sect of the who were able to come up to Lon-sixth century, whose chief was don; but if any were unable, or of John Ascunage, a Syrian philodoubtful qualifications, they referred them to some ministers in the county where they lived. They rejected all those who did not live according to their profession, and placed in their room able serious preachers who lived godly lives, though of different opinions.

TRINITARIANS, those who believe in the Trinity. See next article, and the 162d Lect. of Doddridge, where the reader will find a statement of the opinions of the ancients on this doctrine, as likewise many of the moderns; such as Baxter, Dr. Clarke, Burnet, Howe, Waterland, Taylor, Pearson, Bull, Wallis, Watts, and Jeremy Taylor.

sopher, and at the same time a Monophysite. This man imagined in the Deity three natures or substances absolutely equal in all respects, and joined together by no common essence; to which opinion his adversaries gave the name of Tritheism. One of the warmest defenders of this doctrine was John Philoponus, an Alexandrian philosopher and grammarian of the highest reputation; and hence he has been considered by many as the author of this sect, whose members have consequently derived from him the title of Philoponists.

This sect was divided into two parties, the Philoponists and the Cononites; the latter of whom TRINITY, the union of three were so called from Conon, Bishop in one; generally applied to the of Tarsus, their chief. They aineffable mystery of three persons greed in the doctrine of three per-` in one God,-Father, Son, and sons in the Godhead, and differed Holy Spirit. Without attempting only in their manner of explaining to explain what cannot be fully what the scriptures taught concomprehended, I shall here refer cerning the resurrection of the the reader to what has been said body. Philoponus maintained, that under the articles JESUS CHRIST the form as well as the matter and HOLY GHOST, and to the of all bodies was generated and following passages of scripture, corrupted, and that both, therewhich evidently prove that therefore, were to be restored in the is a union of three persons in one God in the divine nature: Gen. i, 26. Gen. xi, 6, 7. Is. xlviii, 16. Is. xxxiv, 16. 2d Cor. xiii, 14. John xiv, 23. Matt. xxviii, 19. 2d Thess. iii, 3. 1st John v, 7. See also Owen, Watts, Jones, S. Browne, Fawcett, A. Taylor, J. Scott, Simpson, and TRUCE OF GOD, a scheme Wesley's Pieces on the Subject; set on foot for the purpose of quellBull's Defensio Fidei Nicana; Dr. ing the violence and preventing the Allix's Testimonies of the few-frequency of private wars, occasioned by the fierce spirit of the

ish Church.

resurrection. Conon held, on the contrary, that the body never lost its form; that its matter alone was subject to corruption and decay, and was consequently to be restored when this mortal shall put on immortality.

barbarians in the middle ages. In || tation of his blessing, Mic. vii, 7. France, a general peace and ces- The encouragement we have to trust sation from hostilities took place in him arises, 1. From his liberaliA. D. 1032, and continued for ty, Rom. viii, 32. Ps. lxxxiv, 11. seven years, in consequence of the -2. His ability, James i, 17.-methods which the bishop of Aqui- 3. His relationship, Ps. ciii, 13.taine successfully employed to 4. His promise, Is. xxxiii,, 16.— work upon the superstition of the 5. His conduct in all ages to those times. A resolution was formed, who have trusted him, Gen. xlviii, that no man should, in time to 15, 16, Ps. xxxvii, 25. The hapcome, attack or molest his adver-piness of those who trust in him is saries during the seasons set apart great, if we consider, 1. Their for celebrating the great festivals safety, Ps. cxxv, 1.-2. Their of the church, or from the even-courage, Ps. xxvii, 1.-3. Their ing of Thursday in each week to peace, Is. xxvi, 3.-4. Their chathe morning of Monday in the racter and fruitfulness, Ps. i, 3.week ensuing, the intervening days 5. Their end, Ps. xxxvii, 37. Job being consecrated as particularly v. 26. holy; our Lord's passion having happened on one of those days, and his resurrection on another. A change in the dispositions of men so sudden, and which produced a resolution so unexpected, was considered as miraculous; and the respite from hostilities which followed upon it was called the Truce of God. This cessation from hostilities during three complete days every week, allowed a considerable space for the passions of the antagonists to cool, and for the people to enjoy a respite from the calamities of war, and to take measures for their own security.

