hv, or h; as, Sanscrit kas, who; kataras, which of two; katama, which of many; Lithuanic kas, who; koks, of what sort; Russian kto, who; kolik, how great; Bohemian kotory, which; Latin, quot, qualis, quantus; Ionic Greek KÓσOÇ, KOÌOÇ, KÓTE ; Moso-Gothic huer; English who, what, why, which, where. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. § 314. An ADJECTIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun which partakes of the nature of an adjective. Pronouns can not be conveniently classed without admitting many words which may also be considered as adjectives. "All words which, instead of naming or describing an object, enable us to distinguish it by some relations, are pronouns, or have a pronominal character."-BUTTMANN. It matters little whether the words under consideration are called adjective pronouns or pronominal adjectives. For all practical purposes, the terms may be considered as convertible. EACH, Anglo-Saxon alc, Scotch ilka, the l being dropped, as in which and such. It is sometimes called a distributive, because it denotes all the individuals of a number taken separately; as, "The four beasts had each of them six wings." In this passage each is a substitute for the "four beasts." "The prince had a body-guard of a thousand men, each of whom was six feet high." In these two examples each is used in its Pronominal character. "He exacted of each man fifty shekels." In this passage each is an adjective. EVERY, Old English everich, everech, everilk one, is alc preceded by the word ever. It denotes all the individuals of a number greater than two, separately considered. "Each and every of the clauses and conditions." Here every is a Pronoun. "Every man's performances." Here every is an Adjective. EITHER, Anglo-Saxon ægper, denotes one of two, but not both. "Either of the roads is good." Here either is a Pronoun. "I will take either road at your pleasure." Here either is an Adjective. Either has also sometimes the meaning of each; as, "Seven times the sun had either tropic viewed;" "Two thieves were crucified on either side." NEITHER = not either, is used as a Pronoun and as an Adjective; as "Neither office will fit the candidate, though neither of the offices is filled." OTHER, Anglo-Saxon oder, is used as a Pronoun, and opposed to one; as, " All rational evidence is derived from one or other of these two sources." It is also used as an Adjective; as, "Other sheep I have which are not of this fold." When used without a substantive it takes a plural, Other, others. Other indicates separation, and means one more, or one of the same class or kind. ANOTHER is the Anglo-Saxon an, one, and oder-one other. "Let another praise thee, and not thine own mouth." Here another is a Pronoun. "Another soldier was killed." Here another is an Adjective. Another is used in the possessive case; as, "Another's aid." One, ONE, a numeral Adjective, is also used as a Pronoun. when contrasted with other, sometimes represents plural nouns ; as, "The reason why the one are ordinarily taken for real qualities, and the other for bare powers, seems to be."-LOCKE. "There are many whose waking thoughts are wholly employed on their sleeping ones."—ADDISON. It frequently is not easy to distinguish between the one here described, and the one described in § 316. One often stands in company with every, any, no, some. ANY, Anglo-Saxon anig, Old High-German einîc=any, and einac single. In Anglo-Saxon ânega means single. In New High-German einig means, 1. A certain person; 2. Agreeing; einzig, meaning single. In Dutch enech has both meanings. This indicates the word án one, as the root of the word in question. ANY has several meanings: 1. After negative words, and such words and phrases as have a negative force, “any" marks the exclusion of all. "He did it without any hesitation." "We can not make any difference between you." So after "scarcely," and comparatives, and in questions where the expected answer is nobody, none. Scarcely any one.” "He is taller than any of his schoolfellows." "Can any man believe this?" 2. It is sometimes equivalent to "any you please," "every body;" as, "any body can do that." 3. Again, it is sometimes indefinite, being equivalent to some one; as, "Shall we tell any body of our misfortunes ?" 66 SUCH, Anglo-Saxon svile, Old Saxon sulic, German solch. "Objects of importance must be portrayed by objects of import ance; such as have grace by things graceful."-CAMPBELL'S Rhetoric, i., 2. Such here supplies the place of a noun, though · it retains its adjectival character, and the noun may be added. AUGHT, Anglo-Saxon aht, auht, awuht. It means any thing. It is sometimes improperly spelled ought. It is etymologically related to whit. The word naught is aught preceded by the negative particle. "Doth Job serve God for naught?" = not any thing nothing. = SOME, Anglo-Saxon sum. "Some to the shores do fly, some to the woods." In cases like this it has a Pronominal character. "Some men and some women were present." Here some is adjectival. "Some with numerals is used to signify about. Some fifty years ago." Objections have been made to this phraseology; but it is a good old Saxon idiom. "Sum is often combined with the genitive plural of the cardinal numbers, and signifies about; as, "Sume ten gear, some ten years."