82. psal (Greek aλ), playing on an instrument; whence

psalm; psaltery.

83. √pty (Greek VTTU, Latin √pitu in pituita, English spit), spitting; whence ptysmagogue.

=

84. √rheu, rhe (Greek pɛv, pɛ, Sanscrit sru, Latin √ ru in rivus), flowing; whence rheum; rhetoric; diarrhea; catarrh.

85. scad, scand (Greek √ oкad, oкavd, scand), mounting; whence scandal.

=

Sanscrit √ scand, Latin

86. Vscep, scop (Greek √ σKET, σкоя, Sanscrit paç, Latin √ spec, English spy), seeing; whence scope; episcopal; bishop. 87.

=

schid (Greek Voxid, Sanscrit √ tshhid, Latin √ scind, English sheathe), dividing; whence schism.

=

88. spa (Greek vona, Latin spa in spatium), drawing; whence spasm.

=

89. √ spar (Greek σnap, Sanscrit √ sphar, Latin √ spar in spargo), scattering; whence sperm.

90. √ spend, spond (Greek √ oñɛvd, σñоvd), pouring out; whence spondee.

91, √sta, ste (Greek √ ora, orη,=Sanscrit √ sthâ, Latin √ sta, English stay), standing; whence apostate; metastasis; apostasy; system.

92. stal, stol (Greek oraλ, oroλ, English stall), placing, sending; whence peristaltic; diastole; apostolic; apostle; epistle. 93. steph (Greek VOTEO), crowning; whence Stephen, a proper

name.

94. stig (Greek Vory, Latin √ stig in instigate, English stick), marking; whence stigma.

95. strophe.

streph, stroph (Greek √ σтрED, σтроO), turning; whence

96. √tag (Greek Tay), arranging; whence tactic; syntax. 97. √ tam, tom (Greek Taμ, Top, Latin √ tem), by transposi tion and lengthening of radical vowel tme (Greek Tun), cutting; whence tome; atom; anatomy; epitome; tmesis.

98. √tan, ton (Greek √ Tav, TOV, Sanscrit √ tan, Latin √ ten, English thin), stretching; whence tone; tonic; hypotenuse.

99. √thaph (Greek √ dал, in dáπтw,=Sanscrit √ tap, Latin √ tap), burying; whence cenotaph.

100. √thraph, throph (Greek √ pap, pop), nourishing; whence atrophy.

101. the (Greek de, Sanscrit dhâ, Latin do in condo), placing; whence thesis; theme; anathema; antithetic.

102.thel (Greek deλ), willing; whence monothelite.

103.√ther (Greek √ dep, Latin √ ferv), to be warm; whence thermal; anthracite.

104. ti (Greek √ T), honoring; whence Tutus, Timon, proper

names.

105. trap, trop (Greek √трая, троя), turning; whence trope. 106. tych (Greek √ Tux), with guna of radical vowel teuch (Greek TEUX), making; whence pentateuch.

107. typ (Greek √ TUT,=English tap), striking; whence type; tympanum.

=

108.za, zo (Greek √ Sa, Co, Sanscrit dzhiw, Latin √ viv, English quick), living; whence azote; zoology.

109. √ze, zy (Greek √ Šɛ, Šv), boiling; whence apozem; zeolite; zumic; azyme.

110.zo (Greek

So, Sanscrit √yu, Latin √ju in jus), bind

ing, girding; whence zone.

111.

=

zyg (Greek Svy, Sanscrit Vyudzh, Latin jug, English yoke),, with guna of radical vowel zeug (Greek Sevy), joining; whence syzygy; zeugma.

II. GREEK STEM-ADJECTIVES.

§ 409. 1. Greek stem-adjectives are derived sometimes from known Greek roots; as, Zw-óc, alive, from √ Sa, So, to live; but more frequently from unknown roots; as, Kaλ-óc, good; kaк-óç, bad.

2. The Greek stem-adjectives which occur in English are found only in compound words; as, Cal, good, in caligraphy; cac, bad, in cacophony; is, equal, in isonomy; ne, new (compare Latin nov, English new), in neology; or in words with prefixes; as, Cryph, “hidden," in apocrypha.

III. GREEK STEM-SUBSTANTIVES.

§ 410. The Greek stem-substantives which occur in English may

be distributed as follows:

1. From known Greek roots; as, Lobe, from lep, lop, "to peel;" ode, from √ aed, oed, "to sing;" plague, from √ plag, "to smite;" pore, from par, por, "to pass through;" rhomb, from rhemb, rhomb, "to turn round;" sphinx, from sphing, "to squeeze;" strophe, from straph, stroph, "to turn;" tome, from tam, tom,

"to cut," tone, from √ tan, ton, "to stretch;" trope, from trop, "to turn;" type, from √ typ, to smite."

2. From unknown Greek roots;

myth, sphere.

66

trap,

as, Bomb, choir, chord, lynx, lyre,

3. Stem-substantives, whether from known or unknown Greek

roots, involved in words formed with suffixes, formed with prefixes, or compounded; as, Log, "word," "discourse" (from √ leg, log), in logical, prologue, philologue; ac," point," in acme, acrostic.

Greek words adopted in English, as a general rule, drop their flexion-endings; as, Chord, graphic, aeronaut. But to this there are many exceptions.

1. Many Greek words retain in English a mute e; as, Tome, cedrine, misanthrope; or a mute ue; as, Prologue, demagogue.

2. Some Greek words retain their flexion-endings in English, viz.: (1.) s, the nominative ending of the imparisyllabic declension; as, Sphinx, lynx.

(2.) os, the masculine termination of the parisyllabic declension; as, Chaos, logos.

(3.) e, the feminine termination of the parisyllabic declension; as, Apocope; or a, the same Latinized; as, Hyperbola.

