publican title, and to the debt incurred by the British administration, and, most of all, to the southwestern boundary. They made their contention good by resuming the style of South African Republic, failing to meet the payments of the debt, and fomenting the disturbances that led to the establishment of petty republics across the border. The English Government, in 1883, expressed a willingness to modify the terms of the convention in so far as they were impossible of fulfillment on the part of the Transvaal State. When the friendly chiefs were ousted from their domains in Bechuanaland, and their people reduced to wretched straits, the British authorities were spurred to take a more resolute tone. The Transvaal Government disclaimed responsibility for the acts of the citizens of Stellaland and Goshen, yet insisted on the untenability of the boundary of the Pretoria convention. About the beginning of 1884 President Krüger, Gen. Smit, who defeated the British at Majuba Hill, and Minister of Education Da Toit, who came as interpreter, arrived in England to treat with the English Government for the revision of the convention of 1881.

A new convention was concluded February 27. The independence of the Transvaal was re-established in all particulars save one. England still required the South African Republic, under which name, instead of the Transvaal State, the Boer Republic was now recognized, to submit for her approval any treaty entered into with native tribes outside the Transvaal, or with foreign nations, the Orange Free State excepted. If no objections are raised by the London Government within six months, the treaty goes into force without English sanction. The British residency in Pretoria was abolished. The British claim for the administration of the country from 1877 to 1881 was reduced to £250,000, bearing 33. per cent. interest, to be extinguished in twenty-five years. The anti-slavery provision of the Sand River Treaty was repealed. The republic accords religious liberty to all persons dwelling within its dominions, and equal rights to all white persons taking up their residence in the Transvaal. Persons who immigrated during the British administration, and fought on the side of England, shall suffer no prejudice in their persons or property. The Swazi tribes are to remain independent. The right to acquire land is promised to the natives of the Transvaal, also equal access to the courts. No higher duties than the existing ones shall be levied on English imports.

The convention fixed a new southwestern boundary-line, which incorporated in the Transvaal a part of Stellaland and a small strip of the land of Goshen. The Boer delegates were anxious to incorporate in the Transvaal Moshette's and Massonw's territories and Stellaland. Sir Thomas Scanlen, the Cape Premier, objected to this arrangement, because it would place within the Transvaal one hundred miles

of a certain trade-route. The Cape Government offered to bear a fair share of the expenses of a joint protectorate. Lord Derby insisted on preserving this trade-route and the dominions of Montsioa and Mankoroane from Boer control, and obtained the reluctant consent of the plenipotentiaries of the Transvaal to a line drawn with these objects. The British and Transvaal governments were each empowered by the treaty to appoint commissioners for the maintenance of the boundaries and the preservation of order on the western and eastern sides of the Transvaal. In case of a divergence of views between the representatives of the two governments, the matter is to be referred to Sir John Brand, the President of the Orange River Republic, as umpire.

British Protectorate over Bechuanaland.-Soon after the convention of London was signed, an imperial protectorate was proclaimed over Bechuanaland. Rev. J. Mackenzie, formerly a missionary, was appointed Deputy Commissioner. He arrived in Bechuanaland about the 1st of May. Mankoroane, Montsioa, and the other chiefs who were favorable to the British, signed treaties accepting the protectorate. Mackenzie's instructions authorized him to leave the Stellalanders in possession of their lands, and to appoint an assistant commissioner to administer the affairs of the community. The Goshenites were to be ejected, and their lands restored to Montsioa. The Deputy Commissioner was authorized to raise a force often police, with power to increase the number to twenty-five, and later to one hundred.

