abroad; the love of commercial conquest, as shown by our merchants and navigators; the love of military conquest, which the Anglo-Saxon race have shown all over the globe, and are now showing, will only extend the language.

Even now, the British empire, extending over a population of one hundred and fifty-six millions in different parts of the globe, listens to that language as to a voice of power. The population of our own country, doubling every twenty-five years, amounts to more than twenty-five millions.

The Celtic language in the British Isles, namely, the Gaelic in the Highlands of Scotland, the Erse in Ireland, the Cambrian in Wales, is passing away, just as in Cornwall it has passed away. We may believe, too, that somewhere in the future, the French population of Canada, the Celts, the Spanish population of Mexico and Cuba, the Celts, will give place to the Anglo-Saxon race, or, rather, as in past times, be absorbed in it, and become one with us in blood and language. We may believe that a like assimilation will take place between it and the other races which find a home in our country, are educated in our schools, and placed under the influence of our institutions. We may believe that, fixed in the standards of the national literature, the language of the Constitution will be familiar to the hundreds of millions in North America as their vernacular tongue; and that Shakspeare and Milton will be read ages hence on the banks of the Connecticut and the Potomac, on the banks of the Columbia and the Sacramento.

QUESTIONS UNDER CHAPTER VI.

1. What are the principal elements which enter into the composition of the English language?

2. Give HARRIS's statement with respect to borrowing from other languages; also WHEWELL'S and CAMDEN'S.

3. What is said of its copiousness?

4. What is said of the number of Anglo-Saxon words in the language, and also of the comparative number in actual use?

5. What is said of the kind of Anglo-Saxon words in use?

6. What is said of English grammar in its relation to the Anglo-Saxon part of our language?

7. What is said of the stability of the English language?

8. What is said of the Latin-the French-the English, in respect to a universal language?

9. Can you mention what passed between GIBBON and HUME?

10. What reasons have you for the opinion that the English will be the universal language?

11. Describe the prospects of the English language.

EXERCISES UNDER PART I.

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS.

§ 107. By HISTORICAL ANALYSIS is meant that process by which each word in a sentence is referred to the particular language from which it was historically derived. In order to do this, the fourth part of this work can be consulted, and also an etymological dictionary.

EXAMPLES.

1. Happiness is like the statue of Isis, whose veil no mortal ever raised.-LANDON.

Statue and mortal are from the Latin; Isis from the Greek; all the other words are from the Anglo-Saxon.

2.

High on a throne of royal state, which far
Outshone the wealth of Ormus or of Ind,

Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold,
Satan exalted sat, by merit raised

To that bad eminence.-MILTON.

State, exalted, eminence, and merit, are from the Latin; throne, richest, and royal, from the Norman-French; barbaric, Ormus, and Ind, from the Greek; Satan, from the Hebrew; the remainder from the Anglo-Saxon.

3. From what languages do the following groups of words come?

a. Cromlech, bard, pibroch, clan, bran, mop, button? b. Province, funeral, liberty, college, firmamet, ruminate? c. Hand, thousand, full, wealth, hills, valleys?

d. Whitby, tarn, Codale, Milthorp, hose?

e. Conquest, castle, venison, pork, feasts, beauty, mountains? f. Idol, episcopacy, diamond, magic, melody, monarch?

g. Ennui, savant, carte-blanche, façade, eclat, depôt ? h. Cortes, embargo, Don? i. Adagio, allegro, macaroni? j. Czar, ukase? k. Pagoda, bazar? 1. Amber, camphor? m. Shaster, Veda? n. Chop, hong? o. Gnu, koba? p. Bamboo, gong? q. Tattoo, tabu? r. Cariboo, racoon? ANALYZE the following sentences:

4. He is well versed in the principles or rudiments of the language, and is principally indebted for this to his erudite preceptor.

5. I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields till the night fell insensibly upon me. I at first amused myself with all the richness and variety of colors which appeared in the western parts of the heavens.-ADDISON.

6. The beauties of her person and graces of her air combined to make her the most amiable of women, and the charms of her address and conversation aided the impression which her lovely figure made on the hearts of all beholders.-HUME.

7. In the second century of the Christian era, the empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth and the most civilized portion of mankind.-GIBBON.

SYNTHESIS.

1. Compose a sentence consisting of words derived from the Anglo-Saxon.

2. Compose a sentence consisting of words derived from the Anglo-Norman words.

3. Compose a sentence in which there shall be at least one word derived from the Celtic.

4. Compose a sentence in which there shall be at least one word derived from the Danish.

5. Compose a sentence in which there shall be at least one word derived from the Spanish; and another in which there shall be at least one word derived from the Italian; and another in which there shall be at least one word derived from the Chinese; and so on of the other languages.

Having exhibited the Historical Elements in this First Part, we are prepared, in the Second Part, to enter into the interior of the language, and to learn of what matter it is composed.

PART IL

PHONETIC ELEMENTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER I.

SEPARATE PHONETIC ELEMENTS.

DEFINITIONS.

§ 108. PHONOLOGY, from the Greek pwvý, sound, and λóyos, account, is, in the widest sense, the doctrine or science of sounds. In a limited and proper sense, it is the doctrine or science of the sounds uttered by the human voice in speech. The phonology of the English language, then, is the doctrine of the sounds in the spoken language.

The PHONETIC ELEMENTS of the English language are those elementary sounds in the spoken language which it is the province of phonology to exhibit, both separately and in combination.

These elements are the matter, or the raw material of the language, from which its numerous and expressive combinations are formed. Every word in the language is composed of some of these elements. They should be constantly considered as coming from the producing tongue into the receiving ear, and not be confounded with the letters, their symbols, on the printed page. They are, in the present work, treated in relation to the correct articulation and enunciation of individual words. To eloquence and to music they have a separate relationship, which it is the office of the elocutionist and the music-master to unfold.

§ 109. The sounds which constitute language are formed by air issuing from the lungs, modified in its passage through the throat and mouth by the organs of speech, at the will of the speaker.

The tones of the human called the vocal ligaments.

voice are produced by two membranes These are set in motion by a stream of