(4.) on, plural a, the neuter termination of the parisyllabic declension; as, Phenomenon, plural phenomena; apocrypha.

IV. GREEK DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH SUFFIXES.

§ 411. The primary derivatives are formed from the root or stem by a single suffix; as, Poet, poesy, poem, all from Vpoe; chrism, Christ, both from chri; archaic, archaism, archive, all from the stem-noun ȧpxn.

The secondary derivatives are formed from other derivatives; as, Poetic, poetical, poetically, from poet, a derivative noun; baptist, baptism, baptistery, from baptize, a derivative verb.

The primary derivatives include,

1. Derivative verbs in ize, from verbs, and denoting repetition or intensity; as, Baptize, from √ baph, bapt: or from nouns, and forming factitives; as, Grecize, to render Grecian.

2. Derivative adjectives:

(1.) In ic, from verbs, and denoting capacity or adaptation; as, Graphic, from √ graph: or from nouns, and denoting relation; as, Cubic, relating to a cube.

(2.) In id, with a preceding union-vowel oid, from nouns, and denoting similarity; as, Conoid, paraboloid.

(3.) In ine, from nouns, and forming hylonymics; as, Cedrine, made of cedar.

(4.) In mon, forming intransitive adjectives; as, Gnomon, from √ gno. Compare mnemonics, pneumonic.

(5.) In r, forming adjectives; as the adjectives from which are formed acrostic, necrology.

(6.) In t, te, from verbs, and forming passive verbal adjectives; as, Christ (literally "anointed"), from chri, chris; antidote, from √ do. 3. Derivative concrete substantives:

(1.) In ad or ade, forming concrete names of number; as, Monad, decade. Also nomad, from √ nem, nom.

(2.) In ad or id, forming names of nymphs; as, Naiad, Nereid; or names of poems; as, Iliad, Æneid.

(3.) In al, with uncertain significancy; as, Phial, from pi; scandal, from scad, scand.

(4.) In an, denoting the instrument; as, Organ, from √erg, org; tympan, from √ typ, tymp: or forming gentile nouns; as, Sardian. Also orphan, ptisan.

(5.) In ee, forming names of prosodical feet; as, Spondee, from √ spend, spond; trochee, from threch, throch.

(6.) In ene, forming gentile nouns; as, Damascene.

(7.) In er, denoting the personal agent, or something conceived of as such; as, Air, from √ a; ether, from √ aeth.

(8.) In ite or ot, forming gentile nouns; as, Abderite, Helot.

(9.) In ine, forming gentile nouns; as, Sardine.

(10.) In mate, ma, me, m, before another suffix mat, forming passive concretes; as, Climate, from clin; dogma, from doc; scheme, from sech, sche; anagram, from

graph.

(11.) In me; as, Gnome, from √ gno.

(12.) In on; as in tectonic, from √tec, tect.

(13.) In te, t, denoting the personal agent; as, Poet, from √ poe; prophet; athlete.

(14.) In ter, denoting the personal agent, or something conceived. of as such; as, Crater, from cra; psalter, from √psal.

(15.) In tery, denoting the instrument; as, Cautery, from √ cau; psaltery, from √psal.

(16.) In tor, denoting the personal agent; as in rhetoric, historic. 4. Derivative abstract substantives:

(1.) In sis, sy, se, s; as, Basis, from √ba; heresy, from √ haere; phase, from √ pha; syntax, from √ tag.

(2.) In ia, y; as in Aporia, logomachy.

The secondary derivatives are formed from the root or stem by affixing two or more suffixes. The following are examples: Baptist, from baptize, and baptize, from bap, bapt.

Baptism, from baptize, and baptize, from √ bap, bapt.

Christianize, from Christian, and Christian, from Christ, and Christ, from chri, chris.

Dogmatic, from dogma, and dogma, from doc.

Climacter, from climax, and climax, from climat, and climat, from √ clin.

V.

GREEK DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH PREFIXES.

§ 412. Under this head we include Greek compounds whose first member is a particle of place, or a particle denoting negation, deterioration, or the like.

There are three species of these derivatives to be clearly distinguished from each other: (1.) Where the particle is a preposition, used in its original character as an adverb of place; as, Apocope; (2.) where the particle is a preposition, used as a preposition, with its complement; as, Pericranium; (3.) where the particle is an adverb of negation, or the like; as, Anarchy, euphony.

Many persons well acquainted with Greek fail to derive the full advantage of their knowledge from not analyzing the Greek compounds found in the English language. To such, it is thought, the following investigation of the force of the Greek prefixes found in English may be of service. An intelligent use of words is certainly desirable for every educated person. Something, also, may be gained by scientific arrangement.

The prefixes denoting place, although sometimes employed here as prepositions with their complements, are originally and properly adverbs.

1. Amphi or amphis, Greek αμφί or ἀμφίς, Bolie ἀμπί=Sanserit api; Latin ambi, amb, am, an; Old German umpi; German um; Anglo-Saxon ymbe, ymb, embe, emb (connected with Sanscrit ubhau, Greek auow, Latin ambo, Gothic ba, both).

(1.) On both sides; as, Amphibrach, short on both sides, a poetic foot consisting of a short, a long, and a short; amphisbæna, moving either way foremost, the name of an animal so moving.

(2.) About, around; as, Greek dμpidéw, to bind about. No example occurs in English.

2. An before vowels, or a before consonants, Greek dv, d=Sanscrit an, a; Latin in; German un; English in and un (connected with Greek avev, German ohne, both signifying without); denoting negation; as, Anarchy, want of government; ambrosia, an imaginary food supposed to confer immortality; atom, an indivisible particle ; abyss, a bottomless gulf.

3. Ana before consonants, or an before vowels, Greek dvá, dv=