Events in Stellaland.-Mr. Mackenzie spent a long time in treating with the Volks Committee and the administrator of Stellaland. The people were many of them from Cape Colony, while the Goshenites were all Transvaal Boers. When the Stellalanders were convinced that the policy of the imperial authorities was to confirm the titles they received from Massouw, and eventually incorporate the district in Cape Colony, many of them were favorable to the protectorate. The Volks Committee and the inhabitants assembled in a general meeting and petitioned the Cape Parliament in May to annex Stellaland to Cape Colony. There was a party fiercely opposed to the British protectorate, and anxious that the territory should be restored to the South African Republic. The administrator, P. J. Van Niekirk, sympathized with these aims. Mackenzie offered to continue him in office, and nominated him Assistant Commissioner. Van Niekirk gave no decided answer. With the rest of the Boer sympathizers he waited for the result of the petition to the Cape and for the developments of the British policy. When Mackenzie proceeded to employ force against the Goshenites, the Stellalanders divided into two antagonistic parties. Those who were satisfied with the security to their property offered by the British protectorate and the prospect of admission to Cape Colony, were represented by the ma

jority of the Volks Committee, an advisory body established before the arrival of Mr Mackenzie. The administrator and other executive officers took a thorough-going Africander view. When Mackenzie, with the sanction of the Volks Committee, summoned Van Niekirk to Taungs, Mankoroane's capital, to take the oath of allegiance, he answered, July 7th, that he would under no circumstances accept office under the Queen. The executive officers then disbanded the Volks Committee, warned Mr. Mackenzie against interfering with the Republic of Stellaland, and called upon the burghers to hold themselves in readiness for military action. Mackenzie proceeded to Vryburg, the capital of Stellaland, and attempted to establish the protectorate over the heads of the government officers and the Boer party. He took away the ensign of the republic, and hoisted the British flag. It was immediately torn down. He employed military force to maintain his authority. The community was plunged into anarchy. Mackenzie requested of the High Commissioner an armed force to support his action in Stellaland and Goshen, and received permission to raise one hundred frontier police, of which number he recruited thirty or forty in Griqualand and Stellaland. The Boer party also prepared for hostile action. At this point the British authorities gave way to the earnest representations of the Transvaal Government and the ministry at the Cape, and recalled Mackenzie in the beginning of August. Mr. Rhodes, a member of the late Colonial Cabinet, was appointed his successor, with the title of Special Commissioner, and Capt. Bower was placed in command of the police. They drew down the English flag, restored the Stellaland colors to Van Niekirk, disbanded the burgher police, withdrew all the armed forces, and left the people to themselves. Soon after Van Niekirk entered the town at the head of a military force, hoisted the Stellaland flag, and imprisoned those who had been foremost in welcoming the English rule. Mr. Rhodes subsequently persuaded the burghers to suspend hostilities pending the annexation of Stellaland by the Cape Government.

Events in Goshenland.-Montsioa, a few days before the arrival of Mackenzie in Bechuanaland, fell upon the Boer farmers who had settled in his country and drove them all out, taking their cattle and burning their houses. They numbered about forty individuals. Across the border, at Rooi-Grond, in the Transvaal section of Goshen, they formed a military organization under the command of Nicholas Gey. Volunteers were openly recruited in the Transvaal. When the British authorities remonstrated with the Transvaal Government, a proclamation was issued, but no active measures were taken to suppress the commands. Mackenzie then visited the Goshenites at RooiGrond and proposed to take the place under British protection, but they refused to treat with him. He concluded a treaty with MontVOL. XXIV.-8 A

sioa May 20th. On the 18th of June the Rooi-Grond volunteers, or freebooters, as they are termed in English reports, made their first attack on Montsioa's kraal. On the 31st of July Montsioa's cattle, which the Boers had captured a few days before, were paraded in front of his town as a ruse to draw out his fighting-men. While his whole force were in pursuit of the party with the cattle, the main body of the Boers, over 200 in number, fell upon their flank, killing 100 and losing 30 of their own men. In this fight Christopher Bethells, the officer in command of the police which Mackenzie had sent to re-enforce Montsioa, was killed. According to the report accepted in England, he was murdered after he was wounded in action. The Boers had destroyed Montsioa's capital, captured all his cattle, and slain most of his warriors. The aged chief was willing to treat for peace, and accepted the overtures of an unofficial agent of the Transvaal Government. The commands took the British Assistant Commissioner Wright prisoner under cover of a flag of truce, but afterward released him. Vice-President Joubert arrived at Rooi-Grond and concluded a formal treaty with Montsioa, taking him under the protection of the South African Republic. The volunteers portioned out among themselves the best part of his lands. President Krüger notified the British Government that in the interests of humanity, and to stop the border fighting, the South African Republic had concluded, subject to their approval, a treaty with Montsioa and the Republic of Goshen, establishing a protectorate over them. After a correspondence with Sir Hercules Robinson, Lord Derby sent a dispatch in the beginning of October to the Cape authorities, asking them to call upon the South African Republic to annul its action. Thereupon the proclamation of the protectorate was withdrawn.