TRUTH, a term used in opposition to falsehood, and applied to propositions which answer or accord to the nature and reality of the thing whereof something is affirmed or denied. Natural or physical truth is said to be the agreement of our sentiments with the nature of things. Moral truth is the conformity of our words and actions to our sentiments. Evangelical or gospel truth is taken for Christ; the doctrines of the Gospel; substance or reality, in opposition to the shadows and ceremonies of the law, John i, 17. For this truth we ought to be sincere in seeking, zealous in defendTRUSTIN GOD, signifies that ing, and active in propagating; confidence in or dependance we highly to prize it, constantly to replace on him. This trust ought to joice in it, and uniformly to be be, 1. Sincere and unreserved, not obedient to it. See LYING, SINin idols, in men, in talents, riches, CERITY; Tatham's Scale of Truth; power, in ourselves part, and him Locke on the Understand.; Beattie part, Prov. iii, 5, 6.-2. Univer- on Truth; Dr. Stennett's Sermon sal; body, soul, circumstances, 1st on propagating the Truth; SauPeter v, 7.—3. Perpetual, Is. rin's Sermons, Eng. trans., vol. ii, xxvi, 4.-4. With a lively expec-ser. 1 and 14.

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TURLUPINS, a denomination | justly consider the death of Christ, and his resurrection from the dead, as events that are typified in the Old Testament, we should be careful not to consider every thing mentioned in the Hebrew scriptures as a type, for this will expose the whole doctrine of types to ridicule for instance, what

scriptures to suppose, as some have done, that the extraction of Eve from the side of Adam, while he was in a deep sleep, was intended as a type of the Roman soldiers' piercing our Saviour's side while he slept the sleep of death? Such ideas as these, vented some

which appeared about the year 1372, principally in Savoy and Dauphiny. They taught that when a man is arrived at a certain state of perfection, he is freed from all subjection to the divine law. It is said, they often went naked, and they allowed of no prayer to God but mental. They called them-can be a greater burlesque on the selves the fraternity of the poor. TYPE, an impression, image, or representation of some model, which is termed the antitype. In this sense we often use the word to denote the prefiguration of the great events of man's redemption by persons or things in the Old Testament. Types are distinguish-times by novices, and sometimes ed into, 1. Such as were directly appointed for that end; as the sacrifices.-2. Such as had only a providential ordination to that end; as the story of Jacob and Esau.And, 3. Things that fell out of old, so as to illustrate present things from a similitude between them; as the allegory of Hagar and Sarah. Some distinguish them into real and personal; by the former, intending the tabernacles, temples, and religious institutions; and under the latter, including what are called providential and personal types. While we may xiv, 28, 29.

by more aged divines, give a greater proof of the wildness of their fancies than the correctness of their judgments. See Mather and MEwen on the Types; Ridgley's Div., quest. 35.

TYTHE, the tenth part of all fruits, &c.; a revenue payable to the clergy. The tythes among the Jews were of three sorts. The first to the Levites, for their maintenance, Numb. xviii, 21-24. The second for the feasts and sacrifices, Deut. xiv, 22; and the third for the poor every third year, Deut.

V and U.

VALENTINIANS, a sect who ing the Deity, whom they called sprung up in the second century, Pleroma, or Plenitude. Their sysand were so called from their tem was this: the first principle is leader Valentinus. The Valen- Bythos, i. e. Depth, which retinians were only a branch of the mained many ages unknown, hav, Gnostics, who realized or personi-ing with it Ennoe or Thought, and fied the Platonic ideas concern- Sige or Silence; from these sprung