-RASK, p. 61. FORMER, LATTER; the one denotes priority, the other posteriority. Their nouns are frequently understood. Used substantively in the singular, they have a regular genitive; as, "The former's phlegm, the latter's vivacity." BоTH, Anglo-Saxon butu, Danish baade. "Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them to Abimelech, and both of them made a covenant." Here both is the representative of Abraham and Abimelech. "He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both." Here, too, it is pronominal in its character. "To both the preceding kinds the term burlesque is applied."-CAMPBELL's Rhetoric, i., 2. Here it is adjectival. OWN, Anglo-Saxon agen, from agan, to possess. In its Adjectival character, it is intensive, being added to words to render the sense emphatical; as, "This is my own book." In the following example it has a Pronominal character: "That they may dwell in a place of their own."-2 Sam., ch. vii. In this example a substantive can not follow own. So this: "This is an invention of his own." A similar examination could be applied to all the words which have been denominated adjective pronouns. For a list of this class of words, see § 265. It should be added that many of them are now considered to be indefinite numerals. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS. § 315. A RECIPROCAL PRONOUN is one that implies the mutual action of different agents. EACH OTHER and ONE ANOTHER are our reciprocal forms, which are treated exactly as if they were compound pronouns, taking for their genitives each other's, one another's. Each other is properly used of two or more, and one another of more than two. § 316. MAN. In Anglo-Saxon the word MAN often takes the place of an indeterminate pronoun; as, "Man geaf him," they gave him. In Old English, the use of the plural noun superseded that of the singular in phrases like this: "Men it herd," they heard it. ME. At the beginning of the twelfth century the pronoun ME made its appearance, whether it be a corruption of man, or grew out of ho-mo, ne-mo, gu-ma, Anglo-Saxon, a man. "Ne me tundeth not a lanterne and putteth it under a bushel, but on a candlestick."-WICLIF, Matt., v. In expressions like these, me seems to be used as an indefinite pronoun: "But as he was by diverse principal young gentlemen, to his no small glorie, lifted up on horseback, comes me a page of Amphialus, who, with a humble, smiling reverence, delivered a letter unto him from Clinias."-Arcadia, b. iii. IT. The pronoun IT is often used in an indeterminate sense, and in a plural signification: "'Tis these that early taint the female soul."-POPE. "Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward heaven."-Exod., ix., 8. "It seems," "it pleased him," are instances of the same indeterminate use of it. In the phrases it rains, it hails, it thunders, it refers to the face of external nature, which is supposed to be in the notice of all parties. Hence the phrases are perfect in themselves, and require nothing antecedent or consequent to explain them. ONE. ONE, as used in the phrases one does so and so; one is = = in doubt, has been called an indeterminate pronoun. One says they say it is said man sagt, German on dit, French. This is from the Old French hom om, and is not connected with the numeral, but is a dialectic variety with man itself, just as the French on dit grew out of the older phrase hom dit, i. e., homo dicit. This word is so far substantival that it is inflected. Genitive singular, one's own self; plural, "My wife and little ones are well." Somebody, something; any body, any thing; every body, every thing; nobody, nothing, may be classed with the indeterminate pronouns. QUESTIONS UNDER CHAPTER V. 1. Give the two definitions of a pronoun, and the derivation of the term. 2. What is a personal pronoun? and a demonstrative pronoun ? and a relative pronoun? and an interrogative pronoun? and an adjective pronoun? and an adverbial pronoun ? 3. Is the extent of pronouns the same in different languages? PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 5. What is a personal pronoun? How many are there? Mention them. 6. Why are personal pronouns so called? 7. Of what modifications do they admit? 8. What are masculine pronouns, what feminine, and what neuter? 9. Decline the personal pronoun. 10. What is said of the substitution of plurals for unity in the first person? 11. What is said of the substitution of plurals for unity in the second person? What word has its superseded? 12. What is said of the German usage? SELF. 13. What office does the word self perform? 14. Has the English language any true reflective pronoun? 15. What proof have you that self is used as a substantive, and in what several ways is it thus used? 16. In what instances is self used as an adjective? 17. In what cases is self emphatic ? 18. What is said of own in this connection? DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 19. What is a demonstrative pronoun ? 20. Mention the demonstrative pronouns, and give examples of their use. |