Expedition to Bechuanaland.-When the British Parliament met in the fall, the Goshenites were in possession of all the Baralong country, the Stellaland people had repudiated British protection, and the trade-route was practically controlled by the Transvaal. The Cape ministry had strongly disapproved the high-handed proceedings of Mr. Mackenzie, and when asked to contribute the £5,000 a year, promised by Sir Thomas Scanlen, their half of the expenses of the protectorate, answered that they would have no part in a course of action likely to bring about a race-quarrel between the English and the Dutch in South Africa. The British Government, in their entire South African policy, were solicitous above everything to have the approval of public opinion among the Dutch population of the Cape. The German annexations in that part of Africa, and the cordial feeling recently developed between Germany and the Transvaal, spurred the English Government to take a firm and vigorous course in the Bechuanaland question, and to compose their other differences with the Trans

vaal. The German aspirations tended also to cement the relations between Cape Colony and Great Britain, and reconcile the colonists to an imperial policy. The Colonial Govern ment still refused to join with the imperial authorities or undertake any expenses in Bechuanaland except for the purpose of annexation. They raised no objection, however, to British action. The general feeling in the colony was strongly in favor of enforcing the convention and establishing the protectorate. With many of the Cape Colonists the interests of the protected natives would be no safer than in the hands of the Boers. The desirability of the rich farming and grazing lands, which contained a population of only 20,000 souls, was freely expressed in the colonial press. The British Government obtained from Parliament a vote of credit for £750,000. Col. Sir Charles Warren, who formerly served in Griqualand West, was appointed to conduct an expedition to Bechuanaland. He was authorized to raise 1,500 volunteers. The force was recruited in England. A great number of gentlemen, some of thein military officers, joined the ranks, anxious to have a brush with the Boers, and retrieve the defeats of the Transvaal war. These irregular troops were to be supported by a large force of regular soldiers. Before the arrival of the expeditionary force, which departed from England in the middle of November, the Cape ministry went to Bechuanaland, the British Government having empowered them to secure, if possible, the restitution of Montsioa's lands by pacific means on the basis of annexation to Cape Colony.

Zululand. After the deposition of Cetewayo, the British Government, on the advice of Sir Garnet Wolseley, divided Zululand between thirteen kinglets, who began to "eat up one another when left to themselves. The Zulus were divided into two main parties, the adherents of the deposed monarch and those attached to the fortunes of the more ambitious of the new chiefs set up by the English, John Dunn, Cetewayo's brother Oham, Hlubi, and Usibepu, who espoused the British cause in the Zulu war. Five of the kinglets and the main bulk of the nation desired the restoration of Cetewayo. The British Government adopted this plan as a means of putting an end to the anarchy, rather than annexing the country, or imposing a military control that would result in annexation. Sir Henry Bulwer and the people of Natal feared the re-establishment of the Zulu military power. To satisfy them and to keep faith with the chiefs and people hostile to Cetewayo, a strip next to the Natal border, comprising about one third of Zululand, was reserved as neutral native territory under imperial jurisdiction. Those who were unwilling to accept Cetewayo's rule could obtain lands in this Zulu Reserve. Usibepu, the most powerful of the kinglets, was left in possession of an extensive country in the north. Cetewayo returned in the latter

part of 1882. In June, 1883, he was surprised by the combined armies of Usibepu and Oham, his army_routed, and himself driven a fugitive into the Reserve. The country of the Usutus was devastated by their enemies. In March, 1884, Cetewayo died in exile. The Usutu army then mustered again, and the war was renewed. Usibepu and his ally Hlubi again defeated the Usutus and announced the intention of annexing their country. In the south the Usutus encountered the forces of Oham and John Dunn, and made an incursion into the Reserve, threatening Resident Commissioner Osborn, until re-enforcements of regular troops arrived. The Usutus in May accepted the assistance of Transvaal Boers. The sovereignty of Cetewayo was in dispute between Undabuko, Umnyamana, and other claimants. The Boers, who came in violation of a proclamation of the Transvaal Government, ostensibly as peace-makers, proposed to set up Cetewayo's young son Dinizulu, the rightful heir. The Usutus agreed to this decision. The hostile chiefs also acquiesced, on condition that they were not to be disturbed in their possessions. Dinizulu was crowned in the presence of several thousand Zulus and about two hundred and fifty Boers on the 21st of May. The Boers were allowed to establish a township in the vicinity of Dinizulu's capital, and were promised farms in western Zululand covering the identical strip claimed by the Transvaal before the Zulu war, and awarded to the Zulus by a British referee. Demands were then made of Usibepu, which he refused to satisfy. The Usutus with their white allies marched against him, defeated him in battle, June 6th, overran his country, as he had central Zululand, while, like Cetewayo, he fled for refuge to the Reserve. Usibepu appealed to England to restore him to his dominions. Sir Henry Bulwer was in favor of establishing a protectorate over Zululand. Lord Derby defined the policy of the Government to be that of maintaining the Reserve as a refuge for all parties, while interfering in no way with the rest of Zululand. The intervention of the Boers and their acquisition of the long-coveted winter grazing-farms in Zululand, was not considered to be a violation of the convention like their similar encroachments on the western border. A force of about 3,000 British troops, under Gen. Sir Leicester Smyth, was stationed in the Reserve. Many of the Usutu party who were settled in the Reserve, which is the most fertile part of Zululand, now abandoned their farms to join the fortunes of the National party. Usibepu was assigned land near the Natal boundary at Inkandhla. In western Zululand and in Usibepu's territory, about 2.700,000 acres were assigned to the Boer volunteers. In August, after the land settlement (which was contested by Umnyamana and William Grant, Cetewayo's adviser) was made, a Boer Republic in Zululand was definitively established. Gen. Piet Joubert,

after resigning the deputy presidency of the South African Republic, was made President of the new republic. All Zululand was declared to be under its protection. Projects for a railroad and a Boer seaport were spoken of. Later in the year, Grant, Umnyamana, and Cetewayo's brothers, who aspired to the throne themselves, were disposed to repudiate the rule of Dinizulu, as being too much under the control of the Boers. In the mean time Usibepu was gathering strength to renew the struggle with the Usutus, and several hundred white volunteers from among the English population of Natal enlisted in his cause.

The South African Republic.-The British suzerainty over the Transvaal was revoked by the convention of 1884. The area of the republic is 110,183 square miles, the white population about 45,000, the native population 775,000. The President is S. J. P. Krüger, elected in 1883 for three years. The Vice-President, Piet Joubert, resigned in October, 1884, on account of differences with respect to the policy in Bechuanaland, and accepted the presidency of the new republic in Zululand. His place was filled by J. C. Bodenstein.

The delegates who concluded the London Convention visited also Holland and Germany, and received marked attentions from the leading men in those countries. They arranged to launch a loan of 15,000,000 guilders for the construction of a railroad to Delagoa Bay, but, when the subscription lists were opened, not enough stock was taken to warrant beginning the works. The new convention with Great Britain was ratified by the Volksraad, August 8th, but a protest was registered against the debt compromise, the veto right on treaties, and the western boundary settlement. The cause of the encroachments in Bechuanaland and Zululand of young Boers is their need of farming-land. The farms in the Transvaal are very large, but the Boers are averse to dividing them. They furnish their sons with live-stock and capital, but oblige them to seek farms in unoccupied land. The race is exceedingly prolific, and therefore extends its settlements rapidly. Gold has been found in promising quantities in several places on the eastern side of the Transvaal within the past two or three years. But the Boers are unwilling to utilize this source of wealth, as also in the case of occasional discoveries of diamonds, which are usually kept secret. They dread the influx of a mining population. In 1883 the Volksraad passed an act forbidding the mining of gold and silver.

Orange River Free State. The independent Republic of the Orange River has an area of 41,320 square miles, a white population of 61,022, and a native population of 72,496 souls. Bloemfontein, the capital, contains 2,567 inhabitants. The exports consist almost entirely of wool. Minor, exports are hides and ostrich plumes. The receipts of the treasury in 1883 were £175,354, the expenditures £209,493. The President is

Sir John H. Brand, recently knighted by the Queen of England, who was elected in 1879 for the fourth term of five years.

Baralong Troubles.-The Baralong territory within the boundaries of the Free State is secured as a native reserve by treaty with Great Britain. A quarrel between the brothers Moroko and Sepinare, Baralong chiefs, was referred by them to President Brand. Moroko, who was christened Samuel on his conversion to Christianity, was dissatisfied with the award, and went to England to solicit imperial intervention, without success. Upon his return he assailed and captured Thaba Nshu, his brother's capital, in July, 1884. Sepinare was murdered after the battle. President Brand, at the head of five hundred burghers, overcame Samuel's forces, took him and his head-men prisoners, and placed them on trial for murder. The annexation of the native territory was proclaimed.

CATAMARAN, a boat or vessel that has two or more hulls, affording a high degree of stability without the use of ballast. This form of vessel originated among semi- civilized people, whose appliances, skill, and material at hand were not sufficient for the construction of vessels having large carrying power and seaworthiness. The proa is the name given to a boat having hulls of unequal size; the larger carrying all the rigging-mast, sail, etc.—and the smaller serving only to give stability. This style of double-hulled boat is used among the East Indies and the South Pacific Islands. The principal hull varies from forty to sixty-five feet in length, and six to seven feet in width, having a framework of bamboo, over which are stretched skins and bark, the seams being paid with pitch. The smaller of the two hulls is generally one to two thirds the length of the larger, usually made of the trunk of a single tree, or built in the same manner as the larger. Between the two hulls is a rude kind of platform covered with basket-work, upon which may be carried a part of the crew, and the material to be transported. The rig of the proa resembles that in use on the Mediterranean, having a short mast amidships, which is stayed to the secondary hull, and carrying one lateen sail, the yard of which is hung in the middle. In tacking, the clew of the sail is sheeted down to the other end of the boat, the yard swinging to adjust itself to the new position. Therefore each end of the boat becomes bow and stern alternately. The outrigger, or secondary hull, is kept always to windward. The Feejee double war-canoe (shown in the second engraving) is a more elaborate piece of work. It has a deck-house for the principal person on board, and over this a platform where the captain stands. The planks composing the platform have flanges on the under side, and through holes in these runs a cord of sinnet, by which they are tied tightly together. The deck is smoothed with an adze and polished so that the seams can hardly be seen. The steering is

cient width is obtained to give stability, upon which are secured the mast and sails. The catamaran is used in the lower West Indies, and upon the Spanish Main, and to some extent among the eastern islands of the Indian Ocean. Like the proa, it can obtain a considerable speed with a free wind and smooth sea. It can not be said of either proa or catamaran that they are in the full sense seaworthy. But they make voyages from island to island in comparatively sheltered seas, where quiet weather prevails during the greater part of the year. The written accounts of these vessels are generally meager and scattered; but the subject is treated quite exhaustively in a book published in Paris about thirty-five years ago: "Essai sur la Construction Navale des Peuples Extra Européens; Collection des Navires et Pirogues construits par les Habitants de l'Asie;

Amaryllis appeared in the centennial regatta in New York harbor. She was devised and built by Mr. N. G. Herreshoff, of Bristol, Rhode Island, who, in the following year, perfected his plan for a double-hulled boat, for which letters patent were allowed. His plan was to obtain a maximum of stability with a minimum of weight. In order to place the hulls as far apart as practicable, and to give them perfect independence and freedom of motion in vertical directions, they were united by a system of ball-and-socket joints, through which means each hull could assume a position in conformity to the ever-changing plane of the sea. car in which the occupants were seated, and the mast and sails, were supported between the hulls by a complex system of truss-work made of steel rods. The proportions found to give the best results were: in length of hull,

The